Through the analysis of some particularly significant examples, the article analyses the use of photomontage within the fascist magazine La Difesa della razza between 1938 and 1942: starting with the well-known first cover, which later became the logo of the periodical and blends together anti-Semitism and anti-black racism; up to some later images denigrating Africans, which also open up a reflection on the instrumental use of prints and works of art from the early modern era in racist polemic; and then ending with the anti-Semitic polemic during the Second World War and the question of the circulation of visual stereotypes in different fields and newspapers. As is evident from the examples examined, this cut-and-paste technique of assembling images and texts offered a way of disassembling, reassembling and manipulating heterogeneous sources, weaving them into a new texture: a modern language mobilised to engage the viewer through violent visual propaganda.
本文通过对一些特别有意义的例子的分析，分析了1938年至1942年间法西斯杂志《La Difesa della razza》对蒙太奇的使用:从著名的第一期封面开始，这张封面后来成为该杂志的标志，融合了反犹主义和反黑人种族主义;直到后来一些诋毁非洲人的图像，这也开启了对早期现代在种族主义辩论中使用版画和艺术作品的反思;然后以第二次世界大战期间的反犹太主义争论以及在不同领域和报纸上传播视觉刻板印象的问题结束。从所研究的例子中可以明显看出，这种将图像和文本组合在一起的剪切-粘贴技术提供了一种分解、重组和操纵异质资源的方法，将它们编织成一种新的纹理:一种通过暴力视觉宣传动员起来的现代语言，以吸引观众。
{"title":"Photomontage in the Fascist Magazine La Difesa della razza","authors":"Vanessa Righettoni","doi":"10.36253/cromohs-13960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-13960","url":null,"abstract":"Through the analysis of some particularly significant examples, the article analyses the use of photomontage within the fascist magazine La Difesa della razza between 1938 and 1942: starting with the well-known first cover, which later became the logo of the periodical and blends together anti-Semitism and anti-black racism; up to some later images denigrating Africans, which also open up a reflection on the instrumental use of prints and works of art from the early modern era in racist polemic; and then ending with the anti-Semitic polemic during the Second World War and the question of the circulation of visual stereotypes in different fields and newspapers. As is evident from the examples examined, this cut-and-paste technique of assembling images and texts offered a way of disassembling, reassembling and manipulating heterogeneous sources, weaving them into a new texture: a modern language mobilised to engage the viewer through violent visual propaganda.","PeriodicalId":38885,"journal":{"name":"Cromohs","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78052509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.1007/s11573-022-01131-7
Thomas Donaldson
A more robust, inclusive model of value creation will sharpen dominant normative theories of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) such as stakeholder theory and the theory of communicative/deliberative democracy. When measuring value creation, CSR theories oscillate between traditional, exchange-based approaches utilizing narrow financial metrics and value-oriented approaches embedded in prominent CSR theories. The two are often in conflict. The problem is aggravated by CSR's assumption that all firms, regardless of industry, possess the same generic responsibilities. A mining company, a sports betting service, and a medical device manufacturer are on all fours when measuring CSR success. The paper identifies a contradiction between settled normative convictions and the corporate decision making that normative CSR theories prescribe. Using the pharmaceutical industry as an example, it references the widespread conviction that during the 2019 Covid-19 pandemic some pharmaceutical companies had a responsibility to reach beyond the goal of financial optimization. It then explains why this conviction cannot be rationalized using two prominent normative theories of CSR, namely, stakeholder theory and the theory of communicative/deliberative democracy. The problem hinges on a defective model of value creation. One implication of the analysis is that healthcare companies should readjust corporate governance in order to make health a focal goal alongside that of profit. At the same time, a semiconductor firm might satisfy its CSR responsibilities by only designating profit as its focal goal. The thrust of the paper is to show why reconceiving the model of value creation can advance not only stakeholder and communicative/deliberative democracy theories, but all CSR.
{"title":"Value creation and CSR.","authors":"Thomas Donaldson","doi":"10.1007/s11573-022-01131-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11573-022-01131-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A more robust, inclusive model of value creation will sharpen dominant normative theories of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) such as stakeholder theory and the theory of communicative/deliberative democracy. When measuring value creation, CSR theories oscillate between traditional, exchange-based approaches utilizing narrow financial metrics and value-oriented approaches embedded in prominent CSR theories. The two are often in conflict. The problem is aggravated by CSR's assumption that all firms, regardless of industry, possess the same generic responsibilities. A mining company, a sports betting service, and a medical device manufacturer are on all fours when measuring CSR success. The paper identifies a contradiction between settled normative convictions and the corporate decision making that normative CSR theories prescribe. Using the pharmaceutical industry as an example, it references the widespread conviction that during the 2019 Covid-19 pandemic some pharmaceutical companies had a responsibility to reach beyond the goal of financial optimization. It then explains why this conviction cannot be rationalized using two prominent normative theories of CSR, namely, stakeholder theory and the theory of communicative/deliberative democracy. The problem hinges on a defective model of value creation. One implication of the analysis is that healthcare companies should readjust corporate governance in order to make health a focal goal alongside that of profit. At the same time, a semiconductor firm might satisfy its CSR responsibilities by only designating profit as its focal goal. The thrust of the paper is to show why reconceiving the model of value creation can advance not only stakeholder and communicative/deliberative democracy theories, but all CSR.</p>","PeriodicalId":38885,"journal":{"name":"Cromohs","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9838264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88230809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review of Hernando Colón’s New World of Books: Toward a Cartography of Knowledge, eds José María Pérez Fernández, Edward Wilson-Lee (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2021) by Renato Pasta
{"title":"Hernando Colón’s New World of Books:","authors":"R. Pasta","doi":"10.36253/cromohs-13536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-13536","url":null,"abstract":"Review of \u0000Hernando Colón’s New World of Books: Toward a Cartography of Knowledge, eds José María Pérez Fernández, Edward Wilson-Lee (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2021) \u0000by Renato Pasta","PeriodicalId":38885,"journal":{"name":"Cromohs","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72964191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Importance of Being Islamic","authors":"Nabeela Jaffer","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvc77krt.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77krt.12","url":null,"abstract":"review of \u0000Shahab Ahmed, What is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015)","PeriodicalId":38885,"journal":{"name":"Cromohs","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87144605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review of Fozia Bora, Writing History in the Medieval Islamic World: The Value of Chronicles as Archives (London: I.B. Tauris, 2019) reviwed by Mustafa Banister
{"title":"Writing History in the Medieval Islamic World The Value of Chronicles as Archives","authors":"Mustafa Banister","doi":"10.36253/cromohs-13685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-13685","url":null,"abstract":"Review of \u0000Fozia Bora, Writing History in the Medieval Islamic World: The Value of Chronicles as Archives (London: I.B. Tauris, 2019) \u0000reviwed by Mustafa Banister","PeriodicalId":38885,"journal":{"name":"Cromohs","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88909635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article deals with the various forms of manipulation that the Italian edition of Gibbon's masterpiece demanded in the frame of Restoration Italy. The first edition of the Italian translation from Tuscany is considered too, in order to display how Italian translators and publishers succeed in the huge censorship examination. At the same moment, the article deals with the Catholic former response to Gibbon, in a comparison with the British reactions edited by Womersley. Finally, the Italian edition of Gibbon is focused in an enlarged outcast of the translation of history during the first decays of 19th century Italy.
{"title":"Gibbon all’italiana","authors":"M. Casalena","doi":"10.36253/cromohs-12753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-12753","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the various forms of manipulation that the Italian edition of Gibbon's masterpiece demanded in the frame of Restoration Italy. The first edition of the Italian translation from Tuscany is considered too, in order to display how Italian translators and publishers succeed in the huge censorship examination. At the same moment, the article deals with the Catholic former response to Gibbon, in a comparison with the British reactions edited by Womersley. Finally, the Italian edition of Gibbon is focused in an enlarged outcast of the translation of history during the first decays of 19th century Italy. ","PeriodicalId":38885,"journal":{"name":"Cromohs","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91129773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The history of trade has been used in many studies comparing different economic and political trajectories, based on the theory of a long-in-the-making "divergence" between the Middle East and the West, and tying together historical and political analyses of growth and development. Recent responses raised from within scholarship on early Islamic history contribute to upsetting the theory's premises. In recent years scholars have produced new studies on early Islamicate documents, social practices, and economies, creating the premises for more complex comparisons between late-antique and medieval institutions on a global yet interconnected scale. The debate has pushed some historians to explore different kinds of connections, for example, by focusing more on local contexts and regional trade patterns. These specialised studies, in turn, may help historians in other fields to better situate the history of Islamic institutions into discrete political and geographic contexts when assessing questions of continuity and rupture.
{"title":"Studying Trade and Local Economies in Early Islamicate Societies","authors":"Cecilia Palombo","doi":"10.36253/cromohs-13571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-13571","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The history of trade has been used in many studies comparing different economic and political trajectories, based on the theory of a long-in-the-making \"divergence\" between the Middle East and the West, and tying together historical and political analyses of growth and development. Recent responses raised from within scholarship on early Islamic history contribute to upsetting the theory's premises. In recent years scholars have produced new studies on early Islamicate documents, social practices, and economies, creating the premises for more complex comparisons between late-antique and medieval institutions on a global yet interconnected scale. The debate has pushed some historians to explore different kinds of connections, for example, by focusing more on local contexts and regional trade patterns. These specialised studies, in turn, may help historians in other fields to better situate the history of Islamic institutions into discrete political and geographic contexts when assessing questions of continuity and rupture. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":38885,"journal":{"name":"Cromohs","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91364089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joan-Pau Rubiés is specialised in the study of cross-cultural encounters in the early modern world, from a perspective combining the contextual analysis of travel accounts and other ethnographic sources with the intellectual history of early modern Europe. Recent work has focused on the analysis of early modern ethnography and its intellectual impact in the period 1500-1800. This has involved developing various lines of research, including the history of travel, cross-cultural diplomacy, religious missions, early orientalism, race and racism, and the history of cosmopolitanism. In recent years, he has been working on the development a global comparative perspective on these various topics (encompassing both Asia and the New World) that might help interrogate critically the Eurocentric categories of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.
{"title":"An Interview with Joan-Pau Rubiés","authors":"G. Iannuzzi","doi":"10.36253/cromohs-13189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-13189","url":null,"abstract":"Joan-Pau Rubiés is specialised in the study of cross-cultural encounters in the early modern world, from a perspective combining the contextual analysis of travel accounts and other ethnographic sources with the intellectual history of early modern Europe. Recent work has focused on the analysis of early modern ethnography and its intellectual impact in the period 1500-1800. This has involved developing various lines of research, including the history of travel, cross-cultural diplomacy, religious missions, early orientalism, race and racism, and the history of cosmopolitanism. In recent years, he has been working on the development a global comparative perspective on these various topics (encompassing both Asia and the New World) that might help interrogate critically the Eurocentric categories of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.","PeriodicalId":38885,"journal":{"name":"Cromohs","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91270492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Jesuit translations of the Confucian canon not only provided one of the first European windows into Chinese culture but also changed the intellectual and cultural history of Europe. This paper introduces a new project, which examines the rich history of these translations and their dissemination, and interrogates how Confucian ideas influenced the development of Enlightenment intellectual culture, analysing the personal and textual networks through which the first substantial literary and philosophical exchange was conducted between Europe and China.
{"title":"Transforming the East: A New Research Project in Australia","authors":"F. Borghesi, Yixu Lü, Daniel Canaris, T. Meynard","doi":"10.36253/cromohs-13573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-13573","url":null,"abstract":"The Jesuit translations of the Confucian canon not only provided one of the first European windows into Chinese culture but also changed the intellectual and cultural history of Europe. This paper introduces a new project, which examines the rich history of these translations and their dissemination, and interrogates how Confucian ideas influenced the development of Enlightenment intellectual culture, analysing the personal and textual networks through which the first substantial literary and philosophical exchange was conducted between Europe and China.","PeriodicalId":38885,"journal":{"name":"Cromohs","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87482077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The scope of the paper is to explore complex relationship between practices of gift-giving, emotions, and their descriptions in the diplomatic accounts of Polish-Lithuanian envoys throughout the seventeenth century. En route to Istanbul, the envoys participated in ceremonies at the voyvodal court of Moldavia; at the same time, the very same mission was centred on an even more lavish ceremonies performed at the sultanic court. The contribution addresses ambassadorial accounts, focusing on the emotions associated with gift exchanges in two related but very different contexts of Moldavia and the Ottoman capital. Despite being usually considered as relatively factual accounts, these reports were anything but transparent in their depictions. Instead, the envoys crafted their accounts in such a way as to cater to the expectations of their public in Poland-Lithuania and present themselves as acting and feeling according to the noble habitus and the worldview of Poland-Lithuania’s political nation.
{"title":"On Gifts and Friendship","authors":"Michał Wasiucionek","doi":"10.36253/cromohs-13683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-13683","url":null,"abstract":"The scope of the paper is to explore complex relationship between practices of gift-giving, emotions, and their descriptions in the diplomatic accounts of Polish-Lithuanian envoys throughout the seventeenth century. En route to Istanbul, the envoys participated in ceremonies at the voyvodal court of Moldavia; at the same time, the very same mission was centred on an even more lavish ceremonies performed at the sultanic court. \u0000The contribution addresses ambassadorial accounts, focusing on the emotions associated with gift exchanges in two related but very different contexts of Moldavia and the Ottoman capital. Despite being usually considered as relatively factual accounts, these reports were anything but transparent in their depictions. Instead, the envoys crafted their accounts in such a way as to cater to the expectations of their public in Poland-Lithuania and present themselves as acting and feeling according to the noble habitus and the worldview of Poland-Lithuania’s political nation. ","PeriodicalId":38885,"journal":{"name":"Cromohs","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77204394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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