Muhammad Sholikhuddin Nafi’, Tri Hartini Yuliawati, Prijati Sri Irawati, Nurina Hasanatuludhhiyah
Background : There are several studies reporting the effect of caffeine on liver histopathology, but it remains controversy. The laboratory animal used in those studies were predominantly male, whereas there is contribution of sex difference on different liver reaction to xenobiotic between male and female subject. Objective : It is necessary to conduct a study to explore the differences between the liver histopathology of male and female mice after oral administration of caffeine. Methods : This study used 36 mice (Mus musculus) that were divided into 4 groups: male & female untreated groups and male & female treated groups which were orally administered with caffeine 0.4 mg / 20 gramBW daily for 30 days. At the end of treatment, mice were euthanized and dissected. Histopathological examination was done to determine the percentage of liver cell death of each group. Results: The percentage of liver cell deathin female treated group was higher than male treated group (p = 0.0001). But there was no significant difference of liver cells death between male control and treated group and between female control and treated group. Conclusion : There was significant difference in liver histopathology between male and female mice after oral administration of caffeine.
背景:有几项研究报道了咖啡因对肝脏组织病理学的影响，但仍存在争议。这些研究中使用的实验动物以雄性为主，而男性和女性受试者对异种抗生素的不同肝脏反应存在性别差异。目的:探讨口服咖啡因对雌雄小鼠肝脏组织病理学的影响。方法:将36只小鼠(小家鼠)分为4组:雌雄未给药组和雌雄给药组，每天口服咖啡因0.4 mg / 20 g bw，连续30 d。治疗结束后，对小鼠实施安乐死并进行解剖。组织病理学检查各组肝细胞死亡百分率。结果:女性治疗组肝细胞死亡率高于男性治疗组(p = 0.0001)。但男性对照组与治疗组、女性对照组与治疗组之间肝细胞死亡无显著差异。结论:口服咖啡因对雌雄小鼠肝脏组织病理学有显著影响。
{"title":"The Contribution of Sex Difference on Different Liver Histopathology Between Male and Female Mice After Oral Administration of Caffeine","authors":"Muhammad Sholikhuddin Nafi’, Tri Hartini Yuliawati, Prijati Sri Irawati, Nurina Hasanatuludhhiyah","doi":"10.20473/iabj.v2i2.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/iabj.v2i2.162","url":null,"abstract":"Background : There are several studies reporting the effect of caffeine on liver histopathology, but it remains controversy. The laboratory animal used in those studies were predominantly male, whereas there is contribution of sex difference on different liver reaction to xenobiotic between male and female subject.\u0000Objective : It is necessary to conduct a study to explore the differences between the liver histopathology of male and female mice after oral administration of caffeine.\u0000Methods : This study used 36 mice (Mus musculus) that were divided into 4 groups: male & female untreated groups and male & female treated groups which were orally administered with caffeine 0.4 mg / 20 gramBW daily for 30 days. At the end of treatment, mice were euthanized and dissected. Histopathological examination was done to determine the percentage of liver cell death of each group.\u0000Results: The percentage of liver cell deathin female treated group was higher than male treated group (p = 0.0001). But there was no significant difference of liver cells death between male control and treated group and between female control and treated group.\u0000Conclusion : There was significant difference in liver histopathology between male and female mice after oral administration of caffeine.","PeriodicalId":385352,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Andrology and Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126515796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Albert Salim, Yukhi Kurniawan, I. G. N. Pramesemara
Background : Assisted reproductive technology, one of which is intrauterine insemination (IUI) allows infertile couples to get pregnant. The pregnancy success of IUI procedure varies among individuals. Objective: The study aim is to determine whether there is a relationship between smoker male partners and IUI success. Methods: This research is an analytic study with cross-sectional approach conducted at Kasih Ibu General Hospital Denpasar with purposive sampling technique. There are 35 male couples aged 25-50 years who underwent the IUI procedure selected as samples. The research data was gathered from patient's medical records and statistically analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Results: The study found that of the 35 samples, 13 (37.1%) were smokers, whereas 22 (62.9%) male partners were non-smokers. There were 6 (17.1%) samples’ partners who were pregnant after undergoing the IUI procedure, and 29 (82.9%) samples’ partners were not pregnant. It was found that there was no significant relationship between male partner smokers and the success of IUI at Kasih Ibu General Hospital Denpasar (p=0.832). However, in descriptive analysis and relative risk calculation, smoker male partner is less likely to achieve pregnancy than non-smoker’s male partner (RR=0.85). Conclusion: Smoker male partners may not contribute to IUI success. Further studies should be done with a higher number of samples, multicenter, and more controlled risk factors to make it more accurate in determining the relationship.
{"title":"Relationship Between Smoker Male Partner and Intrauterine Insemination Success in Kasih Ibu General Hospital Denpasar","authors":"Albert Salim, Yukhi Kurniawan, I. G. N. Pramesemara","doi":"10.20473/iabj.v2i2.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/iabj.v2i2.163","url":null,"abstract":"Background : Assisted reproductive technology, one of which is intrauterine insemination (IUI) allows infertile couples to get pregnant. The pregnancy success of IUI procedure varies among individuals.\u0000Objective: The study aim is to determine whether there is a relationship between smoker male partners and IUI success.\u0000Methods: This research is an analytic study with cross-sectional approach conducted at Kasih Ibu General Hospital Denpasar with purposive sampling technique. There are 35 male couples aged 25-50 years who underwent the IUI procedure selected as samples. The research data was gathered from patient's medical records and statistically analyzed using the Chi-Square test.\u0000Results: The study found that of the 35 samples, 13 (37.1%) were smokers, whereas 22 (62.9%) male partners were non-smokers. There were 6 (17.1%) samples’ partners who were pregnant after undergoing the IUI procedure, and 29 (82.9%) samples’ partners were not pregnant. It was found that there was no significant relationship between male partner smokers and the success of IUI at Kasih Ibu General Hospital Denpasar (p=0.832). However, in descriptive analysis and relative risk calculation, smoker male partner is less likely to achieve pregnancy than non-smoker’s male partner (RR=0.85).\u0000Conclusion: Smoker male partners may not contribute to IUI success. Further studies should be done with a higher number of samples, multicenter, and more controlled risk factors to make it more accurate in determining the relationship.","PeriodicalId":385352,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Andrology and Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115768552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Technologies are replacing manpower many fields including medical field. Several devices have been marketed for replacing/reducing manpower in the medical field including male infertility. Here we reviewed several technologies that developed in male infertility. Review: Computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA), Automatic assessment of biochemical marker of seminal plasma, B-mode ultrasound, and automatic sperm cryopreservation can be applied routinely. Several updates i.e. automatic histopathology assessment, ultrasound strain elastography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) stronger than 3.0 T, Artificial intelligence for predicting the presence of sperm in azoospermia cases, automatic sperm selection, and automatic intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) need more studies before their application. Summary: Prudent choice based on valid studies is needed in order to give a comprehensive management to patient with male infertility without using useless technology.
{"title":"Technology Updates in Male Infertility Management","authors":"A. Hinting, Agustinus Agustinus","doi":"10.20473/iabj.v2i2.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/iabj.v2i2.138","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Technologies are replacing manpower many fields including medical field. Several devices have been marketed for replacing/reducing manpower in the medical field including male infertility. Here we reviewed several technologies that developed in male infertility.\u0000Review: Computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA), Automatic assessment of biochemical marker of seminal plasma, B-mode ultrasound, and automatic sperm cryopreservation can be applied routinely. Several updates i.e. automatic histopathology assessment, ultrasound strain elastography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) stronger than 3.0 T, Artificial intelligence for predicting the presence of sperm in azoospermia cases, automatic sperm selection, and automatic intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) need more studies before their application.\u0000Summary: Prudent choice based on valid studies is needed in order to give a comprehensive management to patient with male infertility without using useless technology.","PeriodicalId":385352,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Andrology and Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126823341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mikhael San Putra Wijanarko, Cathelin Stella, Gian Oktavianto
Background: In the general population, it is estimated that 91% of adult males perceive their penile size to be smaller than average. Concern about penile size can affect one’s self-esteem, which then affects its sexual function, satisfaction, as well as physical and mental health. Therefore, accurate penile measurements are needed for clinical and academic purposes. Reviews: Measurement of penile size can be performed in an erect, stretched, even flaccid condition. However, from various researches, there is no standardization of such a measurement method. Various researches have carried out average penile measurement but many factors can affect these results such as race, genital conditions, systemic diseases, surgical procedures, and aging. Summary: There is no internationally agreed way of measuring an adult male's penis and many other factors can make the results of penile measurements vary. Proper measurement and finding out the right average of penile size in adult male with regard to other affecting factors, will be indispensable for both clinical and academic purposes.
{"title":"Adult Male’s Penile Size Measurement and Its Affecting Factors","authors":"Mikhael San Putra Wijanarko, Cathelin Stella, Gian Oktavianto","doi":"10.20473/iabj.v2i2.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/iabj.v2i2.124","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In the general population, it is estimated that 91% of adult males perceive their penile size to be smaller than average. Concern about penile size can affect one’s self-esteem, which then affects its sexual function, satisfaction, as well as physical and mental health. Therefore, accurate penile measurements are needed for clinical and academic purposes.\u0000Reviews: Measurement of penile size can be performed in an erect, stretched, even flaccid condition. However, from various researches, there is no standardization of such a measurement method. Various researches have carried out average penile measurement but many factors can affect these results such as race, genital conditions, systemic diseases, surgical procedures, and aging. \u0000Summary: There is no internationally agreed way of measuring an adult male's penis and many other factors can make the results of penile measurements vary. Proper measurement and finding out the right average of penile size in adult male with regard to other affecting factors, will be indispensable for both clinical and academic purposes.","PeriodicalId":385352,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Andrology and Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134124527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anak Agung Sagung Ari Lestari, I. G. N. Pramesemara, Yukhi Kurniawan
Background: Andropause occurs with slow development and is a physiological process in males. Andropause symptoms arise vary in individuals. One of the factors that influence these symptoms is obesity, especially central obesity with a waist circumference of >90 cm. Objective: The purpose of this study is to show the relationship between waist circumference and the event of andropause. Methods: This research is an analytical study with a cross-sectional study approach conducted in one of the government institutions of Badung Regency, Bali Province. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The subjects consisted of 40 male employees at aged around 35-60 years. The research data were obtained from filling out the Androgen Deficiency in Aging Male (ADAM) score questionnaire and direct measurement of waist circumference. The statistical analysis used was the Chi-Square test. Results: The results showed that from 40 subjects, 23 (57.5%) subjects had a waist circumference of >90 cm, and a normal waist circumference of <90 cm in 17 (42.5%) subjects. There were 22 subjects (55.0%) who experienced andropause and 18 (45.0%) subjects who did not experience andropause. It was found that there was a significant relationship between waist circumference and the event of andropause among male employees in government institutions of Badung Regency (p = 0.001, OR = 11.7). Conclusion: The study has found that higher in waist circumference may contribute in the event of andropause. For further studies should takes a higher number of subjects to make it more accurate in wider population.
背景:男性更年期是男性发育缓慢的生理过程。男性更年期的症状因人而异。影响这些症状的因素之一是肥胖，尤其是腰围>90厘米的中心性肥胖。目的:探讨腰围与男性更年期的关系。方法:本研究采用横断面研究方法在巴厘省巴东县某政府机构进行分析研究。使用的抽样技术是有目的的抽样。研究对象包括40名年龄在35-60岁之间的男性雇员。研究数据通过填写老年男性雄激素缺乏(ADAM)评分问卷和直接测量腰围获得。统计分析采用卡方检验。结果:40例受试者中，腰围>90 cm的有23例(57.5%)，正常腰围<90 cm的有17例(42.5%)。22名受试者(55.0%)经历了男性更年期，18名受试者(45.0%)没有经历男性更年期。研究发现，巴东县政府机关男性职工的腰围与男性更年期事件之间存在显著相关(p = 0.001, OR = 11.7)。结论:研究发现，较高的腰围可能有助于男性更年期的发生。进一步的研究需要更多的研究对象，以使其在更广泛的人群中更准确。
{"title":"Relationship Between Waist Circumference and The Event of Andropause in Male Employees in Government Institutions of Badung Regency","authors":"Anak Agung Sagung Ari Lestari, I. G. N. Pramesemara, Yukhi Kurniawan","doi":"10.20473/iabj.v2i1.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/iabj.v2i1.37","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Andropause occurs with slow development and is a physiological process in males. Andropause symptoms arise vary in individuals. One of the factors that influence these symptoms is obesity, especially central obesity with a waist circumference of >90 cm.\u0000Objective: The purpose of this study is to show the relationship between waist circumference and the event of andropause.\u0000Methods: This research is an analytical study with a cross-sectional study approach conducted in one of the government institutions of Badung Regency, Bali Province. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The subjects consisted of 40 male employees at aged around 35-60 years. The research data were obtained from filling out the Androgen Deficiency in Aging Male (ADAM) score questionnaire and direct measurement of waist circumference. The statistical analysis used was the Chi-Square test.\u0000Results: The results showed that from 40 subjects, 23 (57.5%) subjects had a waist circumference of >90 cm, and a normal waist circumference of <90 cm in 17 (42.5%) subjects. There were 22 subjects (55.0%) who experienced andropause and 18 (45.0%) subjects who did not experience andropause. It was found that there was a significant relationship between waist circumference and the event of andropause among male employees in government institutions of Badung Regency (p = 0.001, OR = 11.7).\u0000Conclusion: The study has found that higher in waist circumference may contribute in the event of andropause. For further studies should takes a higher number of subjects to make it more accurate in wider population.","PeriodicalId":385352,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Andrology and Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128318247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander Petra Sihite, I. G. N. Pramesemara, I. W. Surudarma
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that characterized by high blood sugar levels. This condition is often not noticed immediately and usually patient starting to realize it when complications have been occurred. A long-term complication of type 2 DM that occurred in men is erectile dysfunction (ED). ED is a condition when a person is unable to achieve or maintain an erection for sexual intercourse. One factor that influence the occurrence of ED and its severity in type 2 DM patients is the duration of the disease. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of type 2 DM duration and the occurrence of ED. Methods: This study is an observational analytic cross-sectional study conducted at the Puskesmas (Public Health Center) Denpasar Barat I. The research data was obtained through medical record data and fill the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire on 36 type 2 DM patients aged around 40-60 years. The statistical analysis used was Fisher's exact test. Results: The results showed that of the 36 samples, 19 (52.8%) samples had type 2 DM <24 months and 17 (47.2%) samples had type 2 DM >24 months. It was found that 5 (13.9%) samples did not experience ED while the rest experienced ED with different severity. There was a significant relationship between the type 2 DM duration and the occurrence of erectile dysfunction at Puskesmas Denpasar Barat I (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Study has found that type 2 DM patients with the longer duration (>24 months) have a higher occurrence of ED and tended to be more severe compared to those with shorter duration (<24 months). Further studies should be performed with higher number of patients and more controlled risk factor so it will be more accurate in determining the relationship between the duration of type 2 DM and ED.
背景:2型糖尿病是一种以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病。这种情况通常不会立即注意到，通常患者在发生并发症时才开始意识到。男性2型糖尿病的长期并发症是勃起功能障碍(ED)。ED是指一个人无法达到或维持性交时的勃起。影响2型糖尿病患者ED发生及其严重程度的因素之一是病程。目的:本研究旨在探讨2型糖尿病病程与ed发生的关系。方法:本研究是一项观察性分析横断面研究，在Denpasar Barat I. Puskesmas(公共卫生中心)进行。研究数据通过病历资料获得，并填写国际勃起功能指数(IIEF-5)问卷调查36例年龄在40-60岁左右的2型糖尿病患者。使用的统计分析是费雪精确检验。结果:36例患者24个月内2型糖尿病19例(52.8%)。结果发现，5例(13.9%)患者未出现ED，其余患者出现不同程度的ED。2型糖尿病病程与Puskesmas Denpasar Barat I勃起功能障碍的发生有显著关系(p = 0.022)。结论:研究发现，病程较长(>24个月)的2型DM患者ED发生率较高，且病程较短(<24个月)的患者ED更严重。进一步的研究需要更多的患者和更多的控制风险因素，以便更准确地确定2型糖尿病和ED之间的关系。
{"title":"Relationship of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Duration with The Occurrence of Erectile Dysfunction at Puskesmas Denpasar Barat I","authors":"Alexander Petra Sihite, I. G. N. Pramesemara, I. W. Surudarma","doi":"10.20473/iabj.v2i1.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/iabj.v2i1.45","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that characterized by high blood sugar levels. This condition is often not noticed immediately and usually patient starting to realize it when complications have been occurred. A long-term complication of type 2 DM that occurred in men is erectile dysfunction (ED). ED is a condition when a person is unable to achieve or maintain an erection for sexual intercourse. One factor that influence the occurrence of ED and its severity in type 2 DM patients is the duration of the disease.\u0000Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of type 2 DM duration and the occurrence of ED.\u0000Methods: This study is an observational analytic cross-sectional study conducted at the Puskesmas (Public Health Center) Denpasar Barat I. The research data was obtained through medical record data and fill the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire on 36 type 2 DM patients aged around 40-60 years. The statistical analysis used was Fisher's exact test.\u0000Results: The results showed that of the 36 samples, 19 (52.8%) samples had type 2 DM <24 months and 17 (47.2%) samples had type 2 DM >24 months. It was found that 5 (13.9%) samples did not experience ED while the rest experienced ED with different severity. There was a significant relationship between the type 2 DM duration and the occurrence of erectile dysfunction at Puskesmas Denpasar Barat I (p = 0.022).\u0000Conclusion: Study has found that type 2 DM patients with the longer duration (>24 months) have a higher occurrence of ED and tended to be more severe compared to those with shorter duration (<24 months). Further studies should be performed with higher number of patients and more controlled risk factor so it will be more accurate in determining the relationship between the duration of type 2 DM and ED.","PeriodicalId":385352,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Andrology and Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122562265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rossy Sintya Marthasari, A. Marlinata, R. I’tishom
Background: Vaginismus described as persistent or reccurent difficulties for woman to allow vaginal entry of a penis, a finger or there is often avoidance and anticipation, fear or experience of pain, along with variable involuntary contraction of pelvic muscle. Reviews: Vaginismus can lead to unconsummated marriage, and also can be hidden caused of infertility. Vaginismus can be categorized as primary (lifelong), patient has never experiences non painful intercourse or secondary (acquired), patient has previously normal but now experience pain. Vaginismus should be considered as part of differential diagnosis in patient who has no satisfaction in sexual intercourse or do not tolerate penetration. Diagnosis is made by making a good history taking. A variety of intervention have been suggested in some case report study. Effective treatment to vaginismus include sex education, psychosexual therapy, systematic desensitization, anxiolytic and Botulinum Toxin (botox). While there are few controlled studies on the management of vaginismus, they are limited and poorly designed. Summary: Goal of treatment is not only to achieve pregnancy but also increase quality of life. Either natural or assisted, vaginismus is still have to be cured. A great teamwork is required to successfull therapy.
{"title":"Vaginismus and Infertility","authors":"Rossy Sintya Marthasari, A. Marlinata, R. I’tishom","doi":"10.20473/iabj.v1i2.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/iabj.v1i2.33","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vaginismus described as persistent or reccurent difficulties for woman to allow vaginal entry of a penis, a finger or there is often avoidance and anticipation, fear or experience of pain, along with variable involuntary contraction of pelvic muscle. \u0000Reviews: Vaginismus can lead to unconsummated marriage, and also can be hidden caused of infertility. Vaginismus can be categorized as primary (lifelong), patient has never experiences non painful intercourse or secondary (acquired), patient has previously normal but now experience pain. Vaginismus should be considered as part of differential diagnosis in patient who has no satisfaction in sexual intercourse or do not tolerate penetration. Diagnosis is made by making a good history taking. A variety of intervention have been suggested in some case report study. Effective treatment to vaginismus include sex education, psychosexual therapy, systematic desensitization, anxiolytic and Botulinum Toxin (botox). While there are few controlled studies on the management of vaginismus, they are limited and poorly designed. \u0000Summary: Goal of treatment is not only to achieve pregnancy but also increase quality of life. Either natural or assisted, vaginismus is still have to be cured. A great teamwork is required to successfull therapy.","PeriodicalId":385352,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Andrology and Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128204143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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