Pub Date : 2011-11-21DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083613
R. Laužikas, Vykintas Vaitkevicius
During the initial analysis of national information systems lack of interoperability and standardization of historical geographical, biographical and chronological data was identified, the most important problems were named. The model of provision of historical geographical, chronological and biographical data within the information systems is aimed at establishing a high level of interoperability among the systems.
{"title":"Connecting geography, chronology, and biographies - Framing new Lithuanian standards","authors":"R. Laužikas, Vykintas Vaitkevicius","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083613","url":null,"abstract":"During the initial analysis of national information systems lack of interoperability and standardization of historical geographical, biographical and chronological data was identified, the most important problems were named. The model of provision of historical geographical, chronological and biographical data within the information systems is aimed at establishing a high level of interoperability among the systems.","PeriodicalId":386043,"journal":{"name":"2011 7th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123843143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-21DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083607
E. Folmer, P. O. Luttighuis, J. Hillegersberg
This study describes the design of a reference model for an instrument to measure quality of semantic Information System (IS) standards. This design satisfies requirements gathered among potential users, in a previous study. The reference model features three layers: concerned with quality, semantic IS standards, and the instrumentation, respectively. It serves as a basis for implementation of a quality measuring instrument.
{"title":"A reference model of an instrument for quality measurement of semantic is standards","authors":"E. Folmer, P. O. Luttighuis, J. Hillegersberg","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083607","url":null,"abstract":"This study describes the design of a reference model for an instrument to measure quality of semantic Information System (IS) standards. This design satisfies requirements gathered among potential users, in a previous study. The reference model features three layers: concerned with quality, semantic IS standards, and the instrumentation, respectively. It serves as a basis for implementation of a quality measuring instrument.","PeriodicalId":386043,"journal":{"name":"2011 7th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131332385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the impact of essential patents on standardization. In particular, we analyze the influence of patents on the rate of standard replacement. We investigate whether essential patents contribute to a “lock in” of outdated standards, or rather encourage investment and increase the pace of standardization. Building upon a comprehensive dataset of over 6.000 different standards and nearly 20.000 standard versions in the field of ICT, we evidence essential patents to reduce the likelihood of standard replacement in early stages. This effect takes place in the first three years after the standard is issued. On the other hand, declarations of essential patents increase the likelihood of version replacement. We argue that these version upgrades do not entail replacement of standard components. The effect on versions reflects an increase in the firms' investment in standardization, while the reduced rate of standard replacement in early years reflects a stabilizing effect of patents on standardization.
{"title":"Essential patents and standard dynamics","authors":"Justus Baron, K. Blind, T. Pohlmann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2537593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2537593","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of essential patents on standardization. In particular, we analyze the influence of patents on the rate of standard replacement. We investigate whether essential patents contribute to a “lock in” of outdated standards, or rather encourage investment and increase the pace of standardization. Building upon a comprehensive dataset of over 6.000 different standards and nearly 20.000 standard versions in the field of ICT, we evidence essential patents to reduce the likelihood of standard replacement in early stages. This effect takes place in the first three years after the standard is issued. On the other hand, declarations of essential patents increase the likelihood of version replacement. We argue that these version upgrades do not entail replacement of standard components. The effect on versions reflects an increase in the firms' investment in standardization, while the reduced rate of standard replacement in early years reflects a stabilizing effect of patents on standardization.","PeriodicalId":386043,"journal":{"name":"2011 7th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"319 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121348974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-21DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083617
T. Pohlmann, K. Blind
In complex technologies, IPR is owned among several firms and technical innovation often overlaps. In situations of divided technical leadership cooperative activities are crucial to influence technology adoption. Standardization is a process to commonly agree on a technology. This article investigates the patent declaration behavior of 250 companies which participate in international standard bodies. Over 60,000 patent declarations were analyzed on a firm level basis to show how cooperative activities influence the inclusion of patents in technology standards. Our empirical results show that the involvement in related standards consortia as well as being a member in patent pools favors patent declaration. While the pool variable rather controls for the default mechanism that firms can only join pools when they declare essential IPR, our empirical analysis is able to isolate the positive consortia effect by controlling for a wide range of firm and standard characteristics. We apply panel analysis and find evidence for a positive dynamic effect of entering a standards consortium. We also find significant results for exogenous membership changes in standards consortia. Our findings proof that firms which participate in standards consortia increase their negotiation power in technology selection processes and are thus able to introduce more patents into standards.
{"title":"Firms' cooperative activities as driving factors of patent declaration on technological standards","authors":"T. Pohlmann, K. Blind","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083617","url":null,"abstract":"In complex technologies, IPR is owned among several firms and technical innovation often overlaps. In situations of divided technical leadership cooperative activities are crucial to influence technology adoption. Standardization is a process to commonly agree on a technology. This article investigates the patent declaration behavior of 250 companies which participate in international standard bodies. Over 60,000 patent declarations were analyzed on a firm level basis to show how cooperative activities influence the inclusion of patents in technology standards. Our empirical results show that the involvement in related standards consortia as well as being a member in patent pools favors patent declaration. While the pool variable rather controls for the default mechanism that firms can only join pools when they declare essential IPR, our empirical analysis is able to isolate the positive consortia effect by controlling for a wide range of firm and standard characteristics. We apply panel analysis and find evidence for a positive dynamic effect of entering a standards consortium. We also find significant results for exogenous membership changes in standards consortia. Our findings proof that firms which participate in standards consortia increase their negotiation power in technology selection processes and are thus able to introduce more patents into standards.","PeriodicalId":386043,"journal":{"name":"2011 7th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"247 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122580238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-21DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083614
A. Layne-Farrar, Gerard Llobet, A. Padilla
Patent hold-up and opportunistic licensing within cooperative standard setting organization have received considerable attention in academic and policy circles, and a number of rules and policies have been suggested to curb these problems. In our Payments and Participation paper, summarized above, we consider one of the most popular suggestions: capping patent holder licensing fees at the incremental value that the patented technology contributes to the standard. The idea behind this cap would be to limit a patent holder's licensing fees to the level that could be obtained ex ante, before the standard is fully developed and when patented technology may compete with alternatives.
{"title":"SSO participation and the role of incremental value licensing","authors":"A. Layne-Farrar, Gerard Llobet, A. Padilla","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083614","url":null,"abstract":"Patent hold-up and opportunistic licensing within cooperative standard setting organization have received considerable attention in academic and policy circles, and a number of rules and policies have been suggested to curb these problems. In our Payments and Participation paper, summarized above, we consider one of the most popular suggestions: capping patent holder licensing fees at the incremental value that the patented technology contributes to the standard. The idea behind this cap would be to limit a patent holder's licensing fees to the level that could be obtained ex ante, before the standard is fully developed and when patented technology may compete with alternatives.","PeriodicalId":386043,"journal":{"name":"2011 7th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131609686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-21DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083605
P. Curran, T. Undheim
This paper discusses the concept of Open Standards and proposes criteria for judging the extent to which standards developed by a particular Standards Setting Organization may be considered Open. The Java Community Process - the mechanism set up by Sun Microsystems to develop Java standards, and now continued by Oracle - is described and discussed in the context of these criteria.
{"title":"The Java Community Process standardization, interoperability, transparency","authors":"P. Curran, T. Undheim","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083605","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the concept of Open Standards and proposes criteria for judging the extent to which standards developed by a particular Standards Setting Organization may be considered Open. The Java Community Process - the mechanism set up by Sun Microsystems to develop Java standards, and now continued by Oracle - is described and discussed in the context of these criteria.","PeriodicalId":386043,"journal":{"name":"2011 7th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127728279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-21DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083602
Liliana Brykman
By outlining clear requirements for goods and services, standards help protect consumers, create new and larger markets, improve market access, boost innovation, and promote competitiveness. The European Commission has put forward proposals to modernise the European standardisation system to meet the challenges of our ever faster changing world, thus contributing to the objectives of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.
{"title":"Better standards to enhance European competitiveness","authors":"Liliana Brykman","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083602","url":null,"abstract":"By outlining clear requirements for goods and services, standards help protect consumers, create new and larger markets, improve market access, boost innovation, and promote competitiveness. The European Commission has put forward proposals to modernise the European standardisation system to meet the challenges of our ever faster changing world, thus contributing to the objectives of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.","PeriodicalId":386043,"journal":{"name":"2011 7th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128000281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-21DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083603
C. Cargill
Unlike many of the papers on standardization to be presented in this conference which are based on discrete standardization events, this paper looks at standardization as a method, a process, and a business practice (like marketing or finance or engineering). The basic contention of the paper is that standards are tools used by participants whose business goal requires them to use standards to shift or change the market in a manner that marketing, technology, of finance cannot. This view of standards accords them the status of any other management discipline - but with the additional complication that most of the events occur in forums outside the apparent direct control of the players. Additionally, while the environment in which standards operate (as well as the way that they operate) has changed substantially over the past 100 years, the ultimate underlying intention of commercial support of standardization (market control and management) has not. While this paper exposes some of the trends in the standardization industry, it can propose only a limited set of responses to these challenges, since many of the issues transcend standards and are socially and economically based. Please note that the author is somewhat US-centric in his description of the recent history of “commercially focused” ICT standardization, for which he apologizes.
{"title":"On standards as change agents - From a pragmatic business perspective","authors":"C. Cargill","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083603","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike many of the papers on standardization to be presented in this conference which are based on discrete standardization events, this paper looks at standardization as a method, a process, and a business practice (like marketing or finance or engineering). The basic contention of the paper is that standards are tools used by participants whose business goal requires them to use standards to shift or change the market in a manner that marketing, technology, of finance cannot. This view of standards accords them the status of any other management discipline - but with the additional complication that most of the events occur in forums outside the apparent direct control of the players. Additionally, while the environment in which standards operate (as well as the way that they operate) has changed substantially over the past 100 years, the ultimate underlying intention of commercial support of standardization (market control and management) has not. While this paper exposes some of the trends in the standardization industry, it can propose only a limited set of responses to these challenges, since many of the issues transcend standards and are socially and economically based. Please note that the author is somewhat US-centric in his description of the recent history of “commercially focused” ICT standardization, for which he apologizes.","PeriodicalId":386043,"journal":{"name":"2011 7th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128404738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-21DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083612
Bjoern Kirchhoff
The exchange of electronic documents between organizations, administrations and citizens is of growing relevance. Connected to this, the interoperability of office application documents is of essential interest. Even though the introduction of open standards in the field of office application fundamentally increased the degree of compatibility, interoperability issues still exist. As a result of this, the idea of the utilization of interoperability profiles emerged in relating OASIS and ISO committees. This paper proposes a feature driven but widely format independent approach for the profiling of office document standards that can magnificently simplify the definition of domain specific profiles.
{"title":"Driven profiling of open standards for office applications","authors":"Bjoern Kirchhoff","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083612","url":null,"abstract":"The exchange of electronic documents between organizations, administrations and citizens is of growing relevance. Connected to this, the interoperability of office application documents is of essential interest. Even though the introduction of open standards in the field of office application fundamentally increased the degree of compatibility, interoperability issues still exist. As a result of this, the idea of the utilization of interoperability profiles emerged in relating OASIS and ISO committees. This paper proposes a feature driven but widely format independent approach for the profiling of office document standards that can magnificently simplify the definition of domain specific profiles.","PeriodicalId":386043,"journal":{"name":"2011 7th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"31 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128135635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-21DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083615
David Mann, J. Brooks
Enterprise-scale information systems are deeply entwined with the networks of social practice that use and support them. Yet “interoperability” between information systems and social communities of practice is not always easily achieved, because these disparate types of entities operate according to different logics and respond differently to innovation processes. In this paper we identify differences between the types of information standards used in information systems and those commonly used within social communities of practice, terming the former “machine oriented standards” and the latter “human oriented standards.” We then provide a catalog of commonly used human oriented standards. We conclude by suggesting that these distinctions have significant implications for designers and developers of enterprise-scale information standards and information systems.
{"title":"Differences between human oriented and machine oriented information standards: Implications for design of enterprise-scale information systems","authors":"David Mann, J. Brooks","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2011.6083615","url":null,"abstract":"Enterprise-scale information systems are deeply entwined with the networks of social practice that use and support them. Yet “interoperability” between information systems and social communities of practice is not always easily achieved, because these disparate types of entities operate according to different logics and respond differently to innovation processes. In this paper we identify differences between the types of information standards used in information systems and those commonly used within social communities of practice, terming the former “machine oriented standards” and the latter “human oriented standards.” We then provide a catalog of commonly used human oriented standards. We conclude by suggesting that these distinctions have significant implications for designers and developers of enterprise-scale information standards and information systems.","PeriodicalId":386043,"journal":{"name":"2011 7th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124935444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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