Pub Date : 2017-06-21DOI: 10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.10005478
F. Palmisano
Reinforced concrete works, from the origins until the release of the first technical standards, were built by applying patented systems (e.g., Monnier's, Hennebique's) that were often the result of individual intuitions more than scientific and technical knowledge. This is one of the reasons that many of structures built in those years, and still surviving, could not be considered reliable with regard to the structural safety, as it is presently intended. In this scenario, the evaluation of R.C. beam shear capacity becomes crucial. In this article, analysing the tests carried out in Stuttgart in the early 20th century, a preliminary study on the shear capacity assessment of historical R.C. beams is presented. The aim is to verify the applicability to these kinds of beams of the relations given for new constructions in the present Eurocodes. Moreover, a novel formulation for the transversal shear capacity for historical R.C. beams with U-shaped plates is proposed.
{"title":"Shear capacity of historical reinforced concrete beams","authors":"F. Palmisano","doi":"10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.10005478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.10005478","url":null,"abstract":"Reinforced concrete works, from the origins until the release of the first technical standards, were built by applying patented systems (e.g., Monnier's, Hennebique's) that were often the result of individual intuitions more than scientific and technical knowledge. This is one of the reasons that many of structures built in those years, and still surviving, could not be considered reliable with regard to the structural safety, as it is presently intended. In this scenario, the evaluation of R.C. beam shear capacity becomes crucial. In this article, analysing the tests carried out in Stuttgart in the early 20th century, a preliminary study on the shear capacity assessment of historical R.C. beams is presented. The aim is to verify the applicability to these kinds of beams of the relations given for new constructions in the present Eurocodes. Moreover, a novel formulation for the transversal shear capacity for historical R.C. beams with U-shaped plates is proposed.","PeriodicalId":38785,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44825687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-21DOI: 10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.10005471
Hani Baghi, H. H. Lavasani
Resisting in-plane loadings is an important issue in the field of glass structures. Glass structures are connected to each other in two ways, and then they connect to the substructure: 1) point supports; 2) linear support; where the first one is more common. Several point supports have been examined by researchers and their stress distribution and failure mechanisms are analysed, but point supports have not been analysed using hyperelastic materials. In this paper, a point support is studied numerically under axial load, then the specimen is modelled using hyperelastic material and the results are analysed and compared to each other. Considering stress distribution and load-displacement diagrams of glass frame model by hyperelastic contact, and comparing them with glass frames containing usual contacts leads to following result: according to hyperelastic materials' properties, which are the same as nonlinear elastic ones, the stress in support contact with glass is 50% lower, and also having less displacement in comparison with glass frames using normal contacts. Based on the results, the glass frames with hyperelastic materials resistance much more load than the ones with normal contacts.
{"title":"Coupled numerical investigation of structural glass panels with elastic materials injection and hyperelastic materials injection subjected to locally introduced axial compression","authors":"Hani Baghi, H. H. Lavasani","doi":"10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.10005471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.10005471","url":null,"abstract":"Resisting in-plane loadings is an important issue in the field of glass structures. Glass structures are connected to each other in two ways, and then they connect to the substructure: 1) point supports; 2) linear support; where the first one is more common. Several point supports have been examined by researchers and their stress distribution and failure mechanisms are analysed, but point supports have not been analysed using hyperelastic materials. In this paper, a point support is studied numerically under axial load, then the specimen is modelled using hyperelastic material and the results are analysed and compared to each other. Considering stress distribution and load-displacement diagrams of glass frame model by hyperelastic contact, and comparing them with glass frames containing usual contacts leads to following result: according to hyperelastic materials' properties, which are the same as nonlinear elastic ones, the stress in support contact with glass is 50% lower, and also having less displacement in comparison with glass frames using normal contacts. Based on the results, the glass frames with hyperelastic materials resistance much more load than the ones with normal contacts.","PeriodicalId":38785,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43034631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-21DOI: 10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.084650
K. Shetty, A. Krishnamoorthy, G. Nayak, Dhanalakshmi
Dynamic response of base isolated multi-storey symmetrical and asymmetrical space frame structures with multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMD), subjected to bi-directional harmonic and Mexico earthquake ground motions are studied. A four-storey space frame structure having six degrees of freedom (three translations along x, y, z-axes and three rotations about these axes) at each node is considered for study. Each tuned mass damper (TMD) is modelled using a two-noded element having two translational degrees of freedom at each node. MTMD with uniformly distributed frequencies are considered for this purpose. The effectiveness of MTMD in suppressing the structural response is determined by comparing the response of corresponding structure without MTMD. It is found that the MTMD can be used effectively to suppress the responses of the symmetrical and asymmetrical base isolated space frame structures. The effect of important parameters on the effectiveness of the MTMD is also studied. The parameters include the fundamental characteristics of the MTMD such as damping, total number of MTMD, tuning frequency ratio and frequency spacing of the dampers. It is shown that these parameters have considerable influence on the effectiveness of the MTMD in reducing the dynamic response of the base isolated structure.
{"title":"The effect of multiple tuned mass dampers on response control of base isolated multi-storey space frame structure","authors":"K. Shetty, A. Krishnamoorthy, G. Nayak, Dhanalakshmi","doi":"10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.084650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.084650","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic response of base isolated multi-storey symmetrical and asymmetrical space frame structures with multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMD), subjected to bi-directional harmonic and Mexico earthquake ground motions are studied. A four-storey space frame structure having six degrees of freedom (three translations along x, y, z-axes and three rotations about these axes) at each node is considered for study. Each tuned mass damper (TMD) is modelled using a two-noded element having two translational degrees of freedom at each node. MTMD with uniformly distributed frequencies are considered for this purpose. The effectiveness of MTMD in suppressing the structural response is determined by comparing the response of corresponding structure without MTMD. It is found that the MTMD can be used effectively to suppress the responses of the symmetrical and asymmetrical base isolated space frame structures. The effect of important parameters on the effectiveness of the MTMD is also studied. The parameters include the fundamental characteristics of the MTMD such as damping, total number of MTMD, tuning frequency ratio and frequency spacing of the dampers. It is shown that these parameters have considerable influence on the effectiveness of the MTMD in reducing the dynamic response of the base isolated structure.","PeriodicalId":38785,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"148-168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.084650","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49107474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-25DOI: 10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081671
B. Ghanbari, A. Akhaveissy
This article attempts to study the effect of various pulse-like ground motion parameters and local site conditions on the linear response of different multi-story buildings with special shear and flexural behaviour. The multi-story buildings are modelled using a combination of a shear and flexural beams with representative lateral stiffness ratios. A total of 61 near-fault pulse-like ground motions are selected for this study. The effects of peak ground velocity (PGV), PGV/PGA, rupture distance, Arias intensity, earthquake magnitude and local site conditions on maximum inter-story drift spectra (MIDS) and distribution of the inter-story drift ratio (IDR) along the height of the multi-story buildings are evaluated. It was observed that both the fundamental period of the structure and the lateral stiffness ratio can significantly change maximum inter-story drift demands in buildings subjected to pulse-like ground motions. The near-fault pulse-like ground motions are more dangerous for multi-story buildings with flexural behaviour than those with shear behaviour. The effects of peak ground velocity (PGV) and Arias intensity (I) on inter-story drift spectra is more obvious than others parameters.
{"title":"Effects of pulse-like ground motions parameters on inter-story drift spectra of multi-story buildings","authors":"B. Ghanbari, A. Akhaveissy","doi":"10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081671","url":null,"abstract":"This article attempts to study the effect of various pulse-like ground motion parameters and local site conditions on the linear response of different multi-story buildings with special shear and flexural behaviour. The multi-story buildings are modelled using a combination of a shear and flexural beams with representative lateral stiffness ratios. A total of 61 near-fault pulse-like ground motions are selected for this study. The effects of peak ground velocity (PGV), PGV/PGA, rupture distance, Arias intensity, earthquake magnitude and local site conditions on maximum inter-story drift spectra (MIDS) and distribution of the inter-story drift ratio (IDR) along the height of the multi-story buildings are evaluated. It was observed that both the fundamental period of the structure and the lateral stiffness ratio can significantly change maximum inter-story drift demands in buildings subjected to pulse-like ground motions. The near-fault pulse-like ground motions are more dangerous for multi-story buildings with flexural behaviour than those with shear behaviour. The effects of peak ground velocity (PGV) and Arias intensity (I) on inter-story drift spectra is more obvious than others parameters.","PeriodicalId":38785,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44973066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-25DOI: 10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081670
S. Mohammadi, Shaohong Cheng, F. Ghrib
Owing to their long flexible nature and low intrinsic damping, bridge stay cables are prone to various types of wind-induced vibrations, among which the rain-wind-induced vibration is most frequently observed on site. External dampers are widely used to control such unfavourable cable oscillations and their effectiveness in suppressing large-amplitude cable vibrations was addressed in many studies using deterministic approaches. However, the mechanical and/or physical properties of cables and the attached dampers could not only deviate from their respective nominal design values at a given design point, but also vary considerably during the lifetime of a cable-stayed bridge and thus affect damper efficiency. Hence, for a realistic damper performance assessment, these uncertainties should be taken into account. The objective of this paper is to present a time-variant reliability-based framework model to assess how uncertainties in the structural parameters of a cable-damper system would influence the time specific reliability performance of an external damper yielded from the current design practice.
{"title":"Assessment of damper performance in controlling cable vibrations using a reliability-based framework","authors":"S. Mohammadi, Shaohong Cheng, F. Ghrib","doi":"10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081670","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to their long flexible nature and low intrinsic damping, bridge stay cables are prone to various types of wind-induced vibrations, among which the rain-wind-induced vibration is most frequently observed on site. External dampers are widely used to control such unfavourable cable oscillations and their effectiveness in suppressing large-amplitude cable vibrations was addressed in many studies using deterministic approaches. However, the mechanical and/or physical properties of cables and the attached dampers could not only deviate from their respective nominal design values at a given design point, but also vary considerably during the lifetime of a cable-stayed bridge and thus affect damper efficiency. Hence, for a realistic damper performance assessment, these uncertainties should be taken into account. The objective of this paper is to present a time-variant reliability-based framework model to assess how uncertainties in the structural parameters of a cable-damper system would influence the time specific reliability performance of an external damper yielded from the current design practice.","PeriodicalId":38785,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081670","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46175010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-25DOI: 10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081669
Faezehossadat Khademi, S. Jamal
Evaluating the concrete quality is a significant factor in the concrete industry. Concrete compressive strength, identified as one of the most important mechanical properties of concrete, is recognised as the most essential parameter for the quality assurance of concrete. In this paper, in order to evaluate the 28-day compressive strength of concrete, the two most challenging models of multiple linear regression (MLR) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) are developed in MATLAB environment for 160 different concrete specimens and the results are compared with each other. The results indicate that ANFIS model could perfectly predict the compressive strength of concrete; however, multiple linear regression model was not as effective as ANFIS in predicting purposes. The superiority of ANFIS to MLR might be because of the nonlinear relationships between the concrete characteristics which ANFIS is more capable in their modelling purposes.
{"title":"Estimating the compressive strength of concrete using multiple linear regression and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system","authors":"Faezehossadat Khademi, S. Jamal","doi":"10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081669","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating the concrete quality is a significant factor in the concrete industry. Concrete compressive strength, identified as one of the most important mechanical properties of concrete, is recognised as the most essential parameter for the quality assurance of concrete. In this paper, in order to evaluate the 28-day compressive strength of concrete, the two most challenging models of multiple linear regression (MLR) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) are developed in MATLAB environment for 160 different concrete specimens and the results are compared with each other. The results indicate that ANFIS model could perfectly predict the compressive strength of concrete; however, multiple linear regression model was not as effective as ANFIS in predicting purposes. The superiority of ANFIS to MLR might be because of the nonlinear relationships between the concrete characteristics which ANFIS is more capable in their modelling purposes.","PeriodicalId":38785,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081669","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42259886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-25DOI: 10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081672
B. Pushpakumara, Sudhira De Silva, G. Silva
Remediation of concrete bridges is an essential requirement of any country. Objectives of this study are to develop a novel condition rating method for existing concrete bridges and to validate the method by assessing condition of bridges. Condition of 18 concrete bridges was assessed from Bentota to Matara, Southern Province in Sri Lanka. Non-destructive tests (NDT) were used to assess the condition of concrete bridges. Standard eigenvectors were obtained from comparison matrices which were developed by using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the priority weight of each data. Element condition index (ECI) of all elements was separately calculated and overall bridge condition index (OBCI) was determined with adding element significant factor (ESF), element construction type factor (ECTF) and causal factor (CF). Finally, bridge soundness score (BSS) was determined and was used to conclude bridge remediation plan. The proposed method has the ability to rate the overall bridge condition and decide suitable remediation.
{"title":"Visual inspection and non-destructive tests-based rating method for concrete bridges","authors":"B. Pushpakumara, Sudhira De Silva, G. Silva","doi":"10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081672","url":null,"abstract":"Remediation of concrete bridges is an essential requirement of any country. Objectives of this study are to develop a novel condition rating method for existing concrete bridges and to validate the method by assessing condition of bridges. Condition of 18 concrete bridges was assessed from Bentota to Matara, Southern Province in Sri Lanka. Non-destructive tests (NDT) were used to assess the condition of concrete bridges. Standard eigenvectors were obtained from comparison matrices which were developed by using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the priority weight of each data. Element condition index (ECI) of all elements was separately calculated and overall bridge condition index (OBCI) was determined with adding element significant factor (ESF), element construction type factor (ECTF) and causal factor (CF). Finally, bridge soundness score (BSS) was determined and was used to conclude bridge remediation plan. The proposed method has the ability to rate the overall bridge condition and decide suitable remediation.","PeriodicalId":38785,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081672","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42421265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-25DOI: 10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081668
F. Palmisano
According to the latest technical standards, the design capacity to survive actions even extraordinary (explosion, impact and consequences of human errors) is left to the owner. Nevertheless, the analysis of some collapses occurred in the last years shows that it is necessary to give sufficient robustness (i.e. ability of a structure to withstand events or consequences of human errors without being damaged to an extent disproportionate to the original cause) to every building. This fact is also confirmed by the possibility to protect human lives in extreme conditions, completely sacrificing the functionality, by simple measures, sometimes regarding detailing, without substantially increasing the cost of a structural system. In this scenario this article aims to propose a simplified numerical approach able to evaluate the amount of floor reinforcement necessary to activate the elasto-plastic catenary behaviour of R.C. floor slabs.
{"title":"Improving the robustness of R.C. buildings by the activation of the elasto-plastic catenary behaviour","authors":"F. Palmisano","doi":"10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081668","url":null,"abstract":"According to the latest technical standards, the design capacity to survive actions even extraordinary (explosion, impact and consequences of human errors) is left to the owner. Nevertheless, the analysis of some collapses occurred in the last years shows that it is necessary to give sufficient robustness (i.e. ability of a structure to withstand events or consequences of human errors without being damaged to an extent disproportionate to the original cause) to every building. This fact is also confirmed by the possibility to protect human lives in extreme conditions, completely sacrificing the functionality, by simple measures, sometimes regarding detailing, without substantially increasing the cost of a structural system. In this scenario this article aims to propose a simplified numerical approach able to evaluate the amount of floor reinforcement necessary to activate the elasto-plastic catenary behaviour of R.C. floor slabs.","PeriodicalId":38785,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2017.081668","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44086430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-27DOI: 10.1061/9780784413609.021
M. Modares, Raguez A. Taha, J. Mohammadi
A new method for reliability assessment of structures is developed which enhances the first order reliability method (FORM) for consideration of uncertainties using interval analysis. This method will hereafter be referred to as the interval first order reliability method (IFORM). IFORM benefits from the simplicity of both FORM and interval analysis by avoiding the requirement for the prior knowledge of joint probability density function for the input parameters. Using IFORM, first, uncertain input parameters are quantified by independent interval variables. Then, the first order reliability analysis is performed using input interval parameters leading to the determination of the bounds on the probability of failure (damage) for the entire structure. Several numerical examples that illustrate the capability and feasibility of this method are presented. The results are then compared with those using the FORM and Monte Carlos simulations, in which the advantage of IFORM over the traditional FORM is demonstrated.
{"title":"Reliability assessment of structures using interval uncertainty analysis","authors":"M. Modares, Raguez A. Taha, J. Mohammadi","doi":"10.1061/9780784413609.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413609.021","url":null,"abstract":"A new method for reliability assessment of structures is developed which enhances the first order reliability method (FORM) for consideration of uncertainties using interval analysis. This method will hereafter be referred to as the interval first order reliability method (IFORM). IFORM benefits from the simplicity of both FORM and interval analysis by avoiding the requirement for the prior knowledge of joint probability density function for the input parameters. Using IFORM, first, uncertain input parameters are quantified by independent interval variables. Then, the first order reliability analysis is performed using input interval parameters leading to the determination of the bounds on the probability of failure (damage) for the entire structure. Several numerical examples that illustrate the capability and feasibility of this method are presented. The results are then compared with those using the FORM and Monte Carlos simulations, in which the advantage of IFORM over the traditional FORM is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":38785,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"204-214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2014-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1061/9780784413609.021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58576857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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