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Factors Influencing The Performance of Image Captioning Model: An Evaluation 影响图像字幕模型性能的因素评价
Duc-Cuong Dao, Thi-Oanh Nguyen, S. Bressan
Recently, neural network-based methods have shown impressive performances in captioning task. There have been numerous attempts with many proposed architectures to solve this captioning problem. In this paper, we present the evaluation of different alternatives in architecture and optimization algorithms for a neural image captioning model. First, we present the study of a image captioning model that is comprised of two modules -- a convolutional neural network which encodes the input image into a fixed-dimensional feature vector and a recurrent neural network to decode that representation into a sequence of words describing the input image. After that, we consider different alternatives regarding architecture and optimization algorithm to train the model. We conduct a set of experiments on standard benchmark datasets to evaluate different aspects of the captioning system using standard evaluation methods that are utilized in image captioning literatures. Based on the results of those experiments, we propose several suggestions on architecture and optimization algorithm of the image captioning model that is balanced in terms of the performance and the feasibility to be deployed on real-world problems with commodity hardware.
近年来,基于神经网络的方法在字幕任务中表现出了令人印象深刻的效果。为了解决这个标题问题,已经有许多提出的体系结构进行了许多尝试。在本文中,我们提出了对神经图像字幕模型的不同架构和优化算法的评估。首先,我们提出了一个图像字幕模型的研究,该模型由两个模块组成——一个卷积神经网络将输入图像编码为固定维特征向量,一个循环神经网络将该表示解码为描述输入图像的单词序列。之后,我们考虑了不同的架构和优化算法来训练模型。我们在标准基准数据集上进行了一组实验,使用图像字幕文献中使用的标准评估方法来评估字幕系统的不同方面。基于这些实验的结果,我们对图像字幕模型的架构和优化算法提出了一些建议,这些模型在性能和可行性方面取得了平衡,可以部署在具有商品硬件的现实问题上。
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引用次数: 0
A Novel Sensor Cloud Based SCADA infrastructure for Monitoring and Attack prevention 一种新的基于传感器云的SCADA监控和攻击防御基础设施
Yosra Ben Dhief, Y. Djemaiel, S. Rekhis, N. Boudriga
The infrastructures of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems have evolved through time in order to provide more efficient supervision services. Despite the changes made on SCADA architectures, several enhancements are still required to address the need for: a) large scale supervision using a high number of sensors, b) reduction of the reaction time when a malicious activity is detected; and c) the assurance of a high interoperability between SCADA systems in order to prevent the propagation of incidents. In this context, we propose a novel sensor cloud based SCADA infrastructure to monitor large scale and inter-dependant critical infrastructures, making an effective use of sensor clouds to increase the supervision coverage and the processing time. It ensures also the interoperability between interdependent SCADAs by offering a set of services to SCADA, which are created through the use of templates and are associated to set of virtual sensors. A simulation is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture.
监控和数据采集(SCADA)系统的基础设施随着时间的推移不断发展,以提供更有效的监管服务。尽管SCADA架构发生了变化,但仍然需要一些增强功能来满足以下需求:a)使用大量传感器进行大规模监督;b)减少检测到恶意活动时的反应时间;c)确保SCADA系统之间的高度互操作性,以防止事件的传播。在此背景下,我们提出了一种基于传感器云的新型SCADA基础设施来监控大规模和相互依赖的关键基础设施,有效地利用传感器云来增加监督覆盖范围和处理时间。它还通过向SCADA提供一组服务来确保相互依赖的SCADA之间的互操作性,这些服务是通过使用模板创建的,并与一组虚拟传感器相关联。通过仿真验证了该体系结构的有效性。
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引用次数: 3
User Centred Design of a Smartphone-based Cognitive Fatigue Assessment Application 基于智能手机的认知疲劳评估应用程序以用户为中心的设计
Edward Price, G. Moore, L. Galway, M. Linden
This paper presents the user experience design approach taken for a mobile cognitive assessment tool. Taking a multidisciplinary approach with user centred assessment and feedback, the design of this tool was tailored to provide a usable and intuitive user experience. Key to user participation is ease of use and minimal time on task for participant engagement. To address this selected measures were carefully considered as to make the testing process simple and easy to engage with. Following a pre-validated, iterative design approach, an acceptable and engaging user experience was designed while retaining the ability to measure multiple aspects of a user's condition and environment. Accurate assessment of cognitive fatigue requires a wide range of environmental user data in order to understand the participant's current cognitive fatigue levels, therefore measures of physical, cognitive, social and emotional aspects were included within the application.
本文介绍了一种移动认知评估工具的用户体验设计方法。采用多学科方法,以用户为中心的评估和反馈,该工具的设计是量身定制的,以提供可用和直观的用户体验。用户参与的关键是易用性和最小化的时间。为了解决这个问题,我们仔细考虑了选择的措施,以使测试过程简单,易于参与。遵循预先验证的迭代设计方法,设计了可接受且引人入胜的用户体验,同时保留了测量用户条件和环境的多个方面的能力。准确评估认知疲劳需要广泛的环境用户数据,以了解参与者当前的认知疲劳水平,因此在应用程序中包括身体,认知,社会和情感方面的测量。
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引用次数: 6
Mobile Gait Match-on-Card Authentication from Acceleration Data with Offline-Simplified Models 基于离线简化模型加速度数据的移动步态卡上匹配认证
R. Findling, M. Hölzl, R. Mayrhofer
Biometrics have become important for authentication on mobile devices, e.g. to unlock devices before using them. One way to protect biometric information stored on mobile devices from disclosure is using embedded smart cards (SCs) with biometric match-on-card (MOC) approaches. Computational restrictions of SCs thereby also limit biometric matching procedures. We present a mobile MOC approach that uses offline training to obtain authentication models with a simplistic internal representation in the final trained state, whereat we adapt features and model representation to enable their usage on SCs. The obtained model is used within SCs on mobile devices without requiring retraining when enrolling individual users. We apply our approach to acceleration based mobile gait authentication, using a 16 bit integer range Java Card, and evaluate authentication performance and computation time on the SC using a publicly available dataset. Results indicate that our approach is feasible with an equal error rate of ~12% and a computation time below 2s on the SC, including data transmissions and computations. To the best of our knowledge, this thereby represents the first practically feasible approach towards acceleration based gait match-on-card authentication.
生物识别技术对于移动设备的身份验证已经变得非常重要,例如在使用设备之前解锁设备。保护存储在移动设备上的生物特征信息不被泄露的一种方法是使用带有生物特征匹配卡(MOC)方法的嵌入式智能卡(sc)。因此,SCs的计算限制也限制了生物识别匹配程序。我们提出了一种移动MOC方法,该方法使用离线训练来获得在最终训练状态下具有简单内部表示的身份验证模型,其中我们调整特征和模型表示以使其能够在sc上使用。获得的模型在移动设备上的SCs中使用,而不需要在注册个人用户时进行再培训。我们将我们的方法应用于基于加速度的移动步态认证,使用16位整数范围的Java卡,并使用公开可用的数据集评估SC上的认证性能和计算时间。结果表明,我们的方法是可行的,在SC上,包括数据传输和计算在内,错误率在12%左右,计算时间在2s以下。据我们所知,这代表了第一个实际可行的方法,以加速为基础的步态匹配卡认证。
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引用次数: 4
A mobile distributed system for remote resource access 用于远程资源访问的移动分布式系统
C. Dumont, F. Mourlin, Laurent Nel
Mobile and distributed systems involve multiple mobile computers processing data and communicating the results to each other, such as in electronic commerce or online voting, where the users are geographically separated. Our contribution is on mobile distributed applications based on embedded platforms such as smartphones or tablets. We provide a definition of a protocol called MEXP which stands for Mobile Exchange eXperiment Protocol. It allows the exposure of local resources on a mobile device to other mobile computers of the distributed system. The kinds of resources are pictures and sounds which are recorded with a mobile device during lab activities. They require the use of a local Wi-Fi network for the security of the recorded data. The lab activities evolve over time and the observers have remote access to the pictures and sounds for validation and tagging. This work has resulted in the acceptance of our mobile distributed application by an academic training team in the Biology department.
移动和分布式系统涉及多个移动计算机处理数据并相互通信结果,例如在电子商务或在线投票中,用户在地理上是分开的。我们的贡献是基于智能手机或平板电脑等嵌入式平台的移动分布式应用程序。我们提供了一个名为MEXP的协议的定义,它代表移动交换实验协议。它允许将移动设备上的本地资源公开给分布式系统的其他移动计算机。这些资源是在实验活动期间用移动设备录制的图片和声音。它们需要使用本地Wi-Fi网络来保证记录数据的安全性。实验活动随着时间的推移而发展,观察者可以远程访问图像和声音以进行验证和标记。这项工作使我们的移动分布式应用程序被生物系的一个学术培训团队接受。
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引用次数: 4
Implementation Guidelines for Image Processing with Convolutional Neural Networks 卷积神经网络图像处理的实现指南
Florian Bordes, E. Schikuta
The domain of image processing technologies comprises many methods and algorithms for the analysis of signals, representing data sets, as photos or videos. In this paper we present a discussion and analysis, on the one hand, of classical image processing methods, as Fourier transformation, and, on the other hand, of neural networks. Specifically we focus on multi-layer and convolutional neural networks and give guidelines how images can be analyzed effectively and efficiently. To speed up the performance we identify various parallel software and hardware environments and evaluate, how parallelism can be used to improve performance of neural network operations. Based on our findings we derive several guidelines for applying different parallelization approaches on various sequential and parallel hardware infrastructure.
图像处理技术领域包括许多方法和算法,用于分析表示数据集的信号,如照片或视频。在本文中,我们一方面讨论和分析经典的图像处理方法,如傅里叶变换,另一方面讨论和分析神经网络。我们特别关注多层和卷积神经网络,并给出如何有效和高效地分析图像的指导方针。为了提高性能,我们识别了各种并行软件和硬件环境,并评估了如何使用并行性来提高神经网络操作的性能。根据我们的发现,我们得出了在各种顺序和并行硬件基础设施上应用不同并行化方法的几个指导原则。
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引用次数: 0
Real-World Identification: Towards a Privacy-Aware Mobile eID for Physical and Offline Verification 真实世界的身份识别:迈向具有隐私意识的移动eID,用于物理和离线验证
M. Hölzl, Michael Roland, R. Mayrhofer
There are many systems that provide users with an electronic identity (eID) to sign documents or authenticate to online services (e.g. governmental eIDs, OpenID). However, current solutions lack in providing proper techniques to use them as regular ID cards that digitally authenticate their holders to another physical person in the real world. We envision a fully mobile eID which provides such functionality in a privacy-preserving manner, fulfills requirements for governmental identities with high security demands (such as driving licenses, or passports) and can be used in the private domain (e.g. as loyalty cards). In this paper, we present potential use cases for such a flexible and privacy-preserving mobile eID and discuss the concept of privacy-preserving attribute queries. Furthermore, we formalize necessary functional, mobile, security, and privacy requirements, and present a brief overview of potential techniques to cover all of them.
有许多系统为用户提供电子身份(eID)来签署文件或对在线服务进行身份验证(例如政府eID, OpenID)。然而,目前的解决方案缺乏适当的技术,无法将其作为普通身份证使用,以数字方式向现实世界中的另一个人验证其持有者。我们设想一个完全可移动的eID,以保护隐私的方式提供这些功能,满足具有高安全性要求的政府身份(例如驾驶执照或护照)的要求,并可用于私人领域(例如会员卡)。在本文中,我们提出了这种灵活且保护隐私的移动eID的潜在用例,并讨论了保护隐私属性查询的概念。此外,我们还形式化了必要的功能、移动、安全和隐私需求,并简要概述了涵盖所有这些需求的潜在技术。
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引用次数: 6
CDQL: A Generic Context Representation and Querying Approach for Internet of Things Applications CDQL:面向物联网应用的通用上下文表示和查询方法
A. Hassani, P. D. Haghighi, P. Jayaraman, A. Zaslavsky, Sea Ling, A. Medvedev
As the standardization efforts for IoT is fast progressing, we will quickly get to a point where context derived from IoT data and relations will be the underpinning factor to enable interaction between "smart things". Therefore, having a generic approach for describing and querying context is crucial for the future of IoT applications. In this paper, we propose Context Definition and Query Language (CDQL), an advanced approach that enables things to exchange context. CDQL consists of two main parts: Context Definition Model, which is designed to describe the contextual attributes and context related capabilities of each "thing"; and Context Query Language (CQL), which is a flexible query language to express contextual information requirements without considering details of the underlying data structure. We exemplify the usage of the proposed CDQL, via a smart city use case study that highlight how CDQL can be utilized to deliver context information to IoT applications.
随着物联网标准化工作的快速发展,我们将很快到达一个点,从物联网数据和关系中获得的上下文将成为实现“智能事物”之间交互的基础因素。因此,拥有描述和查询上下文的通用方法对于物联网应用的未来至关重要。在本文中,我们提出了上下文定义和查询语言(CDQL),这是一种使事物能够交换上下文的高级方法。CDQL由两个主要部分组成:上下文定义模型,用于描述每个“事物”的上下文属性和与上下文相关的功能;上下文查询语言(CQL)是一种灵活的查询语言,可以表达上下文信息需求,而无需考虑底层数据结构的细节。我们通过一个智能城市用例研究举例说明了拟议的CDQL的使用,该案例研究强调了如何利用CDQL向物联网应用程序提供上下文信息。
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引用次数: 13
UDetect: Unsupervised Concept Change Detection for Mobile Activity Recognition UDetect:移动活动识别的无监督概念变化检测
S. Bashir, Andrei V. Petrovski, D. Doolan
One of the major challenges in activity recognition task is the need to adapt a classification model during its operation. This is important because the underlying data distribution between those used for training and the new evolving stream of data may change during online recognition. The changes between the two sessions may occur because of differences in sensor placement, orientation and user characteristics such as age and gender. However, many of the existing approaches for model adaptation in activity recognition are blind methods because they continuously adapt the classification model without explicit detection of changes in the concepts being predicted. Therefore, we propose a concept change detection method for activity recognition under the assumption that a concept change in the model of an activity is followed by changes in the distribution of the input data attributes as well which is the realistic case for activity recognition. Our change detection method computes change detection statistic on stream of multi-dimensional unlabelled data that are classified into different concept windows. The values of the change indicators are then processed for detecting peak points that indicate concept change in the stream of activity data. Evaluation of the approach using real activity recognition dataset shows consistent detections that correlate with the error rate of the model.
活动识别任务的主要挑战之一是在操作过程中需要对分类模型进行调整。这一点很重要,因为在在线识别过程中,用于训练的数据和新的不断发展的数据流之间的底层数据分布可能会发生变化。由于传感器的位置、方向和用户特征(如年龄和性别)的不同,两次会议之间可能会发生变化。然而,现有的许多活动识别中的模型自适应方法是盲目的,因为它们不断地适应分类模型,而没有明确地检测被预测概念的变化。因此,我们提出了一种活动识别的概念变化检测方法,假设活动模型中的概念变化伴随着输入数据属性分布的变化,这是活动识别的现实情况。我们的变更检测方法对多维未标记数据流计算变更检测统计量,这些数据流被分类到不同的概念窗口中。然后对变化指示器的值进行处理,以检测活动数据流中指示概念变化的峰值点。使用真实活动识别数据集对该方法进行评估,结果显示与模型错误率相关的检测结果一致。
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引用次数: 1
Compressive Tracking based on Superpixel Segmentation 基于超像素分割的压缩跟踪
Ting Chen, H. Sahli, Yanning Zhang, Tao Yang, Lingyan Ran
The compressive sensing trackers, which utilize a very sparse measurement matrix to capture the targets' appearance model, perform well when the tracked targets are well defined. However, such trackers often run into drifting problems due to the fact that the tracking result is a bounding box which also includes background information, especially in the case of occlusion and low contrast situations. In this paper, we propose an online compressive tracking algorithm based on superpixel segmentation (SPCT). The proposed algorithm employs a weighted multi-scale random measurement matrix along with an efficient superpixel segmentation to preserve the image structure of the targets during tracking. The superpixel segmentation is used to distinguish the target from its surrounding background, to obtain the weighted features within the bounding box. Furthermore, a feedback strategy is also proposed to update the classifier model to reduce the drifting risk. Extensive experimental results have demonstrated that our proposed algorithm outperforms several state-of-the-art tracking algorithms as well as the compressive trackers.
压缩感知跟踪器利用非常稀疏的测量矩阵来捕获目标的外观模型,当跟踪目标定义良好时,其性能良好。然而,由于跟踪结果是一个包含背景信息的边界框,特别是在遮挡和低对比度的情况下,这种跟踪器经常会遇到漂移问题。本文提出一种基于超像素分割(SPCT)的在线压缩跟踪算法。该算法采用加权多尺度随机测量矩阵和高效的超像素分割,在跟踪过程中保持目标的图像结构。利用超像素分割将目标与周围背景区分开来,得到边界框内的加权特征。此外,还提出了一种反馈策略来更新分类器模型,以降低漂移风险。大量的实验结果表明,我们提出的算法优于几种最先进的跟踪算法以及压缩跟踪器。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multi Media
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