Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.47721/arjst20230402012
J. Ogah, K. Ubaka, C. Ogueri, E. Nleonu
The concentrations of ten heavy metals (As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in surface sediments of Ulasi River, Okija in Anambra state Nigeria were assessed. Data from three sample stations that include; station A. Ubahuabuba, station B. below the bridge along Okija-Nnewi road, and station C. Onitsha – Owerri road were analysed. The result was obtained using ANOVA statistical analysis and there was a significant difference of 0.05%. The results obtained also revealed that the mean concentrations of the metals ranged from Arsenic 0.57 to 0.72mg/l, Boron 1.28 to 1.86mg/l, Cadmium 0.47 to 0.94mg/l, Chromium 0.67 to 0.96mg/l, Lead 0.94 to 1.30mg/l, Manganese 0.78 to 1.18, Fe 1.28 to 2.38mg/l, Cu 0.69 to 1.07mg/l, Zn 1.10 to 2.10mg/l and Nickel 1.10 to 1.36mg/l. When compared with the guidelines of the EPA for sediments, the results of the metals analysed were within the recommended threshold limits. Keywords: Heavy Metal, Sediment, Ulasi River, Contamination and EPA guidelines
{"title":"Assessment of heavy metals in Ulasi River sediments, Okija, Anambra State, Nigeria","authors":"J. Ogah, K. Ubaka, C. Ogueri, E. Nleonu","doi":"10.47721/arjst20230402012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjst20230402012","url":null,"abstract":"The concentrations of ten heavy metals (As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in surface sediments of Ulasi River, Okija in Anambra state Nigeria were assessed. Data from three sample stations that include; station A. Ubahuabuba, station B. below the bridge along Okija-Nnewi road, and station C. Onitsha – Owerri road were analysed. The result was obtained using ANOVA statistical analysis and there was a significant difference of 0.05%. The results obtained also revealed that the mean concentrations of the metals ranged from Arsenic 0.57 to 0.72mg/l, Boron 1.28 to 1.86mg/l, Cadmium 0.47 to 0.94mg/l, Chromium 0.67 to 0.96mg/l, Lead 0.94 to 1.30mg/l, Manganese 0.78 to 1.18, Fe 1.28 to 2.38mg/l, Cu 0.69 to 1.07mg/l, Zn 1.10 to 2.10mg/l and Nickel 1.10 to 1.36mg/l. When compared with the guidelines of the EPA for sediments, the results of the metals analysed were within the recommended threshold limits. Keywords: Heavy Metal, Sediment, Ulasi River, Contamination and EPA guidelines","PeriodicalId":387933,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133819335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.47721/arjst20230401029
H. Ibrahim, I. Bugaje, Patrick Nwosibe
This work was aimed at; investigating a clean method of removing waste leaves from the waste stream, converting them into fatty acids, biodiesel feedstock, or upgrading to deoxygenated fuels for higher energy content. Waste leaves of Gmelina arborea were collected, cleaned, and pulverized with ceramic mortar and pestle. A 50g of the pulverized leaves were thermally hydrolyzed over 0.75g of H2SO4, NaOH, and ZnCl2 catalysts and 500mL distilled water on a GallenKamp hot plate magnetic stirrer at 100oC for 30 minutes. The extracts were filtered with a sheet cloth, dried with 0.2% anhydrous MgSO4 and weighed. Each extract was analyzed with a gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) machine to determine its components and compositions. The quantities of fatty acids extracted over H2SO4, NaOH, and ZnCl2 were 228.30g, 184.30g and 118.43g respectively. The biodiesel estimated from the fatty acids extracted was found to be 240.02g, 193.8g and 124.39g respectively. Also, the estimated bio-hydrogenated gasoline (BHG) and bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD) were found to be 192.27g, 154.97g and 87.37g respectively. The process yields more biodiesel than conventional seed oils. This process would be more economical to achieve a biofuel economy than the use of lipids from oil seeds. Keywords: biofuels, development, fatty acids, feedstocks, Gmelina arborea, waste leaves
{"title":"Development of fatty acids as feedstocks for biofuels from Gmelina arborea waste leaves","authors":"H. Ibrahim, I. Bugaje, Patrick Nwosibe","doi":"10.47721/arjst20230401029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjst20230401029","url":null,"abstract":"This work was aimed at; investigating a clean method of removing waste leaves from the waste stream, converting them into fatty acids, biodiesel feedstock, or upgrading to deoxygenated fuels for higher energy content. Waste leaves of Gmelina arborea were collected, cleaned, and pulverized with ceramic mortar and pestle. A 50g of the pulverized leaves were thermally hydrolyzed over 0.75g of H2SO4, NaOH, and ZnCl2 catalysts and 500mL distilled water on a GallenKamp hot plate magnetic stirrer at 100oC for 30 minutes. The extracts were filtered with a sheet cloth, dried with 0.2% anhydrous MgSO4 and weighed. Each extract was analyzed with a gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) machine to determine its components and compositions. The quantities of fatty acids extracted over H2SO4, NaOH, and ZnCl2 were 228.30g, 184.30g and 118.43g respectively. The biodiesel estimated from the fatty acids extracted was found to be 240.02g, 193.8g and 124.39g respectively. Also, the estimated bio-hydrogenated gasoline (BHG) and bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD) were found to be 192.27g, 154.97g and 87.37g respectively. The process yields more biodiesel than conventional seed oils. This process would be more economical to achieve a biofuel economy than the use of lipids from oil seeds. Keywords: biofuels, development, fatty acids, feedstocks, Gmelina arborea, waste leaves","PeriodicalId":387933,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115038563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.47721/arjst20220303022
H. Ibrahim, S. Jibia, I. Mohammed, S. Magaji
This study was undertaken to investigate the biochemicals and biofuel feedstocks in the waste leaves of Acacia auriculiformis. A 50g mass of pulverized dead leaves of the tree were hydrolytically extracted using ZnCl2 and NaOH catalysts at 100oC for 30 minutes. The extracts were filtered with sheet cloth and 4g of each sample was analyzed with GC-MS. The highest fatty acid yield was 235.74 g over ZnCl2 and 222.82 g over NaOH. The highest yields of other prominent chemicals found were 28.17g furan methanol over ZnCl2, 14.18g spathulenol over NaOH, 55.55g Phytol over ZnCl2, 15.94g caryophyllene over NaOH, 15.2g hydroxylamine octyl over ZnCl2, 12.33g stigmasterol over NaOH and 16.85g Methyl a-D-galactopyranoside over NaOH. The biochemicals extracted from the leaves of Acacia auriculiformis are important chemical feedstocks for the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, agro-allied, and food industries. Keywords: biochemicals, dead leaves, feedstock, synthesis, Acacia auriculiformis
{"title":"Biochemicals synthesis from dead leaves of Acacia auriculiformis over zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide","authors":"H. Ibrahim, S. Jibia, I. Mohammed, S. Magaji","doi":"10.47721/arjst20220303022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjst20220303022","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken to investigate the biochemicals and biofuel feedstocks in the waste leaves of Acacia auriculiformis. A 50g mass of pulverized dead leaves of the tree were hydrolytically extracted using ZnCl2 and NaOH catalysts at 100oC for 30 minutes. The extracts were filtered with sheet cloth and 4g of each sample was analyzed with GC-MS. The highest fatty acid yield was 235.74 g over ZnCl2 and 222.82 g over NaOH. The highest yields of other prominent chemicals found were 28.17g furan methanol over ZnCl2, 14.18g spathulenol over NaOH, 55.55g Phytol over ZnCl2, 15.94g caryophyllene over NaOH, 15.2g hydroxylamine octyl over ZnCl2, 12.33g stigmasterol over NaOH and 16.85g Methyl a-D-galactopyranoside over NaOH. The biochemicals extracted from the leaves of Acacia auriculiformis are important chemical feedstocks for the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, agro-allied, and food industries. Keywords: biochemicals, dead leaves, feedstock, synthesis, Acacia auriculiformis","PeriodicalId":387933,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126126209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.47721/arjst20220302021
L. Singh, Arun Kumar
GPS measurements are precise enough to allow a determination of tectonic motion within a few years. This can be made using a network of permanent stations, dynamically defined, using an inertial reference frame that moves with the geo-center. Comparing the position of these points over time, it’s possible to compute the velocity and direction of the plate motion. The goal of this work is to describe the hypothetical tectonic motion using a network of GPS permanent stations located approximately in the center of Imphal Valley. We report data processing results of GPS measurements of crustal deformation at Imphal, Manipur. The results suggest that the site of Imphal valley is not located on the Indian plate. The site is actually located on the Burma plate. Keywords: GPS, Crustal deformation, Imphal Valley, MPGO.
{"title":"Importance of continuous monitoring GPS permanent station at Multi-Parametric Geophysical Observatory (MPGO), IMPHAL, Manipur (India)","authors":"L. Singh, Arun Kumar","doi":"10.47721/arjst20220302021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjst20220302021","url":null,"abstract":"GPS measurements are precise enough to allow a determination of tectonic motion within a few years. This can be made using a network of permanent stations, dynamically defined, using an inertial reference frame that moves with the geo-center. Comparing the position of these points over time, it’s possible to compute the velocity and direction of the plate motion. The goal of this work is to describe the hypothetical tectonic motion using a network of GPS permanent stations located approximately in the center of Imphal Valley. We report data processing results of GPS measurements of crustal deformation at Imphal, Manipur. The results suggest that the site of Imphal valley is not located on the Indian plate. The site is actually located on the Burma plate. Keywords: GPS, Crustal deformation, Imphal Valley, MPGO.","PeriodicalId":387933,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131500692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.47721/arjst20220301011
S. Aro
This study analysed various types of violence in Kaduna state in the last one decade; analysed the trend of violence in the study area from 2011 to 2021; and examined the causes of violence in the study area with a view to providing information that could guide the formulation of adequate security measures in the study area. This study utilized information from both primary and secondary data. A total of 300 questionnaires were administered, however, 198 were retrieved, giving a response rate of 65 per cent. Information on the causes of violence was obtained as primary data, while information on the trend and nature of violence was collected as secondary data. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that kidnapping violence was the most common type of violence, accounting for 36.36 per cent of all incidents of violence in the study area and that among the factors responsible for violence in the study area, the land use/ownership factor was the most significant with violence index of 3.88 while access to weapon factor was less significant with violence index of 1.27. The study recommends that Government should adopt an egalitarian approach in the distribution of economic resources in the study area. Keywords: Access to weapons, Egalitarian approach, Kaduna state, Kidnapping violence, Land use/ownership, Violence index
{"title":"Analysis of the nature of violence in Kaduna, Nigeria","authors":"S. Aro","doi":"10.47721/arjst20220301011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjst20220301011","url":null,"abstract":"This study analysed various types of violence in Kaduna state in the last one decade; analysed the trend of violence in the study area from 2011 to 2021; and examined the causes of violence in the study area with a view to providing information that could guide the formulation of adequate security measures in the study area. This study utilized information from both primary and secondary data. A total of 300 questionnaires were administered, however, 198 were retrieved, giving a response rate of 65 per cent. Information on the causes of violence was obtained as primary data, while information on the trend and nature of violence was collected as secondary data. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that kidnapping violence was the most common type of violence, accounting for 36.36 per cent of all incidents of violence in the study area and that among the factors responsible for violence in the study area, the land use/ownership factor was the most significant with violence index of 3.88 while access to weapon factor was less significant with violence index of 1.27. The study recommends that Government should adopt an egalitarian approach in the distribution of economic resources in the study area. Keywords: Access to weapons, Egalitarian approach, Kaduna state, Kidnapping violence, Land use/ownership, Violence index","PeriodicalId":387933,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127312225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.47721/arjst20200201018
F. E. Otitigbe
The importation of drilling mud into Nigeria, apart from draining the nation’s reserves in hard currency, is also inimical to the local content policy being currently promoted for the oil industry in the country. Thus, the need for local sourcing of bentonitic clays or close substitutes has become imperative. This study proffers an alternative to the importation of drilling mud and shows an experimental approach on the preparation of drilling mud with readily available locally sourced materials, such as pulverized groundnut husk, tronna, burnt palm-head sponge powder, bentonite, barite and starch. Materials used for the study were collected from the Mubi local government area of Adamawa State, Akwanga local government area of Nassarawa State and Jos-north local government area of Plateau State. The mineralogical and physicochemical properties of the locally sourced bentonite and barite samples were determined by means of X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and cationic exchange capacity (CEC), all carried out in the Nigerian Mining institute of Geosciences, Jos Plateau State. The drilling mud was produced and its physicochemical and rheological properties carried out based on the API mud production standards. Results of cost analysis showed that producing 100 kg water-base drilling mud from locally source material, cost N 14, 715.75, which is 22.3% cheaper than conventional drilling mud imported into the country. Keywords–Drilling mud, mineralogical properties, rheological properties, locally sourced materials
{"title":"Production and performance evaluation of drilling mud using specific locally sourced materials","authors":"F. E. Otitigbe","doi":"10.47721/arjst20200201018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjst20200201018","url":null,"abstract":"The importation of drilling mud into Nigeria, apart from draining the nation’s reserves in hard currency, is also inimical to the local content policy being currently promoted for the oil industry in the country. Thus, the need for local sourcing of bentonitic clays or close substitutes has become imperative. This study proffers an alternative to the importation of drilling mud and shows an experimental approach on the preparation of drilling mud with readily available locally sourced materials, such as pulverized groundnut husk, tronna, burnt palm-head sponge powder, bentonite, barite and starch. Materials used for the study were collected from the Mubi local government area of Adamawa State, Akwanga local government area of Nassarawa State and Jos-north local government area of Plateau State. The mineralogical and physicochemical properties of the locally sourced bentonite and barite samples were determined by means of X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and cationic exchange capacity (CEC), all carried out in the Nigerian Mining institute of Geosciences, Jos Plateau State. The drilling mud was produced and its physicochemical and rheological properties carried out based on the API mud production standards. Results of cost analysis showed that producing 100 kg water-base drilling mud from locally source material, cost N 14, 715.75, which is 22.3% cheaper than conventional drilling mud imported into the country. Keywords–Drilling mud, mineralogical properties, rheological properties, locally sourced materials","PeriodicalId":387933,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130113456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Development of a country will lead to increased utilization and demand for energy. In this research study, transient simulation technique is implemented and eventually, the cooling load of the house is determined. The study focused to provide cooling load characteristics for a residential house. The factors namely: size and shape, thermophysical properties, window systems, orientation, internal gains, ventilation and infiltration aspects that influence the cooling load are considered in the study. A dynamic simulation software-TRNSYS (Transient Systems Simulation Program) is used for the modelling and simulation of the energy flows of the house to determine the cooling thermal load. The study is useful in providing a better solution for a sustainable future by simulating with different design modifications of the house. This study may be extended to focus on the choice of constructional materials, so that good temperature and lower cooling load are attained. A case study of a residential building is situated in the coastal district of Andhra Pradesh, India and located at Latitude (17.68o N) and longitude (83.21oE) is considered to find cooling load through TRNSYS 16. Keywords: Cooling load, Tropical region, Simulation, ventilation
一个国家的发展将导致对能源的利用和需求的增加。在本研究中，采用了瞬态模拟技术，最终确定了房屋的冷负荷。该研究的重点是提供住宅的冷负荷特性。在研究中考虑了影响冷负荷的因素，即:尺寸和形状、热物理性质、窗户系统、朝向、内部增益、通风和渗透方面。利用动态仿真软件trnsys (Transient Systems simulation Program)对房屋的能量流进行建模和仿真，以确定冷热负荷。该研究通过模拟房屋的不同设计修改，为可持续发展的未来提供了更好的解决方案。这项研究可以扩展到关注建筑材料的选择，从而获得良好的温度和较低的冷负荷。以位于印度安得拉邦沿海地区的住宅建筑为例，该建筑位于北纬17.68°和东经83.21°，通过TRNSYS 16来寻找冷负荷。关键词:冷负荷;热带地区;模拟
{"title":"Estimation of Cooling Load of a Residential House using TRNSYS","authors":"K. Laxmi, V. Rao","doi":"10.47721/ARJST202001016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/ARJST202001016","url":null,"abstract":"Development of a country will lead to increased utilization and demand for energy. In this research study, transient simulation technique is implemented and eventually, the cooling load of the house is determined. The study focused to provide cooling load characteristics for a residential house. The factors namely: size and shape, thermophysical properties, window systems, orientation, internal gains, ventilation and infiltration aspects that influence the cooling load are considered in the study. A dynamic simulation software-TRNSYS (Transient Systems Simulation Program) is used for the modelling and simulation of the energy flows of the house to determine the cooling thermal load. The study is useful in providing a better solution for a sustainable future by simulating with different design modifications of the house. This study may be extended to focus on the choice of constructional materials, so that good temperature and lower cooling load are attained. A case study of a residential building is situated in the coastal district of Andhra Pradesh, India and located at Latitude (17.68o N) and longitude (83.21oE) is considered to find cooling load through TRNSYS 16.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Cooling load, Tropical region, Simulation, ventilation","PeriodicalId":387933,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133664575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.47721/arjst20180101014
B. K. Adeogun, U. A. Abubakar, M. Nwude
Drought risk reduction should be based on effective monitoring and early warning systems affordable by both privileged and vulnerable nations and regions. Drought can be pandemic over months and hence, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at the time scale of one – month was modelled for drought monitoring and real-time forecasting. Developed predictive SPI models were used to forecast droughts in the seven meteorological stations in the region in the year 2009 and the forecast negative SPIs, reflecting droughts, were compared with drought class thresholds to predict and identify drought occurrences at different phases such as emergence watch, warning and emergency. The results showed drought forecasts of emergence phase at most of the stations. This implied that monitoring was necessary so that warning alert could be declared as soon as the drought emergence phase progressed into warning stage. It is recommended that the models should be used to forecast droughts ahead on monthly bases. Also, the simple predictive models should be developed for other less developed regions as the early warning services component of people-centred early warning systems for effective drought risk reduction in developing countries. Key words: Drought risk reduction, hazard risks, standardized precipitation index
{"title":"Models validation and forecasting for drought risk reduction in developing countries","authors":"B. K. Adeogun, U. A. Abubakar, M. Nwude","doi":"10.47721/arjst20180101014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjst20180101014","url":null,"abstract":"Drought risk reduction should be based on effective monitoring and early warning systems affordable by both privileged and vulnerable nations and regions. Drought can be pandemic over months and hence, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at the time scale of one – month was modelled for drought monitoring and real-time forecasting. Developed predictive SPI models were used to forecast droughts in the seven meteorological stations in the region in the year 2009 and the forecast negative SPIs, reflecting droughts, were compared with drought class thresholds to predict and identify drought occurrences at different phases such as emergence watch, warning and emergency. The results showed drought forecasts of emergence phase at most of the stations. This implied that monitoring was necessary so that warning alert could be declared as soon as the drought emergence phase progressed into warning stage. It is recommended that the models should be used to forecast droughts ahead on monthly bases. Also, the simple predictive models should be developed for other less developed regions as the early warning services component of people-centred early warning systems for effective drought risk reduction in developing countries. Key words: Drought risk reduction, hazard risks, standardized precipitation index","PeriodicalId":387933,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124714847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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