Throughout the Middle Ages, parts of the west of Scotland and the Southern Hebrides had close cultural and political links with north Ulster. These links were the result of a complex history of communication and movement that took place over millennia. By the early medieval period, a series of historiographies emerged among various groupings across the region that were used to justify lineages and support territorial ambition. These historiographies were dominated by the politicized construction of Irish-origin myths. Most actual movement or migration originated in Scotland, dominated in particular during the later Middle Ages by fighting men. The region never attained political unity, but this maritime province contained elements of shared cultural traditions and belief systems. These shared elements, however, were not a singular conformist set of traditions, but instead featured variations in architecture, material culture, and landscape usage.
{"title":"Maritime Connections: Landscape and Lordship along the Gaelic Atlantic Seaboard of Scotland and the North of Ireland during the Middle Ages","authors":"C. Breen","doi":"10.3721/037.012.SP1202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3721/037.012.SP1202","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout the Middle Ages, parts of the west of Scotland and the Southern Hebrides had close cultural and political links with north Ulster. These links were the result of a complex history of communication and movement that took place over millennia. By the early medieval period, a series of historiographies emerged among various groupings across the region that were used to justify lineages and support territorial ambition. These historiographies were dominated by the politicized construction of Irish-origin myths. Most actual movement or migration originated in Scotland, dominated in particular during the later Middle Ages by fighting men. The region never attained political unity, but this maritime province contained elements of shared cultural traditions and belief systems. These shared elements, however, were not a singular conformist set of traditions, but instead featured variations in architecture, material culture, and landscape usage.","PeriodicalId":38506,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North Atlantic","volume":"221 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89153281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acknowledgments","authors":"Alison Cathcart","doi":"10.3721/037.012.sp1205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3721/037.012.sp1205","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38506,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North Atlantic","volume":"130 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79596040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The following paper is an updated version of that given at the Maritime Communities conference in 2013, which reported on and discussed aspects of the findings of the Dun Eistean project excavations. Dun Eistean remains one of only a few late to post-medieval settlements to have been excavated in the Hebrides, and this work has since been published. The following paper provides a resume of the results of the excavations and then focuses on one particular aspect of the site—that of the strong local identity evidenced in the archaeological record, and how this fits with the location of the stronghold in the wider maritime world of the northwest Highlands and Islands.
{"title":"“A Cultural Backwater”: The “Localness” of Dùn Èistean, Ness and Its Place in the Wider Maritime World of Northwest Scotland","authors":"R. Barrowman","doi":"10.3721/037.012.SP1201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3721/037.012.SP1201","url":null,"abstract":"The following paper is an updated version of that given at the Maritime Communities conference in 2013, which reported on and discussed aspects of the findings of the Dun Eistean project excavations. Dun Eistean remains one of only a few late to post-medieval settlements to have been excavated in the Hebrides, and this work has since been published. The following paper provides a resume of the results of the excavations and then focuses on one particular aspect of the site—that of the strong local identity evidenced in the archaeological record, and how this fits with the location of the stronghold in the wider maritime world of the northwest Highlands and Islands.","PeriodicalId":38506,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North Atlantic","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83294486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article sets the Scottish and British Crown's colonizing measure vis-a-vis the Scottish communities of the North Atlantic arc within a broader imperial framework. Underlying such course of action was the articulation of a rhetoric as a vital linguistic tool for its plantations' raison d'etre. The study delineates key aspects in the major plantation schemes of Scotland that were implemented between the 1590s and 1630s. Both the internal colonizing project of Lewis and the external ones of Ireland, briefly, and Nova Scotia, will be primarily assessed from the bottom-up perspective of the maritime communities of the northern Highlands. Distancing themselves from the governmental rhetoric, these ventures helped reconfigure clan allegiance and dynamics in the Lewis case, and reposition the role and identity of these far-northerners in the Irish and Nova Scotia plans as well as in redefining these enterprises' nature.
{"title":"Plantation: Its Process in Relation to Scotland's Atlantic Communities, 1590s–1630s","authors":"T. Brochard","doi":"10.3721/037.012.SP1203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3721/037.012.SP1203","url":null,"abstract":"The article sets the Scottish and British Crown's colonizing measure vis-a-vis the Scottish communities of the North Atlantic arc within a broader imperial framework. Underlying such course of action was the articulation of a rhetoric as a vital linguistic tool for its plantations' raison d'etre. The study delineates key aspects in the major plantation schemes of Scotland that were implemented between the 1590s and 1630s. Both the internal colonizing project of Lewis and the external ones of Ireland, briefly, and Nova Scotia, will be primarily assessed from the bottom-up perspective of the maritime communities of the northern Highlands. Distancing themselves from the governmental rhetoric, these ventures helped reconfigure clan allegiance and dynamics in the Lewis case, and reposition the role and identity of these far-northerners in the Irish and Nova Scotia plans as well as in redefining these enterprises' nature.","PeriodicalId":38506,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North Atlantic","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88146687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the course of the late 14th century and throughout the 15th century, the O'Donnells of Tyrconnell established themselves as one of the most powerful aristocratic dynasties in Ireland. By the early 16th century, the authority of the lords of Tyrconnell extended across most of the northern half of Ireland. Their rise to prominence has received a considerable amount of scholarly attention. Much of this has focused on the expansion of O'Donnell power within Ulster—namely the ability of successive O'Donnell chieftains to raise considerable military forces within the lordship of Tyrconnell, which they then used to impose their overlordship upon large areas of Ulster. O'Donnell power and prestige, however, extended well beyond Ulster, and much of their strength derived from their ability to create and uphold a broad web of dynastic alliances stretching across the island of Ireland—a topic which has received very little attention within the historiography of late Medieval Ireland. Moreover, a strong maritime dimension underpinned many of their alliances. The O'Donnells' capacity to raise fleets from among their MacSweeny urrithe (sub-kings, or vassals) within Tyrconnell and their ability to create alliances with powerful maritime kindreds such as the O'Malleys and Burkes of Mayo in Connacht gave them a major tactical and strategic advantage over their traditional rivals, the O'Neills of Tyrone. Drawing upon a broad range of material from within the wider Gaelic world (including Ireland and Scotland) as well as English and Scottish governmental material, this essay explores the maritime dimension underpinning the O'Donnells' rise to prominence during the later Middle Ages, charts the development of the O'Donnell lordship within its maritime context, and demonstrates the importance of maritime power within Gaelic Irish politics during this period.
在14世纪末和整个15世纪，蒂康奈尔的奥唐纳家族成为爱尔兰最强大的贵族王朝之一。到16世纪初，蒂康奈尔领主的权威已经扩展到爱尔兰北部的大部分地区。他们的崛起受到了相当多的学术关注。这主要集中在奥唐纳势力在阿尔斯特的扩张上——也就是说，奥唐纳的继任酋长们在蒂康奈尔领地内筹集了相当多的军事力量，然后他们利用这些力量在阿尔斯特的大片地区强加了自己的霸主地位。然而，奥唐奈的权力和威望远远超出了阿尔斯特，他们的大部分力量来自于他们在爱尔兰岛上建立和维护一个广泛的王朝联盟网络的能力——这个话题在中世纪晚期的爱尔兰史学中很少受到关注。此外，强大的海上力量支撑着他们的许多联盟。O' donnell家族有能力从他们在Tyrconnell的MacSweeny urrithe(次王或封臣)中组建舰队，并有能力与强大的海上家族(如Connacht的O' malley和Burkes of Mayo)建立联盟，这使他们在战术和战略上比他们的传统对手，Tyrone的O' neill家族有很大的优势。利用来自更广泛的盖尔世界(包括爱尔兰和苏格兰)以及英格兰和苏格兰政府材料的广泛材料，本文探讨了支撑O' donnell家族在中世纪后期崛起的海洋层面，描绘了O' donnell领主在其海洋背景下的发展，并展示了这一时期盖尔爱尔兰政治中海洋力量的重要性。
{"title":"By Land and by Sea: The Role of the Maritime Sphere in the Expansion of O'Donnell Power ca. 1380–1500","authors":"S. Egan","doi":"10.3721/037.012.SP1208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3721/037.012.SP1208","url":null,"abstract":"Over the course of the late 14th century and throughout the 15th century, the O'Donnells of Tyrconnell established themselves as one of the most powerful aristocratic dynasties in Ireland. By the early 16th century, the authority of the lords of Tyrconnell extended across most of the northern half of Ireland. Their rise to prominence has received a considerable amount of scholarly attention. Much of this has focused on the expansion of O'Donnell power within Ulster—namely the ability of successive O'Donnell chieftains to raise considerable military forces within the lordship of Tyrconnell, which they then used to impose their overlordship upon large areas of Ulster. O'Donnell power and prestige, however, extended well beyond Ulster, and much of their strength derived from their ability to create and uphold a broad web of dynastic alliances stretching across the island of Ireland—a topic which has received very little attention within the historiography of late Medieval Ireland. Moreover, a strong maritime dimension underpinned many of their alliances. The O'Donnells' capacity to raise fleets from among their MacSweeny urrithe (sub-kings, or vassals) within Tyrconnell and their ability to create alliances with powerful maritime kindreds such as the O'Malleys and Burkes of Mayo in Connacht gave them a major tactical and strategic advantage over their traditional rivals, the O'Neills of Tyrone. Drawing upon a broad range of material from within the wider Gaelic world (including Ireland and Scotland) as well as English and Scottish governmental material, this essay explores the maritime dimension underpinning the O'Donnells' rise to prominence during the later Middle Ages, charts the development of the O'Donnell lordship within its maritime context, and demonstrates the importance of maritime power within Gaelic Irish politics during this period.","PeriodicalId":38506,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North Atlantic","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88725697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Networks, Flows, and Resonances in the Gaelic North Atlantic","authors":"A. Horning","doi":"10.3721/037.012.SP1209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3721/037.012.SP1209","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38506,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North Atlantic","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86374602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plantation by the English in Ireland, and Ulster in particular, has received considerable scholarly attention, and it continues to do so. While plantation as a policy developed out of efforts to secure the coastal region from the continuous arrival of Highland Scots, most studies examine how the English plantations developed. Less attention is paid to the Scottish settlement in Ulster and their efforts to utilize the land for their own purposes. At the same time, few studies examine the wider maritime context. Both the English and the Scots in Ulster had to traverse the North Channel to reach Ulster, and this article seeks to examine the wider maritime context that either facilitated or obstructed the efforts of both the Scots and the English in Ulster.
{"title":"The Maritime Dimension to Plantation in Ulster, ca. 1550–ca. 1600","authors":"Alison Cathcart","doi":"10.3721/037.012.SP1204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3721/037.012.SP1204","url":null,"abstract":"Plantation by the English in Ireland, and Ulster in particular, has received considerable scholarly attention, and it continues to do so. While plantation as a policy developed out of efforts to secure the coastal region from the continuous arrival of Highland Scots, most studies examine how the English plantations developed. Less attention is paid to the Scottish settlement in Ulster and their efforts to utilize the land for their own purposes. At the same time, few studies examine the wider maritime context. Both the English and the Scots in Ulster had to traverse the North Channel to reach Ulster, and this article seeks to examine the wider maritime context that either facilitated or obstructed the efforts of both the Scots and the English in Ulster.","PeriodicalId":38506,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North Atlantic","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72477020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Aran Islands are exceptional cultural landscapes at the Atlantic fringe of Europe. They are strongly influenced by human settlement and small-scale farming that is still pursued according to traditional practices. Reconstruction of changes in farming from the beginning of the early 20th century onwards, and demographic changes beginning in the early 19th century, are discussed in the light of official statistics. Field surveys, aimed mainly at documenting the extent of Secale cereale (rye) cultivation, provide more precise information on the extent of rye cultivation in recent decades and give fresh insights into present-day flora, vegetation, and plant biodiversity. Results from a previously published, lake sediment-based Holocene pollen profile from Inis Oírr are re-assessed in the light of modern-day pollen deposition studies that we carried out. We discuss the implications of long-distance pollen transport for the interpretation of Holocene pollen diagrams in relation to the history of trees, including Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), in Ireland, and we emphasize the importance of supporting traditional farming practices, particularly as regards cereal growing, on the Aran Islands.
{"title":"Aran Islands, Western Ireland: Farming History and Environmental Change, Reconstructed from Field Surveys, Historical Sources, and Pollen Analyses","authors":"M. O’Connell, Karen Molloy","doi":"10.3721/037.006.3801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3721/037.006.3801","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Aran Islands are exceptional cultural landscapes at the Atlantic fringe of Europe. They are strongly influenced by human settlement and small-scale farming that is still pursued according to traditional practices. Reconstruction of changes in farming from the beginning of the early 20th century onwards, and demographic changes beginning in the early 19th century, are discussed in the light of official statistics. Field surveys, aimed mainly at documenting the extent of Secale cereale (rye) cultivation, provide more precise information on the extent of rye cultivation in recent decades and give fresh insights into present-day flora, vegetation, and plant biodiversity. Results from a previously published, lake sediment-based Holocene pollen profile from Inis Oírr are re-assessed in the light of modern-day pollen deposition studies that we carried out. We discuss the implications of long-distance pollen transport for the interpretation of Holocene pollen diagrams in relation to the history of trees, including Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), in Ireland, and we emphasize the importance of supporting traditional farming practices, particularly as regards cereal growing, on the Aran Islands.","PeriodicalId":38506,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North Atlantic","volume":"48 1","pages":"1 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79782838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper presents the results of the zooarchaeological investigation of a large bone sample from a stratified bog deposit situated next to the dwelling of a Norse farm in South Greenland, ca. 6 km NNW of the presumed political centre of the Landnam period in the Eastern Settlement. The bog layers containing cultural remains cover a period of at least 300 years. The stratigraphical analyses show no dramatic changes in species composition through time, indicating a rather conservative economic system. The age structure of slaughtered cattle reflects a focus on a dairy economy. Investigations of the bones of the small ruminants show that almost equal numbers of lambs and kids were born at the farm, but that the adult population contained twice as many sheep as goats. Pigs were eaten occasionally, but no bones from adults have been found to document the presence of a local breeding stock. Finds of several bones of cat add this species for the first time to the domestic stock in Norse Greenland. Eleven species of wild mammals make up a little less than half of all identified bones of mammals. The seals dominate and the majority are from harp seal and hood ed seal.
{"title":"Dairy Farmers and Seal Hunters: Subsistence on a Norse Farm in the Eastern Settlement, Greenland","authors":"Georg Nyegaard","doi":"10.3721/037.006.3701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3721/037.006.3701","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents the results of the zooarchaeological investigation of a large bone sample from a stratified bog deposit situated next to the dwelling of a Norse farm in South Greenland, ca. 6 km NNW of the presumed political centre of the Landnam period in the Eastern Settlement. The bog layers containing cultural remains cover a period of at least 300 years. The stratigraphical analyses show no dramatic changes in species composition through time, indicating a rather conservative economic system. The age structure of slaughtered cattle reflects a focus on a dairy economy. Investigations of the bones of the small ruminants show that almost equal numbers of lambs and kids were born at the farm, but that the adult population contained twice as many sheep as goats. Pigs were eaten occasionally, but no bones from adults have been found to document the presence of a local breeding stock. Finds of several bones of cat add this species for the first time to the domestic stock in Norse Greenland. Eleven species of wild mammals make up a little less than half of all identified bones of mammals. The seals dominate and the majority are from harp seal and hood ed seal.","PeriodicalId":38506,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North Atlantic","volume":"99 1","pages":"1 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86116525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Morrison, Jonas Rönnberg, K. Pellow, Michelle Cleary
{"title":"Cover","authors":"D. Morrison, Jonas Rönnberg, K. Pellow, Michelle Cleary","doi":"10.3721/037.006.3603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3721/037.006.3603","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38506,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North Atlantic","volume":"414 1","pages":"I - I"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80824124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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