For quite some time it has been assumed that during the Middle Kingdom there was a strong immigration from the Near East to Egypt. The explanatory models are based on many different concepts without being explicitly explained in most cases. This paper examines the question of migration in the early second millennium BCE by addressing existing cultural concepts and associating them with various aspects of mobility. For this consideration it is indispensable to work out and question the meaning of ethnicity and group identity, especially with regard to the period following the Middle Kingdom and the rule of the Hyksos in Egypt.
{"title":"Different Aspects of Mobility and Migration During the Middle Kingdom","authors":"Elisa Priglinger","doi":"10.1553/aeundl29s330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/aeundl29s330","url":null,"abstract":"For quite some time it has been assumed that during the Middle Kingdom there was a strong immigration from the Near East to Egypt. The explanatory models are based on many different concepts without being explicitly explained in most cases. This paper examines the question of migration in the early second millennium BCE by addressing existing cultural concepts and associating them with various aspects of mobility. For this consideration it is indispensable to work out and question the meaning of ethnicity and group identity, especially with regard to the period following the Middle Kingdom and the rule of the Hyksos in Egypt.","PeriodicalId":39067,"journal":{"name":"Agypten und Levante","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67347549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a rare scarab made of diorite and set in a golden bezel that was excavated in a topsoil locus at Tel Lachish. Although it lacks a clear stratigraphic context, the scarab still presents important data on the Late Bronze Age at Lachish
{"title":"Dov Levitte and Yosef Garfinkel, A Diorite New Kingdom Scarab from Tel Lachish","authors":"B. Brandl","doi":"10.1553/0x003b51a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/0x003b51a5","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a rare scarab made of diorite and set in a golden bezel that was excavated in a topsoil locus at Tel Lachish. Although it lacks a clear stratigraphic context, the scarab still presents important data on the Late Bronze Age at Lachish","PeriodicalId":39067,"journal":{"name":"Agypten und Levante","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67347300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Retzmann, Julia Budka, H. Sattmann, J. Irrgeher, T. Prohaska
Sr isotopes were applied to identify possible allochthony of skeletal remains retrieved from Tomb 26 of the pharaonic cemetery SAC5 on Sai Island (Nubia). Tooth enamel of nine individuals, including the Overseer of Goldsmiths Khummose and his presumed ‘wife’, dating from the New Kingdom, were investigated to gain information whether these individuals were first generation immigrants from Egypt (= allochthonous) or members of the local population inhabiting the area of Sai Island (= autochthonous). The interpretation of supposed allochthony and autochthony was based on the comparison of the Sr of human enamel to an assumed autochthonous Sr isotopic composition. The autochthonous Sr signal on Sai Island during the New Kingdom was derived from archaeological animal samples (rodent, sheep/goat, dog and local mollusc shells dating from the New Kingdom) in combination with local environmental samples (paleo sediments dating from the New Kingdom and literature Sr isotope value of Nile River water for the New Kingdom era). As the Sr values in enamel of all individuals investigated lay within the determined autochthonous Sr range on Sai Island during the New Kingdom, all individuals were classified as supposed members of the local population on Sai Island. Elevated Sr, V, Mn and U mass fractions indicated a high degree of post-mortem alterations of human primary dentine. Hence, a mathematical approach was tested in order to correct the Sr isotope ratios in human primary dentine for diagenetic alteration considering a diagenetic Sr proportion and the Sr isotopic composition of the repository material. The rich funerary equipment associated with the burials in Tomb 26 allowed a dating of the family members of Khnummose and illustrated that they belonged to the Egyptian elite on Sai Island as far as their cultural identity is concerned. In combination with the Sr isotopic analysis, Tomb 26 provided fresh information on the complex coexistence and biological and cultural entanglement of Egyptians and Nubians on Sai Island during the New Kingdom.
{"title":"The New Kingdom Population on Sai Island: Application of Sr Isotopes to Investigate Cultural Entanglement in Ancient Nubia","authors":"A. Retzmann, Julia Budka, H. Sattmann, J. Irrgeher, T. Prohaska","doi":"10.1553/0x003b51b5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/0x003b51b5","url":null,"abstract":"Sr isotopes were applied to identify possible allochthony of skeletal remains retrieved from Tomb 26 of the pharaonic cemetery SAC5 on Sai Island (Nubia). Tooth enamel of nine individuals, including the Overseer of Goldsmiths Khummose and his presumed ‘wife’, dating from the New Kingdom, were investigated to gain information whether these individuals were first generation immigrants from Egypt (= allochthonous) or members of the local population inhabiting the area of Sai Island (= autochthonous). The interpretation of supposed allochthony and autochthony was based on the comparison of the Sr of human enamel to an assumed autochthonous Sr isotopic composition. The autochthonous Sr signal on Sai Island during the New Kingdom was derived from archaeological animal samples (rodent, sheep/goat, dog and local mollusc shells dating from the New Kingdom) in combination with local environmental samples (paleo sediments dating from the New Kingdom and literature Sr isotope value of Nile River water for the New Kingdom era). As the Sr values in enamel of all individuals investigated lay within the determined autochthonous Sr range on Sai Island during the New Kingdom, all individuals were classified as supposed members of the local population on Sai Island. Elevated Sr, V, Mn and U mass fractions indicated a high degree of post-mortem alterations of human primary dentine. Hence, a mathematical approach was tested in order to correct the Sr isotope ratios in human primary dentine for diagenetic alteration considering a diagenetic Sr proportion and the Sr isotopic composition of the repository material. The rich funerary equipment associated with the burials in Tomb 26 allowed a dating of the family members of Khnummose and illustrated that they belonged to the Egyptian elite on Sai Island as far as their cultural identity is concerned. In combination with the Sr isotopic analysis, Tomb 26 provided fresh information on the complex coexistence and biological and cultural entanglement of Egyptians and Nubians on Sai Island during the New Kingdom.","PeriodicalId":39067,"journal":{"name":"Agypten und Levante","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67346896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karin Kopetzky, H. Genz, C. Schwall, Jakob Rom, F. Haas, M. Stark, Fabian Dremel, Mario Börner
In 2016 the Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology (OREA) and the Department for History and Archaeology at the American University of Beirut (AUB) launched a new archaeological project in the Chekka region in Lebanon. The Chekka region borders the shore of the Mediterranean and is situated between Batroun in the south and Tripoli in the north. At the northern end of the modern town of Chekka directly at the seashore one finds the remains of Tell Mirhan on the premises of a modern cement factory (Fig. 1). This tell and its hinterland have never been the subject of a thorough and systematic archaeological investigation. A survey conducted at Tell Mirhan in 2016 and an excavation in 2018 revealed an early Iron Age occupation (1200– 700BC) superimposing a massive rampart fortification of the Middle Bronze Age. Egyptian pottery from the Middle and New Kingdom as well as imports from Cyprus and Greece testify to the importance of this site as a harbour town during these periods. In order to investigate the site’s relation with its hinterland, a survey of the region from the coast into the foothills of Mount Lebanon was launched. To cope with a rather difficult terrain and intensive modern construction activities and changes of the ancient landscape, we conducted a LiDAR scan of the survey area in November of 2018.
{"title":"Between Land and Sea: Tell Mirhan and the Chekka Regional Survey","authors":"Karin Kopetzky, H. Genz, C. Schwall, Jakob Rom, F. Haas, M. Stark, Fabian Dremel, Mario Börner","doi":"10.1553/0x003b519f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/0x003b519f","url":null,"abstract":"In 2016 the Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology (OREA) and the Department for History and Archaeology at the American University of Beirut (AUB) launched a new archaeological project in the Chekka region in Lebanon. The Chekka region borders the shore of the Mediterranean and is situated between Batroun in the south and Tripoli in the north. At the northern end of the modern town of Chekka directly at the seashore one finds the remains of Tell Mirhan on the premises of a modern cement factory (Fig. 1). This tell and its hinterland have never been the subject of a thorough and systematic archaeological investigation. A survey conducted at Tell Mirhan in 2016 and an excavation in 2018 revealed an early Iron Age occupation (1200– 700BC) superimposing a massive rampart fortification of the Middle Bronze Age. Egyptian pottery from the Middle and New Kingdom as well as imports from Cyprus and Greece testify to the importance of this site as a harbour town during these periods. In order to investigate the site’s relation with its hinterland, a survey of the region from the coast into the foothills of Mount Lebanon was launched. To cope with a rather difficult terrain and intensive modern construction activities and changes of the ancient landscape, we conducted a LiDAR scan of the survey area in November of 2018.","PeriodicalId":39067,"journal":{"name":"Agypten und Levante","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67346551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Hudec, Lucia Hulková, Veronika Dubcová, Anna Wodzińska
This contribution focuses on the settlement history of Tell el-Retaba, starting from the settlements and cemeteries of the Second Intermediate Period and the early New Kingdom up to the construction of large fortresses in the Ramesside Period. The rich pit tomb {2458} of the early New Kingdom date seems to especially indicate the continuation of the Second Intermediate Period burial customs in the New Kingdom and, thus, a kind of settlement continuity. The discovery of a geminated moat of the Nineteenth Dynasty expands our knowledge of defensive constructions in the eastern Delta, confirms the location of the gate to the Nineteenth Dynasty fortress and contributes to our knowledge of the concept of transformation between the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasty. The 2017 season also extended the view of construction details of the Twentieth Dynasty defence “wall 2”.
{"title":"Formation of an Empire. Results of the Season 2017 in Tell el-Retaba","authors":"J. Hudec, Lucia Hulková, Veronika Dubcová, Anna Wodzińska","doi":"10.1553/aeundl29s14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/aeundl29s14","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution focuses on the settlement history of Tell el-Retaba, starting from the settlements and cemeteries of the Second Intermediate Period and the early New Kingdom up to the construction of large fortresses in the Ramesside Period. The rich pit tomb {2458} of the early New Kingdom date seems to especially indicate the continuation of the Second Intermediate Period burial customs in the New Kingdom and, thus, a kind of settlement continuity. The discovery of a geminated moat of the Nineteenth Dynasty expands our knowledge of defensive constructions in the eastern Delta, confirms the location of the gate to the Nineteenth Dynasty fortress and contributes to our knowledge of the concept of transformation between the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasty. The 2017 season also extended the view of construction details of the Twentieth Dynasty defence “wall 2”.","PeriodicalId":39067,"journal":{"name":"Agypten und Levante","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67347631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper focuses on the funerary customs attested in Middle Bronze Age (MBA) Mesopotamia, addressing the issue of common or distinctive characteristics and searching for potential evidence of assimilation of a new tribal-rooted identity. Specific burial practices, such as residential burials, use of vaulted chamber tombs and post-entombment rituals, were widely disseminated throughout the whole area during this period. Occurrence of donkey burials appears to be another distinctive trait in Upper Mesopotamia. Moreover, certain characteristic elements of these practices have been noted beyond Mesopotamia, in the Levant and as far as the eastern Nile Delta (Tell Daba’a), where they are associated with the Hyksos period. A puzzling resemblance between MBA funerary assemblages from Tell Arbid in northern Syria (Upper Mesopotamia) and the material from the distant region of Tell Daba’a (Avaris) was noted. This prompted a deeper study and presentation of the Mesopotamian MBA burials in a broader sociopolitical context, addressing issues of the character of similarities and discrepancies through comparison of relevant ritual variables throughout the area discussed. It confirmed a broad emergence of parallel mortuary behaviors focusing on kinship and ancestor commemoration. However, several areas do not fit this seemingly coherent picture of funerary customs, revealing distinctive regional identities. The changes in burial customs coincide with a sociopolitical transformation in Mesopotamia, resulting in the establishment of Amorite kingdoms and a profusion of pastoral tribes. It would seem, therefore, that the adoption of a new mortuary ideology and new constructed group identity was an answer to these sociopolitical developments.
本文关注的是中青铜器时代(MBA)美索不达米亚的丧葬习俗，解决了共同或独特的特征问题，并寻找新的部落身份同化的潜在证据。在这一时期，特殊的埋葬习俗，如住宅埋葬、使用拱形墓室和入葬后的仪式，在整个地区广泛传播。驴葬的出现似乎是上美索不达米亚的另一个显著特征。此外，在美索不达米亚以外，在黎凡特和远至尼罗河三角洲东部(Tell Daba 'a)，这些做法的某些特征元素已经被注意到，在那里它们与希克索斯时期有关。人们注意到，来自叙利亚北部(上美索不达米亚)泰尔阿尔比德(Tell Arbid)的MBA丧葬组合与来自遥远的泰尔达巴(Avaris)地区的材料之间存在令人困惑的相似之处。这促使在更广泛的社会政治背景下对美索不达米亚MBA墓葬进行更深入的研究和展示，通过比较整个讨论地区的相关仪式变量来解决相似性和差异性的特征问题。它证实了以亲属关系和祖先纪念为重点的平行殡葬行为的广泛出现。然而，有几个地区并不符合这种看似连贯的丧葬习俗，显示出鲜明的地区特征。埋葬习俗的变化与美索不达米亚的社会政治转型相吻合，导致了亚摩利人王国的建立和大量的游牧部落。因此，采用一种新的死亡意识形态和新的建构的群体身份似乎是对这些社会政治发展的一种回答。
{"title":"Burial in the Time of the Amorites. The Middle Bronze Age Burial Customs from a Mesopotamian Perspective","authors":"Z. Wygnańska","doi":"10.1553/0x003b51b7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/0x003b51b7","url":null,"abstract":"The paper focuses on the funerary customs attested in Middle Bronze Age (MBA) Mesopotamia, addressing the issue of common or distinctive characteristics and searching for potential evidence of assimilation of a new tribal-rooted identity. Specific burial practices, such as residential burials, use of vaulted chamber tombs and post-entombment rituals, were widely disseminated throughout the whole area during this period. Occurrence of donkey burials appears to be another distinctive trait in Upper Mesopotamia. Moreover, certain characteristic elements of these practices have been noted beyond Mesopotamia, in the Levant and as far as the eastern Nile Delta (Tell Daba’a), where they are associated with the Hyksos period. A puzzling resemblance between MBA funerary assemblages from Tell Arbid in northern Syria (Upper Mesopotamia) and the material from the distant region of Tell Daba’a (Avaris) was noted. This prompted a deeper study and presentation of the Mesopotamian MBA burials in a broader sociopolitical context, addressing issues of the character of similarities and discrepancies through comparison of relevant ritual variables throughout the area discussed. It confirmed a broad emergence of parallel mortuary behaviors focusing on kinship and ancestor commemoration. However, several areas do not fit this seemingly coherent picture of funerary customs, revealing distinctive regional identities. The changes in burial customs coincide with a sociopolitical transformation in Mesopotamia, resulting in the establishment of Amorite kingdoms and a profusion of pastoral tribes. It would seem, therefore, that the adoption of a new mortuary ideology and new constructed group identity was an answer to these sociopolitical developments.","PeriodicalId":39067,"journal":{"name":"Agypten und Levante","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67346987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fish had a significant role in the diet of Nile Valley inhabitants. They were an important source of proteins and omega-3 fatty acids. Their nutrition and healthy properties were revered by ancient Egyptians, which is supported by refer-ences to fish in medical papyri. Numerous fishing scenes and fish depictions are known from the dynastic periods. Their specific role in Egyptian mythology impacts the development of the con-sumption taboo, however, their symbolic and mag-ical meaning was reflected by their representa-tions in art. Among them, tilapia had a special place in Egyptian beliefs. But fish had been appearing as a symbol since at least the Predy-nastic period. In this paper, the fish representa-tions from the Nagada period will be examined to determine their symbolic and magical meaning at the time of state formation and the development of the Egyptian civilization.
{"title":"The iconography of fish in the Nagada culture","authors":"Alicja Jurgielewicz","doi":"10.1553/aeundl30s399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/aeundl30s399","url":null,"abstract":"Fish had a significant role in the diet of Nile Valley inhabitants. They were an important source of proteins and omega-3 fatty acids. Their nutrition and healthy properties were revered by ancient Egyptians, which is supported by refer-ences to fish in medical papyri. Numerous fishing scenes and fish depictions are known from the dynastic periods. Their specific role in Egyptian mythology impacts the development of the con-sumption taboo, however, their symbolic and mag-ical meaning was reflected by their representa-tions in art. Among them, tilapia had a special place in Egyptian beliefs. But fish had been appearing as a symbol since at least the Predy-nastic period. In this paper, the fish representa-tions from the Nagada period will be examined to determine their symbolic and magical meaning at the time of state formation and the development of the Egyptian civilization.","PeriodicalId":39067,"journal":{"name":"Agypten und Levante","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67347999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among the many finds recovered from Tell el-Dabʿa are five decorated metal sheets, or belts, that were most probably originally sewn onto a piece of leather or textile. Such metal belts are a very special feature attested for the first time in Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia. Their occurrence in the archaeological record is limited to tombs that featured several significant finds, including weapons, in their inventory. The grave goods highlight the importance, status and wealth of the interred deceased. The design of metal belts within the distribution area in the Middle Bronze Age is very similar; the decoration, if any, is composed of differing arrangements of concentric circles of varying sizes. According to some Northern Levantine and Anatolian metal figurines, the belts were worn around the waist and buckled at the front. Metal belts were still worn in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages, as attested by statues and actual finds.1 The following article adds to a number of publications on metal belts,2 collecting all known attestations dating up to the end of the Middle Bronze Age. The aim of this paper is to determine their distribution range and elucidate their contexts to mirror networks of people sharing a similar cultural background and ancient trade connections. In addition to the elongated metal belts known from Tell el-Dabʿa, possible parts of belts, such as discs and belt fasteners, are also presented in the scope of this article.
{"title":"‘Buckle up and Fasten that Belt!’. Metal Belts in the Early and Middle Bronze Age","authors":"Silvia Prell","doi":"10.1553/aeundl29s302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/aeundl29s302","url":null,"abstract":"Among the many finds recovered from Tell el-Dabʿa are five decorated metal sheets, or belts, that were most probably originally sewn onto a piece of leather or textile. Such metal belts are a very special feature attested for the first time in Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia. Their occurrence in the archaeological record is limited to tombs that featured several significant finds, including weapons, in their inventory. The grave goods highlight the importance, status and wealth of the interred deceased. The design of metal belts within the distribution area in the Middle Bronze Age is very similar; the decoration, if any, is composed of differing arrangements of concentric circles of varying sizes. According to some Northern Levantine and Anatolian metal figurines, the belts were worn around the waist and buckled at the front. Metal belts were still worn in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages, as attested by statues and actual finds.1 The following article adds to a number of publications on metal belts,2 collecting all known attestations dating up to the end of the Middle Bronze Age. The aim of this paper is to determine their distribution range and elucidate their contexts to mirror networks of people sharing a similar cultural background and ancient trade connections. In addition to the elongated metal belts known from Tell el-Dabʿa, possible parts of belts, such as discs and belt fasteners, are also presented in the scope of this article.","PeriodicalId":39067,"journal":{"name":"Agypten und Levante","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67347492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Old Kingdom Evidence on the Toponym xntj-S “Lebanon”","authors":"I. Bogdanov","doi":"10.1553/aeundl29s124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/aeundl29s124","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39067,"journal":{"name":"Agypten und Levante","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67347562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tell el-Retaba, an archaeological site situated in Wadi Tumilat in the eastern Nile Delta, some 35 km west of the modern city of Ismailia, has been excavated by the Polish- Slovak Archaeological Mission, directed by Dr. hab. Slawomir Rzepka, since 2007. Long-lasting archaeological excavations of the Third Intermediate Period settlement have yielded hundreds of ground stone artefacts, among them implements used for grinding activities. The diversity of these tools’ forms and the material they are made of may imply their having been employed for various purposes and to treat a wide range of substances. This article presents a preliminary analysis of the grinding stone implements and their possible uses.
{"title":"Grinding Tools at the Third Intermediate Period Tell el-Retaba","authors":"A. Ryś","doi":"10.1553/aeundl29s78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/aeundl29s78","url":null,"abstract":"Tell el-Retaba, an archaeological site situated in Wadi Tumilat in the eastern Nile Delta, some 35 km west of the modern city of Ismailia, has been excavated by the Polish- Slovak Archaeological Mission, directed by Dr. hab. Slawomir Rzepka, since 2007. Long-lasting archaeological excavations of the Third Intermediate Period settlement have yielded hundreds of ground stone artefacts, among them implements used for grinding activities. The diversity of these tools’ forms and the material they are made of may imply their having been employed for various purposes and to treat a wide range of substances. This article presents a preliminary analysis of the grinding stone implements and their possible uses.","PeriodicalId":39067,"journal":{"name":"Agypten und Levante","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67347831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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