Abstract:In Oliver Goldsmith's The Deserted Village, one sense dominates the poem's return to the pastoralized past after the revelation of the village of Auburn's present, degraded state: sound. This essay analyzes Goldsmith's multi-faceted use of sound in The Deserted Village. In particular, I argue that Goldsmith's use of sound to describe a lost past evocatively underscores his political critique and his concerns about the disappearance of an entire way of life. The attempt to recreate a lost world through describing its now silenced sounds both necessitates and facilitates Goldsmith's depiction of the interrelated acts of remembering and imagining the past as a kind of labor—in contrast with the lack of depictions of physical labor that critics have frequently noted. Within the poem, auditory descriptions characterize Goldsmith's engagement not only with time, but also space, labor, and the role of poetry. Listening to the poem's use of sound opens up space for a fresh perspective on many of the longstanding debates that have dominated the poem's critical history. The poem's auditory aspects warrant further attention as a result.
{"title":"\"Sweet was the sound\": The Acoustic World of Oliver Goldsmith's The Deserted Village","authors":"Joshua C. Wright","doi":"10.1353/sec.2023.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sec.2023.0033","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In Oliver Goldsmith's The Deserted Village, one sense dominates the poem's return to the pastoralized past after the revelation of the village of Auburn's present, degraded state: sound. This essay analyzes Goldsmith's multi-faceted use of sound in The Deserted Village. In particular, I argue that Goldsmith's use of sound to describe a lost past evocatively underscores his political critique and his concerns about the disappearance of an entire way of life. The attempt to recreate a lost world through describing its now silenced sounds both necessitates and facilitates Goldsmith's depiction of the interrelated acts of remembering and imagining the past as a kind of labor—in contrast with the lack of depictions of physical labor that critics have frequently noted. Within the poem, auditory descriptions characterize Goldsmith's engagement not only with time, but also space, labor, and the role of poetry. Listening to the poem's use of sound opens up space for a fresh perspective on many of the longstanding debates that have dominated the poem's critical history. The poem's auditory aspects warrant further attention as a result.","PeriodicalId":39439,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49560805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Esther Edwards Burr's correspondence with Sarah Prince was an expression of close friendship and a means for each woman to encourage the other to maintaining her religious devotion. As the daughter of Jonathan Edwards and the wife of Aaron Burr, Sr., it was especially paramount that Esther Edwards Burr maintain a strict relationship with God. She was expected to excel at her domestic duties, including motherhood and hosting many of her husband's Princeton colleagues. Unfortunately, only Burr's half of the letters survive, which provides some insight into the little that is known about her life and personality. However, this paper considers how Prince's silence provides insight into more of Burr's character, especially in her perceived role as a mentor and maternal figure to Prince. Burr's letters can help us better understand the complex power dynamics that exist in correspondence when only one half of the conversation remains.
{"title":"Reading Between the Silences in the Correspondence of Esther Edwards Burr and Sarah Prince","authors":"Kaitlin Tonti","doi":"10.1353/sec.2023.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sec.2023.0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Esther Edwards Burr's correspondence with Sarah Prince was an expression of close friendship and a means for each woman to encourage the other to maintaining her religious devotion. As the daughter of Jonathan Edwards and the wife of Aaron Burr, Sr., it was especially paramount that Esther Edwards Burr maintain a strict relationship with God. She was expected to excel at her domestic duties, including motherhood and hosting many of her husband's Princeton colleagues. Unfortunately, only Burr's half of the letters survive, which provides some insight into the little that is known about her life and personality. However, this paper considers how Prince's silence provides insight into more of Burr's character, especially in her perceived role as a mentor and maternal figure to Prince. Burr's letters can help us better understand the complex power dynamics that exist in correspondence when only one half of the conversation remains.","PeriodicalId":39439,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66501318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This essay re-examines intertextuality in Oliver Goldsmith's The Deserted Village, which foregrounds eighteenth-century anxieties about environmental depletion. On one hand, Goldsmith's allusion to Alexander Pope's Eloisa to Abelard reveals what might seem to be a fantasy, even in the later eighteenth century: namely, that one can escape environmental crises. On the other hand, when Goldsmith directs his readers to Joseph Addison's Cato, he identifies a work that exemplified environmental trauma in the eighteenth century. Cato describes how interlopers in North Africa encounter extreme weather that simultaneously operates as a surrogate for the resistance of "exotic" subjects and as a reminder that Europeans will never grasp their surroundings and therefore do not belong there, at least if they harbor the standard colonial attitudes that would efface the other. Goldsmith's allusion to this 1713 play, then, reinforces how environmental disasters triggered by Europeans get displaced abroad—and at home. At least for Goldsmith, though, allusions can point to cultural aporias that need to be resolved in order to address climate change.
摘要：本文重新审视了奥利弗·戈德史密斯的《被遗弃的村庄》中的互文性，该书突出了18世纪对环境枯竭的焦虑。一方面，戈德史密斯对亚历山大·波普（Alexander Pope）的《埃洛伊萨对阿伯拉德》（Eloisa to Abelard）的影射揭示了一种幻想，即使在18世纪后期也是如此：即一个人可以逃离环境危机。另一方面，当戈德史密斯将读者引向约瑟夫·艾迪生的《卡托》时，他发现了一部体现了18世纪环境创伤的作品。卡托描述了北非的闯入者是如何遇到极端天气的，这种天气同时代替了“外来”主体的抵抗，并提醒欧洲人永远不会掌握周围的环境，因此不属于那里，至少如果他们怀有会抹杀其他人的标准殖民态度的话。戈德史密斯对这部1713年的戏剧的影射，强化了欧洲人引发的环境灾难是如何在国外和国内流离失所的。不过，至少对戈德史密斯来说，典故可以指向需要解决的文化难题，以应对气候变化。
{"title":"\"Eternal Sunshine\": Intertextuality as Environmental History in Oliver Goldsmith's The Deserted Village","authors":"Denys Van Renen","doi":"10.1353/sec.2023.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sec.2023.0034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay re-examines intertextuality in Oliver Goldsmith's The Deserted Village, which foregrounds eighteenth-century anxieties about environmental depletion. On one hand, Goldsmith's allusion to Alexander Pope's Eloisa to Abelard reveals what might seem to be a fantasy, even in the later eighteenth century: namely, that one can escape environmental crises. On the other hand, when Goldsmith directs his readers to Joseph Addison's Cato, he identifies a work that exemplified environmental trauma in the eighteenth century. Cato describes how interlopers in North Africa encounter extreme weather that simultaneously operates as a surrogate for the resistance of \"exotic\" subjects and as a reminder that Europeans will never grasp their surroundings and therefore do not belong there, at least if they harbor the standard colonial attitudes that would efface the other. Goldsmith's allusion to this 1713 play, then, reinforces how environmental disasters triggered by Europeans get displaced abroad—and at home. At least for Goldsmith, though, allusions can point to cultural aporias that need to be resolved in order to address climate change.","PeriodicalId":39439,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45270428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This essay uses the brief archival glimpses we get of Metawney, a Muscogee (Creek) Indian woman, to illustrate how Muscogee women shaped their world and the Native and American Souths more generally throughout the eighteenth century. From Creation Stories and gendered labor roles to the female dimensions of politics and trade, women like Metawney were central players within every element of the Muscogee world, including Muscogee interactions with Europeans, for they were the "life-givers" whose very lives, labor, and experiences fundamentally shaped the eighteenth-century Muscogee world. This is despite the fact that Europeans rarely bothered to document the gendered contours of the Muscogee world, an archival legacy that continues to hinder scholars' understandings of Indigenous women in early America. Finally, I link this archival erasure of Metawney and other women like her to the current epidemic of violence against Native American women in the United States and Canada, i.e., the violence that has prompted the Missing & Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls movement.
{"title":"Metawney of Coweta, Muscogee Women, and Historical Erasure in the Eighteenth-Century Past and Our Present","authors":"Bryan C. Rindfleisch","doi":"10.1353/sec.2023.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sec.2023.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay uses the brief archival glimpses we get of Metawney, a Muscogee (Creek) Indian woman, to illustrate how Muscogee women shaped their world and the Native and American Souths more generally throughout the eighteenth century. From Creation Stories and gendered labor roles to the female dimensions of politics and trade, women like Metawney were central players within every element of the Muscogee world, including Muscogee interactions with Europeans, for they were the \"life-givers\" whose very lives, labor, and experiences fundamentally shaped the eighteenth-century Muscogee world. This is despite the fact that Europeans rarely bothered to document the gendered contours of the Muscogee world, an archival legacy that continues to hinder scholars' understandings of Indigenous women in early America. Finally, I link this archival erasure of Metawney and other women like her to the current epidemic of violence against Native American women in the United States and Canada, i.e., the violence that has prompted the Missing & Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls movement.","PeriodicalId":39439,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45384035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This essay aims to contribute to a better understanding of the role played by women as cultural mediators in the eighteenth century. Its starting point is the little-known figure of María, Countess of Fernán Núñez, Spanish ambassadress to Portugal (1777–87) and France (1787–91), who led a transnational life marked by travel, international courts, and embassies—all spaces of sociability traditionally linked to the study of cultural mediation, an area that in recent years has begun to be considered in relation to gender. The Countess's experience sheds light on the contributions made by diplomats' spouses to the political and cultural life of Europe and on the ways in which a wife and husband could work as a team. Methodologically, this case study also provides an opportunity for reflecting on the sources with which we can reconstruct the cultural mediation carried out by women, who tend to be far less visible in official records.
{"title":"Traveling Together as a Couple: Gender, Diplomacy, and Cultural Mediation in the Life of the Countess of Fernán Núñez, Spanish Ambassadress in Lisbon and Paris (1778–91)","authors":"Carolina Blutrach","doi":"10.1353/sec.2023.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sec.2023.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay aims to contribute to a better understanding of the role played by women as cultural mediators in the eighteenth century. Its starting point is the little-known figure of María, Countess of Fernán Núñez, Spanish ambassadress to Portugal (1777–87) and France (1787–91), who led a transnational life marked by travel, international courts, and embassies—all spaces of sociability traditionally linked to the study of cultural mediation, an area that in recent years has begun to be considered in relation to gender. The Countess's experience sheds light on the contributions made by diplomats' spouses to the political and cultural life of Europe and on the ways in which a wife and husband could work as a team. Methodologically, this case study also provides an opportunity for reflecting on the sources with which we can reconstruct the cultural mediation carried out by women, who tend to be far less visible in official records.","PeriodicalId":39439,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46444617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Following Michel Foucault, this essay aims to open up a Foucauldian perspective on the female Wunderkind in the eighteenth century. We begin with a brief explanation of some central aspects of Foucault's theories of power, knowledge, and discourse. We then argue that the evaluation of child prodigies underwent a significant change in the late eighteenth century, one that is related to and reflects two opposing understandings of childhood and child development, which in turn correspond with the debate over the development of organisms waged between preexistence theorists and advocates of epigenesis. Finally, we propose that in the figure of the female Wunderkind different social orders intersect: the generational order that differentiates between childhood and adulthood and the gendered order that differentiates between women and men. Both differentiations are social constructions, whose undeniable power results from their being declared to be natural.
{"title":"Deviations from Nature's Rule: The Naturalization and Denormalization of the Female Wunderkind in the Eighteenth Century","authors":"Tim Zumhof, Nicole Balzer","doi":"10.1353/sec.2023.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sec.2023.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Following Michel Foucault, this essay aims to open up a Foucauldian perspective on the female Wunderkind in the eighteenth century. We begin with a brief explanation of some central aspects of Foucault's theories of power, knowledge, and discourse. We then argue that the evaluation of child prodigies underwent a significant change in the late eighteenth century, one that is related to and reflects two opposing understandings of childhood and child development, which in turn correspond with the debate over the development of organisms waged between preexistence theorists and advocates of epigenesis. Finally, we propose that in the figure of the female Wunderkind different social orders intersect: the generational order that differentiates between childhood and adulthood and the gendered order that differentiates between women and men. Both differentiations are social constructions, whose undeniable power results from their being declared to be natural.","PeriodicalId":39439,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47371227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Unlike many of her female contemporaries, who shunned public scrutiny of their private lives, Charlotte Smith invited biographical readings of her work. In prologues and prefaces, which engendered both sympathy and derision, Smith decries her position as a wronged wife and highlights her devotion as a working mother. Similarly suffering, saintly wives and abusive husbands populate her fiction, while the speakers of her popular Elegiac Sonnets bemoan their tragic lot. Critics still follow the author's invitation. However, what do we do when the facts of a biography unsettle the aesthetic project supposedly based on it? This essay tackles this question by arguing that while Smith uses the figure of the slave in her writing as a rhetorical and aesthetic device to emphasize the often gendered injustice she faced, both her 1796 novel Marchmont and her letters reveal how the pathos produced by this figure collides with the monetary potential of enslaved persons' labor. Smith's antislavery views appear in her poetry and novels, such as Marchmont, in which the title character is imprisoned for debt and describes himself as a slave; however, it is income from enslaved persons that ultimately enables his freedom. A similar irony reappears four years after Marchmont's publication, when Smith negotiated the sale of a Barbados estate owned by a family trust. This essay asks how far Smith's apparent invitation to read autobiographically really goes and how, as critics, we should grapple with this approach when it produces conflicting accounts not only in her literary texts, but also within her biography itself.
{"title":"Inviting Conflict: Slavery and Charlotte Smith's Biographical Aesthetic","authors":"Lise Gaston","doi":"10.1353/sec.2023.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sec.2023.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Unlike many of her female contemporaries, who shunned public scrutiny of their private lives, Charlotte Smith invited biographical readings of her work. In prologues and prefaces, which engendered both sympathy and derision, Smith decries her position as a wronged wife and highlights her devotion as a working mother. Similarly suffering, saintly wives and abusive husbands populate her fiction, while the speakers of her popular Elegiac Sonnets bemoan their tragic lot. Critics still follow the author's invitation. However, what do we do when the facts of a biography unsettle the aesthetic project supposedly based on it? This essay tackles this question by arguing that while Smith uses the figure of the slave in her writing as a rhetorical and aesthetic device to emphasize the often gendered injustice she faced, both her 1796 novel Marchmont and her letters reveal how the pathos produced by this figure collides with the monetary potential of enslaved persons' labor. Smith's antislavery views appear in her poetry and novels, such as Marchmont, in which the title character is imprisoned for debt and describes himself as a slave; however, it is income from enslaved persons that ultimately enables his freedom. A similar irony reappears four years after Marchmont's publication, when Smith negotiated the sale of a Barbados estate owned by a family trust. This essay asks how far Smith's apparent invitation to read autobiographically really goes and how, as critics, we should grapple with this approach when it produces conflicting accounts not only in her literary texts, but also within her biography itself.","PeriodicalId":39439,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43764011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Digital resources like the HathiTrust Digital Library, Early English Books Online, and Eighteenth-Century Collections Online are increasingly central to humanities scholarship, a trend that has only accelerated as academic jobs disappear, institutional budgets tighten, and an ongoing global pandemic limits travel and access to archives. These electronic resources are not simply a panacea in precarious times, however; they are the product of a global information economy that depends on uncredited, invisible, and underpaid labor. The academic humanities are complicit in exploiting and erasing these technology workers, as a growing body of investigative research has shown. This essay contributes a new case study of an offshore outsourcing project commissioned by and for eighteenth-century scholars: the digitization of The London Stage, 1660–1800 by China Data Systems Corporation in 1970. That electronic transcription, which continues to underpin the present-day London Stage Database, was performed by women keypunchers whose labor was systematically feminized, racialized, and devalued in advertisements and corporate media. Drawing connections to the rhetoric around projects like Google Books and the Text Creation Partnership today, I highlight the recurrent figure of the hand and its vexed role in policing the boundaries between agential and alienated labor. Turning to the period that gave rise to contemporary understandings of intellectual property, I conclude by examining a receipt recording three copyright sales between Susanna Centlivre and Edmund Curll. In this ephemeral manuscript, I find a story richly suggestive of how we might reimagine scholarly labor and knowledge work in our moment of technocapitalism.
摘要：HathiTrust数字图书馆、Early English Books Online和18th Century Collections Online等数字资源越来越成为人文学科学术的核心，随着学术工作的消失、机构预算的紧缩以及持续的全球疫情限制了旅行和查阅档案，这一趋势只会加速。然而，这些电子资源不仅仅是不稳定时期的灵丹妙药；它们是全球信息经济的产物，这种经济依赖于未经编辑、看不见、报酬过低的劳动力。越来越多的调查研究表明，学术人文学科是剥削和抹杀这些技术工作者的同谋。本文提供了一个由18世纪学者委托并为其服务的离岸外包项目的新案例研究：中国数据系统公司于1970年对1660–1800年的伦敦舞台进行数字化。这种电子转录仍然是当今伦敦舞台数据库的基础，由女性关键人物进行，她们的劳动在广告和企业媒体中被系统地女性化、种族化和贬值。今天，我将谷歌图书和文本创建伙伴关系等项目的言论联系起来，强调了这只手的反复出现，以及它在监管代理人和异化劳动力之间的界限方面所扮演的令人烦恼的角色。谈到引起当代人对知识产权理解的时期，我最后查看了一张收据，记录了苏珊娜·森特利夫和埃德蒙·科尔之间的三次版权销售。在这本短暂的手稿中，我发现了一个故事，它丰富地暗示了我们在技术资本主义时代如何重新想象学术劳动和知识工作。
{"title":"From Manual to Digital: Women's Hands and the Work of Eighteenth-Century Studies","authors":"Mattie Burkert","doi":"10.1353/sec.2023.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sec.2023.0036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Digital resources like the HathiTrust Digital Library, Early English Books Online, and Eighteenth-Century Collections Online are increasingly central to humanities scholarship, a trend that has only accelerated as academic jobs disappear, institutional budgets tighten, and an ongoing global pandemic limits travel and access to archives. These electronic resources are not simply a panacea in precarious times, however; they are the product of a global information economy that depends on uncredited, invisible, and underpaid labor. The academic humanities are complicit in exploiting and erasing these technology workers, as a growing body of investigative research has shown. This essay contributes a new case study of an offshore outsourcing project commissioned by and for eighteenth-century scholars: the digitization of The London Stage, 1660–1800 by China Data Systems Corporation in 1970. That electronic transcription, which continues to underpin the present-day London Stage Database, was performed by women keypunchers whose labor was systematically feminized, racialized, and devalued in advertisements and corporate media. Drawing connections to the rhetoric around projects like Google Books and the Text Creation Partnership today, I highlight the recurrent figure of the hand and its vexed role in policing the boundaries between agential and alienated labor. Turning to the period that gave rise to contemporary understandings of intellectual property, I conclude by examining a receipt recording three copyright sales between Susanna Centlivre and Edmund Curll. In this ephemeral manuscript, I find a story richly suggestive of how we might reimagine scholarly labor and knowledge work in our moment of technocapitalism.","PeriodicalId":39439,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48265262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In early eighteenth-century England, love songs published in musical miscellanies offered audiences the chance to learn about love in all of its forms. Love songs covered a wide range of subjects, with advice that a man or a woman could follow from the earliest stages of courtship to the later stages of a marriage. Other songs were explicit and erotic, introducing the singer or listener to aspects of sexual conduct and intercourse that might inform or caution them on how to behave. This essay compares eighteenth-century song culture to the didactic purposes of conduct books and erotic literature in the eighteenth century. I argue that by purchasing and performing songs, men and women learned new ways of engaging with the opposite sex across a variety of social contexts. As England's attitude towards courtship, marriage, and sex continued to change in the early eighteenth century, song culture connected men and women to the realities of courtship through the performance of shared emotion that elaborated upon their personal experiences. Love songs helped men and women navigate the tensions between their own desire and the behavioral rules and limitations placed on each sex.
{"title":"Beauty, Voice, and Wit: Learning Courtship and Sex through Song in Early Eighteenth-Century England","authors":"Alison DeSimone","doi":"10.1353/sec.2023.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sec.2023.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In early eighteenth-century England, love songs published in musical miscellanies offered audiences the chance to learn about love in all of its forms. Love songs covered a wide range of subjects, with advice that a man or a woman could follow from the earliest stages of courtship to the later stages of a marriage. Other songs were explicit and erotic, introducing the singer or listener to aspects of sexual conduct and intercourse that might inform or caution them on how to behave. This essay compares eighteenth-century song culture to the didactic purposes of conduct books and erotic literature in the eighteenth century. I argue that by purchasing and performing songs, men and women learned new ways of engaging with the opposite sex across a variety of social contexts. As England's attitude towards courtship, marriage, and sex continued to change in the early eighteenth century, song culture connected men and women to the realities of courtship through the performance of shared emotion that elaborated upon their personal experiences. Love songs helped men and women navigate the tensions between their own desire and the behavioral rules and limitations placed on each sex.","PeriodicalId":39439,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45604343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The 1685 Code Noir defined marronage (running away or self-liberation) in France's Caribbean colonies, but its authors in France did not anticipate that runaways would go unclaimed. In colonial Haiti, unclaimed runaways were known as nègres épaves. Various eighteenth-century regulations addressed the imprisonment, reporting, use of labor, and advertising the sale of unclaimed runaways. Runaways who remained unclaimed risked reenslavement. However, for unclaimed runaways, their flight did not end with recapture. Advertisements for unclaimed runaways in the Affiches Américaines reveal how the enslaved continued to resist. Colonial authorities relied upon the enslaved to provide all non-visible identifying information. This meant they could provide a name, ethnicity, and age other than what would be listed on a plantation registry, as well as misleading details about their enslavers. In this way, the enslaved had the power to claim an identity that could reflect their true selves, prevent an enslaver from reclaiming them, delay their reenslavement, and possibly improve their circumstances.
{"title":"Unclaimed Runways in Colonial Haiti: Law, Liberation, and Re-Enslavement in the Atlantic World","authors":"Erica Johnson Edwards","doi":"10.1353/sec.2023.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sec.2023.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The 1685 Code Noir defined marronage (running away or self-liberation) in France's Caribbean colonies, but its authors in France did not anticipate that runaways would go unclaimed. In colonial Haiti, unclaimed runaways were known as nègres épaves. Various eighteenth-century regulations addressed the imprisonment, reporting, use of labor, and advertising the sale of unclaimed runaways. Runaways who remained unclaimed risked reenslavement. However, for unclaimed runaways, their flight did not end with recapture. Advertisements for unclaimed runaways in the Affiches Américaines reveal how the enslaved continued to resist. Colonial authorities relied upon the enslaved to provide all non-visible identifying information. This meant they could provide a name, ethnicity, and age other than what would be listed on a plantation registry, as well as misleading details about their enslavers. In this way, the enslaved had the power to claim an identity that could reflect their true selves, prevent an enslaver from reclaiming them, delay their reenslavement, and possibly improve their circumstances.","PeriodicalId":39439,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45385665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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