Pub Date : 2014-07-01DOI: 10.2478/MICRNADO-2013-0001
A. Hardikar
noncodingrnas (ncrnas) is a large class of structurally and functionally diverse rna molecules that do not code for any protein. One of the most significant discoveries in the past 2 decades has been the identification of small regulatory noncoding rnas; micrornas (also referred to as “mirnas” or “mirs”). The discovery of micrornas and the understanding of regulatory mechanisms that they offer in “fine tuning” the adaptation and presentation of individual genomes is overwhelming. Originally described in animals by Victor ambros [1] and Gary ruvkin [2] in 1993, micrornas have now been recognized to impact human health in numerous ways. Discovery of such regulatory molecules have assigned a critical role to the originally thought “junk Dna”. Bacteria and other prokaryotic organisms have the least amount of non-coding (“junk”) Dna as compared to the more evolved species. This “junk Dna” was believed to have accumulated over several centuries of evolution as a result of evolutionary modifications, transposons as well as parasite and viral infections. Following completion of the human genome project in 2001, it was revealed that only up to 2% of our genome codes for all the proteins that make up our bodies. This was very interesting as humans, having developed complex physiologies, were believed to carry many more protein-coding genes. Instead, it was discovered that insects have twice as many protein-coding genes (~13,500) than yeast (~6,000) and that increase in cell number or complexity is not related to number of protein-coding genes. There are 19,000 protein-coding genes in C. elegans, for its 959-cell body plan as compared to similar number (~22,000) of protein-coding genes in humans for ~10 trillion cells. One major difference between slugs and humans is the relative proportion of non-coding Dna. It is now demonstrated that ncrnas can influence the expression of over 30% of proteincoding genes and play important homeostatic roles to regulate gene expression during development and disease. Today, it is well known that micrornas play an important role in normal development of endocrine pancreas and may also regulate progression of diabetes and its complications. The number of publications related to micrornas and Diabetes have increased significantly over the last 10 years (Figure 1a). The importance of these publications in understanding other biologies has also greatly increased based on a high citation rate of these articles (Figure 1a). a number of grant applications and
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