Although aerodynamic compliant foil bearings are successfully applied in a number of turbo-machineries, theoretical researches on the modeling, performance prediction of compliant foil bearings and the dynamic analysis of the related rotor system seem still far behind the experimental investigation because of structural complexity of the foil bearings. A generalized solution of the elasto-aerodynamic lubrication is presented in this paper by introducing both static and dynamic deformations of foils and solving gas-lubricated Reynolds equations with deformation equations simultaneously. The solution can be used for the calculation of dynamic stiffness and damping, as well as the prediction of static performances of foil bearings. Systematical theories and methods are also presented for the purpose of the prediction of dynamic behavior of a rotor system equipped with foil bearings.
{"title":"A generalized solution of elasto-aerodynamic lubrication for aerodynamic compliant foil bearings","authors":"Lie Yu, Shemiao Qi, Haipeng Geng","doi":"10.1360/03YE0551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1360/03YE0551","url":null,"abstract":"Although aerodynamic compliant foil bearings are successfully applied in a number of turbo-machineries, theoretical researches on the modeling, performance prediction of compliant foil bearings and the dynamic analysis of the related rotor system seem still far behind the experimental investigation because of structural complexity of the foil bearings. A generalized solution of the elasto-aerodynamic lubrication is presented in this paper by introducing both static and dynamic deformations of foils and solving gas-lubricated Reynolds equations with deformation equations simultaneously. The solution can be used for the calculation of dynamic stiffness and damping, as well as the prediction of static performances of foil bearings. Systematical theories and methods are also presented for the purpose of the prediction of dynamic behavior of a rotor system equipped with foil bearings.","PeriodicalId":391126,"journal":{"name":"Science in China Ser. E Engineering & Materials Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116007750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There exist interactions among pedestrians and between pedestrian and environment in evacuation. These interactions include attraction, repulsion and friction that play key roles in human evacuation behaviors, speed and efficiency. Most former evacuation models focus on the attraction force, while repulsion and friction are not well modeled. As a kind of multi-particle self-driven model, the social force model introduced in recent years can represent those three forces but with low simulation efficiency because it is a continuous model with complex rules. Discrete models such as the cellular automata model and the lattice gas model have simple rules and high simulation efficiency, but are not quite suitable for interactions’ simulation. In this paper, a new cellular automata model based on traditional models is introduced in which repulsion and friction are modeled quantitatively. It is indicated that the model can simulate some basic behaviors, e.g. arching and the “faster-is-slower” phenomenon, in evacuation as multi-particle self-driven models, but with high efficiency as the normal cellular automata model and the lattice gas model.
{"title":"A cellular automata evacuation model considering friction and repulsion","authors":"Weiguo Song, Yanfei Yu, W. Fan, Heping Zhang","doi":"10.1360/03YE0486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1360/03YE0486","url":null,"abstract":"There exist interactions among pedestrians and between pedestrian and environment in evacuation. These interactions include attraction, repulsion and friction that play key roles in human evacuation behaviors, speed and efficiency. Most former evacuation models focus on the attraction force, while repulsion and friction are not well modeled. As a kind of multi-particle self-driven model, the social force model introduced in recent years can represent those three forces but with low simulation efficiency because it is a continuous model with complex rules. Discrete models such as the cellular automata model and the lattice gas model have simple rules and high simulation efficiency, but are not quite suitable for interactions’ simulation. In this paper, a new cellular automata model based on traditional models is introduced in which repulsion and friction are modeled quantitatively. It is indicated that the model can simulate some basic behaviors, e.g. arching and the “faster-is-slower” phenomenon, in evacuation as multi-particle self-driven models, but with high efficiency as the normal cellular automata model and the lattice gas model.","PeriodicalId":391126,"journal":{"name":"Science in China Ser. E Engineering & Materials Science","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133572584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fluid flow mechanism in porous media of enhanced oil recovery by Alkli/ Surfactant/Polymer (ASP) flooding is investigated by measuring production performance, pressure distribution and saturation distribution through installing differential pressure transducers and saturation measuring probes in a physical model of vertical heterogeneous reservoir. The fluid flow variation in porous media is the main reason of enhanced oil recovery of ASP flooding. The pressure field and saturation field are nonlinearly coupled together and the interaction between them results in the fluid flow variation in the reservoir. In a vertical heterogeneous reservoir, the ASP agents initially flow in the high permeability layers because the resistance in the high permeability layer is increased under the physical and chemical action of adsorption, retention and emulsion. ASP flooding displaces out not only the residual oil in the high permeability layer, but also the remaining oil in the low and the middle permeability layers by increasing swept volume and displacing efficiency.
{"title":"Experimental investigations on the fluid flow mechanism in porous media of enhanced oil recovery by alkli/surfactant/polymer flooding","authors":"Jialu Wang, P. Shen, Yongzhong Chen, Zubo Zhang, Xuening Jia, Yuling Tian","doi":"10.1360/04YE0211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1360/04YE0211","url":null,"abstract":"The fluid flow mechanism in porous media of enhanced oil recovery by Alkli/ Surfactant/Polymer (ASP) flooding is investigated by measuring production performance, pressure distribution and saturation distribution through installing differential pressure transducers and saturation measuring probes in a physical model of vertical heterogeneous reservoir. The fluid flow variation in porous media is the main reason of enhanced oil recovery of ASP flooding. The pressure field and saturation field are nonlinearly coupled together and the interaction between them results in the fluid flow variation in the reservoir. In a vertical heterogeneous reservoir, the ASP agents initially flow in the high permeability layers because the resistance in the high permeability layer is increased under the physical and chemical action of adsorption, retention and emulsion. ASP flooding displaces out not only the residual oil in the high permeability layer, but also the remaining oil in the low and the middle permeability layers by increasing swept volume and displacing efficiency.","PeriodicalId":391126,"journal":{"name":"Science in China Ser. E Engineering & Materials Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130761101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The atom-attachment kinetics at the solid-liquid interface was incorporated into the eutectic growth theory. The dependence of kinetic undercooling on the structure of the eutectic phases was investigated. Due to the introduction of the kinetic effect, the coupled eutectic growth can proceed in a wider undercooling range, but the growth velocity decreases while the minimum eutectic lamellar spacing remains unchanged. The proportion of kinetic undercooling to the total undercooling is dependent not only on the growth velocity, but also on the phase diagram. Calculation indicated that the proportion decreases as the crystallization temperature range of single eutectic phase at the eutectic composition enlarges.
{"title":"Effect of interface kinetics on the eutectic growth","authors":"Jinfu Li, Yaohe Zhou","doi":"10.1360/102004-91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1360/102004-91","url":null,"abstract":"The atom-attachment kinetics at the solid-liquid interface was incorporated into the eutectic growth theory. The dependence of kinetic undercooling on the structure of the eutectic phases was investigated. Due to the introduction of the kinetic effect, the coupled eutectic growth can proceed in a wider undercooling range, but the growth velocity decreases while the minimum eutectic lamellar spacing remains unchanged. The proportion of kinetic undercooling to the total undercooling is dependent not only on the growth velocity, but also on the phase diagram. Calculation indicated that the proportion decreases as the crystallization temperature range of single eutectic phase at the eutectic composition enlarges.","PeriodicalId":391126,"journal":{"name":"Science in China Ser. E Engineering & Materials Science","volume":"20 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120864067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An experimental investigation was conducted on subcooled nucleate boiling on ultra-small wires having diameters of 25–100 μm. High-speed photography and laser PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technology were used to visually observe the bubble dynamics. For highly subcooled boiling, at moderate heat fluxes, the bubbles generally remained attached to the micro heating wires and bubble-top jet flows were clearly observed. Smaller bubbles usually had stronger bubble-top jet flows, while larger bubbles seemed to produce multi-jet flows. The structures of the bubble-top jet flows, as well as multi-jet flows, were proposed from the experimental observation. A model was developed to describe jet flow phenomena from bubbles on micro wires. Numerical simulations for bubbles having diameter of 0.03 and 0.06 mm showed that both the bubble-top and multi-jet flows were induced by a strong Marangoni effect due to high temperature gradients near the wire. The predicted velocity magnitudes and flow structures agreed very well with experimental measurements. The bubble size relative to the wire is an important factor affecting the jet flow structure. For a 0.03 mm bubble on a 0.1 mm wire, only a bubble-top jet flow forms, while a complex multi-jet flow pattern forms around the bubble with a weak bubble-top jet and two side jet flows for a 0.06 mm bubble.
{"title":"Jet flows from bubbles during subcooled pool boiling on micro wires","authors":"Hao Wang, D. Christopher, Xiao-feng Peng, B. Wang","doi":"10.1360/04YE0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1360/04YE0052","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental investigation was conducted on subcooled nucleate boiling on ultra-small wires having diameters of 25–100 μm. High-speed photography and laser PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technology were used to visually observe the bubble dynamics. For highly subcooled boiling, at moderate heat fluxes, the bubbles generally remained attached to the micro heating wires and bubble-top jet flows were clearly observed. Smaller bubbles usually had stronger bubble-top jet flows, while larger bubbles seemed to produce multi-jet flows. The structures of the bubble-top jet flows, as well as multi-jet flows, were proposed from the experimental observation. A model was developed to describe jet flow phenomena from bubbles on micro wires. Numerical simulations for bubbles having diameter of 0.03 and 0.06 mm showed that both the bubble-top and multi-jet flows were induced by a strong Marangoni effect due to high temperature gradients near the wire. The predicted velocity magnitudes and flow structures agreed very well with experimental measurements. The bubble size relative to the wire is an important factor affecting the jet flow structure. For a 0.03 mm bubble on a 0.1 mm wire, only a bubble-top jet flow forms, while a complex multi-jet flow pattern forms around the bubble with a weak bubble-top jet and two side jet flows for a 0.06 mm bubble.","PeriodicalId":391126,"journal":{"name":"Science in China Ser. E Engineering & Materials Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125444057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A numerical approach to optimize dimensionless parameters of water-flooding porous media flows is proposed based on the analysis of the sensitivity factor defined as the variation ration of a target function with respect to the variation of dimensionless parameters. A complete set of scaling criteria for water-flooding reservoir of five-spot well pattern case is derived from the 3-D governing equations, involving the gravitational force, the capillary force and the compressibility of water, oil and rock. By using this approach, we have estimated the influences of each dimensionless parameter on experimental results, and thus sorting out the dominant ones with larger sensitivity factors ranging from 10−4 to 100.
{"title":"Sensitivity analysis of dimensionless parameters for physical simulation of water-flooding reservoir","authors":"Y. Bai, Jiachun Li, Jifu Zhou","doi":"10.1360/04YE0290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1360/04YE0290","url":null,"abstract":"A numerical approach to optimize dimensionless parameters of water-flooding porous media flows is proposed based on the analysis of the sensitivity factor defined as the variation ration of a target function with respect to the variation of dimensionless parameters. A complete set of scaling criteria for water-flooding reservoir of five-spot well pattern case is derived from the 3-D governing equations, involving the gravitational force, the capillary force and the compressibility of water, oil and rock. By using this approach, we have estimated the influences of each dimensionless parameter on experimental results, and thus sorting out the dominant ones with larger sensitivity factors ranging from 10−4 to 100.","PeriodicalId":391126,"journal":{"name":"Science in China Ser. E Engineering & Materials Science","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133884511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is an advanced sintering technology that has been recently developed in the world. Contrast to many reports about experimental investigations on the methods of new materials preparation, there are very few systematic studies on the special sintering mechanism of SPS technology. In the present paper, by using the pure electrolytic copper powders as the raw material, a series of sintering experiments have been designed and carried out. The evolution of the powder microstructures during SPS has been systematically studied, and for the first time a “self-adjusting mechanism” of the microstructure evolution is proposed, from which the essential for the advantages of materials preparation by SPS in the respects of high density, homogeneity and fine grain structure can be well understood. In addition, the changes of the relative density during SPS are quantitatively predicted by a theoretical model and confirmed by the experimental measurements.
{"title":"Mechanism of conductive powder microstructure evolution in the process of SPS","authors":"Xiaoyan Song, Xuemei Liu, Jiuxing Zhang","doi":"10.1360/04YE0265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1360/04YE0265","url":null,"abstract":"Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is an advanced sintering technology that has been recently developed in the world. Contrast to many reports about experimental investigations on the methods of new materials preparation, there are very few systematic studies on the special sintering mechanism of SPS technology. In the present paper, by using the pure electrolytic copper powders as the raw material, a series of sintering experiments have been designed and carried out. The evolution of the powder microstructures during SPS has been systematically studied, and for the first time a “self-adjusting mechanism” of the microstructure evolution is proposed, from which the essential for the advantages of materials preparation by SPS in the respects of high density, homogeneity and fine grain structure can be well understood. In addition, the changes of the relative density during SPS are quantitatively predicted by a theoretical model and confirmed by the experimental measurements.","PeriodicalId":391126,"journal":{"name":"Science in China Ser. E Engineering & Materials Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132866895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On the basis of the nearfield acoustic holography (NAH) based on the distributed source boundary point method (DSBPM), a novel NAH based on the equivalent source method (ESM) is proposed. The theoretical model of the proposed method is established at first. And then, the error sensitivity and the reconstruction problems of a multi-source acoustic field and a semi-free acoustic field are analyzed, and the corresponding treatment methods are proposed. Subsequently, an experiment on a speaker is investigated to validate the feasibility and correctness of the method. In the method, no discretization is needed on the boundary of the vibrating body. The acoustic field is predicted directly by a set of weighted equivalent sources located inside the vibrating body. Therefore, the variable interpolation, the treatments of singular integrals and non-uniqueness of solutions in the characteristic wave number are avoided. Additionally, the method is adapted to arbitrary-shaped source, so it is really a meshless method. Furthermore, there are such merits as the simple principle, the high calculation efficiency and precision. It is valuabe for the NAH to be applied in the practical engineering field.
{"title":"Nearfield acoustic holography based on the equivalent source method","authors":"C. Bi, Xinzhao Chen, Jian Chen, Rongyan Zhou","doi":"10.1360/03YE0538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1360/03YE0538","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of the nearfield acoustic holography (NAH) based on the distributed source boundary point method (DSBPM), a novel NAH based on the equivalent source method (ESM) is proposed. The theoretical model of the proposed method is established at first. And then, the error sensitivity and the reconstruction problems of a multi-source acoustic field and a semi-free acoustic field are analyzed, and the corresponding treatment methods are proposed. Subsequently, an experiment on a speaker is investigated to validate the feasibility and correctness of the method. In the method, no discretization is needed on the boundary of the vibrating body. The acoustic field is predicted directly by a set of weighted equivalent sources located inside the vibrating body. Therefore, the variable interpolation, the treatments of singular integrals and non-uniqueness of solutions in the characteristic wave number are avoided. Additionally, the method is adapted to arbitrary-shaped source, so it is really a meshless method. Furthermore, there are such merits as the simple principle, the high calculation efficiency and precision. It is valuabe for the NAH to be applied in the practical engineering field.","PeriodicalId":391126,"journal":{"name":"Science in China Ser. E Engineering & Materials Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123591784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoqian Zhang, Longgen Yuan, Wen-ping Wu, Lanqiao Tian, Kangzhuang Yao
Drop tower is an important ground based facility for microgravity science experiment. The technical performances of the drop tower NMLC are advanced compared with similar facilities in the US, Germany and Japan. The main components such as drop capsule, deceleration devices, release mechanism present its advantages and creativities.
{"title":"Some key technics of drop tower experiment device of National Microgravity Laboratory (China) (NMLC)","authors":"Xiaoqian Zhang, Longgen Yuan, Wen-ping Wu, Lanqiao Tian, Kangzhuang Yao","doi":"10.1360/102004-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1360/102004-21","url":null,"abstract":"Drop tower is an important ground based facility for microgravity science experiment. The technical performances of the drop tower NMLC are advanced compared with similar facilities in the US, Germany and Japan. The main components such as drop capsule, deceleration devices, release mechanism present its advantages and creativities.","PeriodicalId":391126,"journal":{"name":"Science in China Ser. E Engineering & Materials Science","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129946010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of gas sensitivity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), which is deposited by low press chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), is presented. The results show that the pure MWNTs are not sensitive to the gases measured, while the composite film consisting of the MWNTs and silicon dioxide is sensitive to the methane, the hydrogen and the acetylene. The MWNTs and silicon dioxide composite film have the capacitance characteristic because of the formation of Schottky junctions within the MWNTs. The chemistry adsorption of the gas measured on the surface of the MWNTs affects the space discharge area of the Schottky junction, so that the dielectric constant changes with the gas concentration. That is why the gas is sensed.
{"title":"The study of adsorption gas sensor based carbon nanotube film","authors":"Xin Li, Junhua Liu, Changchun Zhu","doi":"10.1360/04ye0231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1360/04ye0231","url":null,"abstract":"The study of gas sensitivity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), which is deposited by low press chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), is presented. The results show that the pure MWNTs are not sensitive to the gases measured, while the composite film consisting of the MWNTs and silicon dioxide is sensitive to the methane, the hydrogen and the acetylene. The MWNTs and silicon dioxide composite film have the capacitance characteristic because of the formation of Schottky junctions within the MWNTs. The chemistry adsorption of the gas measured on the surface of the MWNTs affects the space discharge area of the Schottky junction, so that the dielectric constant changes with the gas concentration. That is why the gas is sensed.","PeriodicalId":391126,"journal":{"name":"Science in China Ser. E Engineering & Materials Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114913326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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