Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.1017/9781108868396.025
Rhonda Brown
{"title":"Drug and alcohol nursing","authors":"Rhonda Brown","doi":"10.1017/9781108868396.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108868396.025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":390127,"journal":{"name":"An Introduction to Community and Primary Health Care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116751183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.1017/9781108868396.033
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108868396.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108868396.033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":390127,"journal":{"name":"An Introduction to Community and Primary Health Care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113972274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-25DOI: 10.4135/9781446215159.n350
Rhonda Brown, S. Bouchoucha
{"title":"Gendered health","authors":"Rhonda Brown, S. Bouchoucha","doi":"10.4135/9781446215159.n350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446215159.n350","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":390127,"journal":{"name":"An Introduction to Community and Primary Health Care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129844153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-27DOI: 10.1017/9781316711873.006
Susan Mlcek, K. Taylor, M. Meredith
Introduction One of the common questions asked by students and even staff involved in nursing education has been: ‘Why do we need a separate topic/chapter/course on Indigenous health?’ While this should be self-evident considering where the greatest health challenges of our time lie, it is not always clear. Indigenous peoples in countries such as Australia and Āotearoa New Zealand, although diverse in languages, cultures and histories, often share a common experience of profound relevance to health professionals today – an experience of being colonised that had detrimental and ongoing impact on health and well-being. However, in spite of these common experiences, there is also a resilience and capacity among Indigenous peoples that provides the community/primary health care nurse with an opportunity to affect real change towards better health outcomes. This chapter introduces Indigenous approaches to health care that have relevance for the Australian and Āotearoa New Zealand contexts. Several of the principles for practice are readily transferrable to other culturally and linguistically diverse populations. The challenges are undeniably major, but the rewards are potentially transformative. Nursing training and education is most often located within mainstream, non-Indigenous settings. Health professionals who want to make a positive difference to the health outcomes of Indigenous clients should be equipped with knowledges and understandings which will facilitate effective engagement. Further, this chapter will examine the historical influences that have impacted on the health and well-being of Indigenous peoples in both Āotearoa New Zealand and Australia, and consider the need for adopting Indigenous approaches to health care practice and engagement such as cultural safety, cultural responsiveness and other cultural frameworks. Finally, it will examine the role of the community nurse in Indigenous primary health care. A note on terminology before proceeding: ‘In the Australian context, the term “Indigenous” is used to refer to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and, with due respect, these terms are used interchangeably and acknowledge the diversity of languages and cultures that characterise Australian indigeneity’ (Rigby & Jeeawody, 2014, p. 283). In Āotearoa New Zealand, Māori are the first Indigenous peoples who can trace their ancestry and genealogy ( whakapapa ) right back to those who arrived in the early canoe fleet migrations of the mid-1300s (Ministry for Culture and Heritage, 2005) from the Tahitian and Hawai'iki regions.
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Pub Date : 2017-06-01DOI: 10.1017/9781316711873.020
D. Guzys
{"title":"Sexual health nursing","authors":"D. Guzys","doi":"10.1017/9781316711873.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316711873.020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":390127,"journal":{"name":"An Introduction to Community and Primary Health Care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114001572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-01DOI: 10.1017/9781316711873.014
D. Guzys
Introduction Many health care professionals undertake roles that require them to visit the home of the client or a range of other possible locations, rather than the client coming into the health care service setting. Primary health care nurses usually work alone and often have little control over the environment, requiring a different approach to risk management . Assessment of risk is necessary to identify any potential harm or risk to safety. These should be considered from both personal and professional perspectives. Although risk is present in all activities of life, the management of risk is essential when providing services that meet the needs of clients while minimising the chance of undesirable incidents . Employers have a key responsibility to provide a safe and healthy workplace. Risk assessment and risk management are essential components of the duty of care employers have for their employees. Occupational health and safety legislation exists to ensure the well-being of the employee. However, employees also have a duty of care for their own health and safety, as well as for others who may be affected by their actions. The risk management process requires the identification and introduction of suitable actions aimed at reducing hazards to all involved in a particular activity. The perception of risk is shaped by personal, social and cultural values, experience and knowledge (Hawkins, Redley & Holland, 2011). Clinical, economic, cultural, social, political and ethico-legal aspects need to be considered, while maintaining the focus on promoting efficient, effective, quality care (Leyshon, 2005). Examples of risk management practices include education and training in relation to movement and handling procedures, and the development of protocols, guidelines and pathways to provide guidance to staff in complex situations (Reynolds, 2009). Risk avoidance must occur when a potential hazard cannot be controlled or reduced. In such circumstances the only option is to change the way practice is delivered. When it is not possible to control or avoid the risk, risk acceptance may occur. However, the level of risk to be tolerated may differ between the organisation, individual professionals and clients. Evaluation of risk requires finding a balance between perceived hazards and benefits of the action. Risk management must be embedded in community practice to ensure the health and safety of health care professionals and clients (Reynolds, 2009).
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Pub Date : 2017-06-01DOI: 10.1017/9781316711873.012
E. Halcomb, Catherine Stephen
Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) (2014) has reported that chronic conditions , or non-communicable diseases, currently cause a greater number of deaths than all other causes of death combined. Additionally, it estimates that deaths related to chronic conditions will rise from some 38 million deaths in 2012 to 52 million deaths by 2030 (WHO, 2014). The majority of these deaths (82%) are due to the four major chronic diseases: cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic respiratory disease, diabetes and cancer (WHO, 2014). However, other chronic conditions, including injuries that result in persistent disability and mental health disorders, also contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. The significant increase in preventable chronic conditions and the management of these are major health care concerns of the industralised world. Regardless of the specific diagnosis, many chronic conditions have been shown to be amenable to a number of broad approaches to care (Flinders University, 2009). Interventions focus on early identification of risk; modification of lifestyle risk factor behaviours such as smoking, nutrition and physical activity; optimising evidence-based care and facilitating self-management (Flinders University, 2009). Addressing these factors contributes to reducing the burden of the development and progression of chronic conditions. While this may appear simple, the issues surrounding lifestyle risk are complex and, therefore, intervention strategies need to be multifaceted. Primary health care nurses, as part of the multidisciplinary health team, have been demonstrated to have a significant role in both health promotion and chronic disease management (Halcomb et al., 2007). However, to achieve these gains nurses need to be equipped with the skills and knowledge to intervene effectively. This chapter will present some of the key considerations and strategies that nurses need to understand to assist in both reducing lifestyle risk factors and managing chronic conditions. What is a chronic condition? A chronic condition is any disability or disease which an individual experiences over an extended period of time, usually for longer than six months (Department of Health and Ageing, 2009; Flinders University, 2009). The term ‘chronic condition’ is used rather than ‘chronic disease’ as it is inclusive of the broader range of diseases, injuries and disabilities which have ongoing health effects upon individuals (Flinders University, 2009). Such conditions may occur at any point across the lifespan; however, they are more prevalent with advancing age (Australian Health Ministers Conference, 2005).
世界卫生组织(世卫组织)(2014年)报告说，慢性病或非传染性疾病目前造成的死亡人数超过所有其他死亡原因的总和。此外，世卫组织估计，与慢性病有关的死亡人数将从2012年的约3800万人增加到2030年的5200万人(世卫组织，2014年)。这些死亡中的大多数(82%)是由于四种主要慢性疾病:心血管疾病、慢性呼吸道疾病、糖尿病和癌症(世卫组织，2014年)。然而，其他慢性疾病，包括造成持续残疾和精神健康障碍的伤害，也导致发病率和死亡率增加。可预防的慢性病的显著增加及其管理是工业化世界的主要保健问题。无论具体诊断如何，许多慢性疾病已被证明可以采用多种广泛的护理方法(弗林德斯大学，2009年)。干预措施侧重于早期发现风险;改变生活方式风险因素行为，如吸烟、营养和体育活动;优化循证护理和促进自我管理(弗林德斯大学，2009)。解决这些因素有助于减轻慢性疾病发展和进展的负担。虽然这看起来很简单，但围绕生活方式风险的问题是复杂的，因此，干预策略需要多方面的。作为多学科卫生团队的一部分，初级卫生保健护士已被证明在促进健康和慢性疾病管理方面发挥着重要作用(Halcomb et al.， 2007)。然而，要实现这些成果，护士需要具备有效干预的技能和知识。本章将介绍护士需要了解的一些关键考虑因素和策略，以帮助减少生活方式风险因素和管理慢性病。什么是慢性疾病?慢性疾病是指个人长期经历的任何残疾或疾病，通常超过6个月(卫生和老龄部，2009年;弗林德斯大学，2009)。使用“慢性病”一词而不是“慢性病”，因为它包括对个人健康产生持续影响的更广泛的疾病、伤害和残疾(弗林德斯大学，2009年)。这种情况可能发生在生命中的任何时候;然而，它们在老年人中更为普遍(澳大利亚卫生部长会议，2005年)。
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Pub Date : 2017-06-01DOI: 10.1017/9781316711873.002
D. Guzys
Introduction Primary health care (PHC) is a philosophy or approach to health care where health is acknowledged as a fundamental right, as well as an individual and collective responsibility. The PHC approach is founded on the social model of health, which recognises that a person's health is shaped by their biology, social group and family influences, community factors, economic and environmental influences, as well as broader public policy. Social justice, equity, community participation and health promotion are key principles of PHC. In a just society, everyone is supported to achieve and maintain her or his optimum level of health and well-being. Health improvement and well-being are achieved through addressing the social and environmental determinants of health, along with reduction in the burden of preventable disease and medical treatment. The social model of health Most health care systems have been developed to respond to illness, rather than to create and support wellness. Advances in science have entrenched the biomedical model of health as the pinnacle of health care for over a century. However, this view has been challenged in the face of mounting evidence, which demonstrates that health and health care are far more complex than this model allows. The social model of health takes a broader view of the complex interactions, which occur within a society, that influence individual and community health. A range of factors which can positively or negatively influence achieving and maintaining good health and well-being have been identified. These factors are collectively referred to as the social determinants of health . The social determinants of health are simply the circumstances of daily living that influence a person's health. Lists of social determinants may vary, but fundamentally they will relate to economic, social, political and environmental conditions, and are frequently interrelated (Marmot & Wilkinson, 2006). For example, economic factors refer to the level of a person's income as well as her or his opportunities for employment. People may be employed, but not necessarily at the level they would like to be – known as being ‘underemployed’ – and they may also be unemployed. Employment opportunities can be influenced by numerous factors, including level of education, geographic location and political conditions (Keleher & MacDougall, 2011). Generally the level of education a person receives influences the type of employment they obtain, which influences how much they may earn.
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