The physical background and historical development of numerical weather prediction is summarized. The nature of the mathematical problem and the work-load for a digital computer are then described. The existing system of processing meteorological information (particularly upper air data) for operational weather prediction is examined in the light of the anticipated needs for operational numerical weather prediction. The critique exposes deficiencies which may be intolerable for operational numerical weather prediction. Some suggestions are offered for revamping the existing system utilizing modern technological advances.
{"title":"Data processing requirements for the purposes of numerical weather prediction","authors":"J. Smagorinsky","doi":"10.1145/1434878.1434885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1434878.1434885","url":null,"abstract":"The physical background and historical development of numerical weather prediction is summarized. The nature of the mathematical problem and the work-load for a digital computer are then described. The existing system of processing meteorological information (particularly upper air data) for operational weather prediction is examined in the light of the anticipated needs for operational numerical weather prediction. The critique exposes deficiencies which may be intolerable for operational numerical weather prediction. Some suggestions are offered for revamping the existing system utilizing modern technological advances.","PeriodicalId":384732,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '53 (Eastern)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133267027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The group discussion involved about 60 individuals representing both manufacturers and users of computing equipment.
小组讨论涉及大约60名代表计算机设备制造商和用户的个人。
{"title":"Group discussion on technical applications","authors":"G. W. Petrie","doi":"10.1145/1434878.1434910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1434878.1434910","url":null,"abstract":"The group discussion involved about 60 individuals representing both manufacturers and users of computing equipment.","PeriodicalId":384732,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '53 (Eastern)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130849036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reliable, dependable, electronic equipment for industry and for the Armed Services has always been of prime importance for safety and for economy of operations. However, the rapid growth and the increasing complexity of electronic equipment have contributed heavily to a poor reliability record in military operations, with a resultant heavy drain on skilled personnel and funds for maintenance and supply functions. Indicative of this growth in size and complexity is the increase in electronic tubes used on a destroyer: from 60 in 1937, to 850 in 1944, and to 3,200 in 1952.
{"title":"Methods used to improve reliability in military electronics equipment","authors":"L. Whitelock","doi":"10.1145/1434878.1434886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1434878.1434886","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable, dependable, electronic equipment for industry and for the Armed Services has always been of prime importance for safety and for economy of operations. However, the rapid growth and the increasing complexity of electronic equipment have contributed heavily to a poor reliability record in military operations, with a resultant heavy drain on skilled personnel and funds for maintenance and supply functions. Indicative of this growth in size and complexity is the increase in electronic tubes used on a destroyer: from 60 in 1937, to 850 in 1944, and to 3,200 in 1952.","PeriodicalId":384732,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '53 (Eastern)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121302820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The discussion at this session, attended by about 100 people, related almost entirely to the application of electronic techniques to government and commercial accounting systems. The chairman first summarized the implications of the government's joint accounting improvement program. In the past five years, the emphasis has shifted from uniformity of practice in the various agencies to greater decentralization, with details handled and responsibility located at or near the point of origin of information. The amount and type of mechanization has been put up to individual agencies; central authorities co-operate with all agencies, and are constantly looking for methods that reduce duplication of effort. The concept of what accounting should accomplish has broadened, and there is now less interest in historical record-keeping, and much more on provision and integration of the phases required (financial, cost, inventory, etc.) to provide information needed for current action of management.
{"title":"Group discussion on commercial and industrial applications of computers","authors":"W. Frese","doi":"10.1145/1434878.1434912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1434878.1434912","url":null,"abstract":"The discussion at this session, attended by about 100 people, related almost entirely to the application of electronic techniques to government and commercial accounting systems. The chairman first summarized the implications of the government's joint accounting improvement program. In the past five years, the emphasis has shifted from uniformity of practice in the various agencies to greater decentralization, with details handled and responsibility located at or near the point of origin of information. The amount and type of mechanization has been put up to individual agencies; central authorities co-operate with all agencies, and are constantly looking for methods that reduce duplication of effort. The concept of what accounting should accomplish has broadened, and there is now less interest in historical record-keeping, and much more on provision and integration of the phases required (financial, cost, inventory, etc.) to provide information needed for current action of management.","PeriodicalId":384732,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '53 (Eastern)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131953892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The need for large scale calculations has grown exponentially with time at Los Alamos. In the fall of 1950 we had one Card Programmed Calculator, we now have six. About a year and a half ago, the Los Alamos Maniac was put into operation. And still we needed more calculations, so a 701 calculator was ordered to help fill that need. Our 701 was delivered last April and placed under the administrative control of a group called T-1, within the Theoretical Division.
{"title":"Operating experience with the Los Alamos 701","authors":"W. G. Bouricius","doi":"10.1145/1434878.1434890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1434878.1434890","url":null,"abstract":"The need for large scale calculations has grown exponentially with time at Los Alamos. In the fall of 1950 we had one Card Programmed Calculator, we now have six. About a year and a half ago, the Los Alamos Maniac was put into operation. And still we needed more calculations, so a 701 calculator was ordered to help fill that need. Our 701 was delivered last April and placed under the administrative control of a group called T-1, within the Theoretical Division.","PeriodicalId":384732,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '53 (Eastern)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132601135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I speak to you this morning as Chairman of the Technical Program Committee for the AIEE-IRE-ACM Joint Computer Conference. At the first of these conferences, in December 1951, at Philadelphia, a program was devoted to a description of existing electronic computers or those under development. The second conference, at New York, in December 1952, was devoted to a review of input-and-output equipment necessary for efficient usage of computer systems.
{"title":"Keynote address","authors":"H. T. Engstrom","doi":"10.1145/1434878.1434879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1434878.1434879","url":null,"abstract":"I speak to you this morning as Chairman of the Technical Program Committee for the AIEE-IRE-ACM Joint Computer Conference. At the first of these conferences, in December 1951, at Philadelphia, a program was devoted to a description of existing electronic computers or those under development. The second conference, at New York, in December 1952, was devoted to a review of input-and-output equipment necessary for efficient usage of computer systems.","PeriodicalId":384732,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '53 (Eastern)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121124150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electronic computers save money. That is the basic economic fact behind all of the current activity in the designing and building of information-processing systems. The job of the engineering designer is economic as well as technical. He must balance many factors as well as he knows how in order to achieve maximum utility at minimum cost.
{"title":"The advantages of built-in checking","authors":"J. Mauchly","doi":"10.1145/1434878.1434901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1434878.1434901","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic computers save money. That is the basic economic fact behind all of the current activity in the designing and building of information-processing systems. The job of the engineering designer is economic as well as technical. He must balance many factors as well as he knows how in order to achieve maximum utility at minimum cost.","PeriodicalId":384732,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '53 (Eastern)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130589197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One recent development which is significantly raising the reliability of today's high-speed automatic digital computer is the multicoordinate magnetic-core memory. Two banks of 32 by 32 by 17 magnetic-core memory have been in full-time operation in the Whirlwind I Computer for some months. A description of the units and of the tests and operational data available on them will be preceded by a short review of operating principles of this type of memory.
{"title":"The MIT magnetic-core memory","authors":"W. N. Papian","doi":"10.1145/1434878.1434888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1434878.1434888","url":null,"abstract":"One recent development which is significantly raising the reliability of today's high-speed automatic digital computer is the multicoordinate magnetic-core memory. Two banks of 32 by 32 by 17 magnetic-core memory have been in full-time operation in the Whirlwind I Computer for some months. A description of the units and of the tests and operational data available on them will be preceded by a short review of operating principles of this type of memory.","PeriodicalId":384732,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '53 (Eastern)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131609592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To attempt to summarize the disclosures of this important three-day conference on information-processing systems is for me a most difficult assignment. Each paper was in itself a summary of extensive investigations, usually covering the co-operative efforts of large teams of engineers and scientists. Furthermore, I was unable personally to hear more than a few of the papers although I was fortunate in having advance copies of most of the others. For the remaining coverage I am indebted for effective reports to the good efforts of Miss Mary Stevens and Sam Alexander of the NBS staff. I am further indebted to these two for the opportunity of discussing highlights of many of the conference papers.
{"title":"Summary of AIEE-IRE-ACM conference","authors":"A. Astin","doi":"10.1145/1434878.1434906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1434878.1434906","url":null,"abstract":"To attempt to summarize the disclosures of this important three-day conference on information-processing systems is for me a most difficult assignment. Each paper was in itself a summary of extensive investigations, usually covering the co-operative efforts of large teams of engineers and scientists. Furthermore, I was unable personally to hear more than a few of the papers although I was fortunate in having advance copies of most of the others. For the remaining coverage I am indebted for effective reports to the good efforts of Miss Mary Stevens and Sam Alexander of the NBS staff. I am further indebted to these two for the opportunity of discussing highlights of many of the conference papers.","PeriodicalId":384732,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '53 (Eastern)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121549906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I CANNOT help feeling flattered by our chairman's introduction. In referring to me as an expert, however, he put me under the obligation of reminding you of the definition: "X" stands for an unknown quantity, and "spurt" is a drip under pressure! Our field has had a most remarkable growth in the last half decade. Counting exhibitors, paid registrants, and guests, we have about fourteen hundred people at this three-day meeting. Those of us present at this luncheon would have been considered quite a sizable computer group five or six years ago. It is probably safe to say that there is no other field of technology which has grown so rapidly as our own. And I include even television, at least technically, although we have to admit that so far they have tapped a slightly larger mass market! One of the things that is most encouraging in the computer field is the strong increase in interest we can now observe in the detailed control of manufacturing processes and in factory automation. The first involves both operations research and the mechanization of clerical operations; the latter brings us close to the realtime control problem, since it envisages the actual control of tools by digital programming devices. Earlier in this meeting we heard a paper by Vernon Weihe on another aspect of real-time control, namely, the mechanization of the air-traffic-control problem with a digital computer as the central logical organ. There is little doubt that this class of problems, requiring accurate decisions over a complex field of information at more than human speeds, represents tremendous application potential. There is still another field in which we may expect major developments: a short label might be "information retrieval." The insurance companies, from whom we have heard at this meeting, the magazine subscription offices, patent and legal searchers, technical libraries, and many other agencies are faced daily with searching problems which tempt us by their size, complexity, and even their commercial importance. We are so prosperous now, and of such interest to the business and popular press, that it has become quite difficult even for applications men to keep track of all these new areas of interest. A new class of experts—or perhaps in view of our chairman's introduction, I had better use the term "synthesists"—who are interested in the broad application of high-speed computers in all fields, has recently been given considerable prominence. I have named this species in honor of its earliest and
{"title":"After-luncheon remarks","authors":"H. Grosch","doi":"10.1145/1434878.1434880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1434878.1434880","url":null,"abstract":"I CANNOT help feeling flattered by our chairman's introduction. In referring to me as an expert, however, he put me under the obligation of reminding you of the definition: \"X\" stands for an unknown quantity, and \"spurt\" is a drip under pressure! Our field has had a most remarkable growth in the last half decade. Counting exhibitors, paid registrants, and guests, we have about fourteen hundred people at this three-day meeting. Those of us present at this luncheon would have been considered quite a sizable computer group five or six years ago. It is probably safe to say that there is no other field of technology which has grown so rapidly as our own. And I include even television, at least technically, although we have to admit that so far they have tapped a slightly larger mass market! One of the things that is most encouraging in the computer field is the strong increase in interest we can now observe in the detailed control of manufacturing processes and in factory automation. The first involves both operations research and the mechanization of clerical operations; the latter brings us close to the realtime control problem, since it envisages the actual control of tools by digital programming devices. Earlier in this meeting we heard a paper by Vernon Weihe on another aspect of real-time control, namely, the mechanization of the air-traffic-control problem with a digital computer as the central logical organ. There is little doubt that this class of problems, requiring accurate decisions over a complex field of information at more than human speeds, represents tremendous application potential. There is still another field in which we may expect major developments: a short label might be \"information retrieval.\" The insurance companies, from whom we have heard at this meeting, the magazine subscription offices, patent and legal searchers, technical libraries, and many other agencies are faced daily with searching problems which tempt us by their size, complexity, and even their commercial importance. We are so prosperous now, and of such interest to the business and popular press, that it has become quite difficult even for applications men to keep track of all these new areas of interest. A new class of experts—or perhaps in view of our chairman's introduction, I had better use the term \"synthesists\"—who are interested in the broad application of high-speed computers in all fields, has recently been given considerable prominence. I have named this species in honor of its earliest and","PeriodicalId":384732,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '53 (Eastern)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126594067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：