Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2022.2065103
D. Hooke
and observations. Monasteries are taken as the driving force in building these watercourses. Whether they were the only ones is less easy to determine. The few explicit sources tend to emphasise ecclesiastical agency and interests, and some watercourses fit plausibly into the landscapes of communication and distribution of goods around major monasteries; others are less obviously tied to monastic initiative, and the possibility should be entertained that they represent a wider range of agencies, potentially several collaborating together. This important book invites other historians and archaeologists to revisit a remarkable set of interventions in a remarkable region.
{"title":"The Wandering Herd. The medieval cattle economy of South East England c. 450–1450","authors":"D. Hooke","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2065103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2065103","url":null,"abstract":"and observations. Monasteries are taken as the driving force in building these watercourses. Whether they were the only ones is less easy to determine. The few explicit sources tend to emphasise ecclesiastical agency and interests, and some watercourses fit plausibly into the landscapes of communication and distribution of goods around major monasteries; others are less obviously tied to monastic initiative, and the possibility should be entertained that they represent a wider range of agencies, potentially several collaborating together. This important book invites other historians and archaeologists to revisit a remarkable set of interventions in a remarkable region.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":" ","pages":"145 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48971467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2022.2065100
Philip D. Morgan
tree experts and modern professional arboriculture. The third chapter discusses tree management in the medieval period, and this is followed by four chapters defined broadly by garden history including Chapter 5 on arboriculture in the age of formal gardens and Chapter 6 on arboriculture and the English landscape garden. Each chapter has a similar structure, starting with a broad historical overview, followed by a concise and very valuable discussion of the sources available for the history of arboriculture. In earlier chapters manuscript evidence and woodcuts are of great significance. A splendid example is provided by a pair of images (p. 50) from the Julius Calendar in the British Library (Cotton MS Julius A VI). One shows three workers pruning or lopping woody vegetation in February; the other relating to June depicts workers coppicing and pollarding trees with axes and loading cut wood onto a cart. In later chapters very effective use is made of estate maps, garden plans, engravings and paintings of garden landscapes. Examples are taken from contemporary gardening texts and detailed extracts from plans such as that of Badminton in 1707 by Knyff and Kip (p. 136). Later chapters use a range of historical photographs, together with excellent modern photographs and some fascinating examples of advertisements covering topiary; chainsaws, tree moving equipment, and stump grinding machines. The core of the text of each chapter is a careful analysis of the changing role of arboriculture examined through the lens of changing styles of ornamental gardening. The principal sources include gardening and horticultural texts, forestry and silvicultural manuals, newspapers and magazines. There are useful and very informative discussions about the changing nature of the work of tree experts including topiary, the management of avenues, clumps and orchards, and the impact of the astonishing increase in ornamental tree species which were introduced and popularised in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Particular attention is paid to the development of arboricultural techniques and tools. The invention and rapid spread of lightweight chainsaws in the second half of the twentieth century transformed the ways in trees could be managed. Until very recently much pruning and shaping of trees was undertaken by workers who climbed into the trees, using long ladders. Modern techniques using ropes and safety harnesses were not widely introduced until the 1960s. Overall this splendid book provides an illuminating and complete history of the practical management of trees and is to be strongly recommended to all those with an interest in garden, woodland and landscape history.
树木专家和现代专业树木栽培。第三章讨论了中世纪时期的树木管理，接下来的四章根据园林历史进行了广泛的定义，包括第5章关于正式花园时代的树木栽培，第6章关于树木栽培和英国景观花园。每一章都有类似的结构，从一个广泛的历史概述开始，然后是一个简洁而非常有价值的关于树木栽培历史的讨论。在前面的章节中，手稿证据和木刻具有重要意义。大英图书馆《朱利叶斯历法》(Cotton MS Julius A VI)中的两幅图片(第50页)就是一个很好的例子。其中一幅画的是3名工人在2月份修剪或砍掉木本植被;另一幅与六月有关，描绘了工人们用斧头修剪树木，把砍下来的木头装上手推车。在后面的章节中，非常有效地使用了庄园地图、园林平面图、园林景观的雕刻和绘画。例子摘自当代的园艺文献和详细的计划摘录，如1707年Knyff和Kip的羽毛球(第136页)。后面的章节使用了一系列的历史照片，连同优秀的现代照片和一些迷人的广告覆盖绿化的例子;链锯，树木移动设备，树桩磨床。每一章的核心内容都是通过观赏园艺风格的变化来仔细分析树木栽培的作用变化。主要资料来源包括园艺和园艺方面的文本、林业和造林手册、报纸和杂志。关于树木专家工作性质的变化，包括树木修剪、林道、林丛和果园的管理，以及18、19世纪引进和普及的观赏树种惊人增长的影响，书中进行了有益且内容丰富的讨论。特别注意树木栽培技术和工具的发展。二十世纪下半叶，轻型链锯的发明和迅速普及改变了树木的管理方式。直到最近，许多修剪和塑造树木的工作都是由工人们用长长的梯子爬进树里来完成的。直到20世纪60年代，使用绳索和安全带的现代技术才被广泛采用。总的来说，这本精彩的书提供了一个具有启发性和完整的树木实际管理的历史，强烈推荐给所有对花园，林地和景观历史感兴趣的人。
{"title":"The Victoria History of Staffordshire: Tamworth and Drayton Bassett","authors":"Philip D. Morgan","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2065100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2065100","url":null,"abstract":"tree experts and modern professional arboriculture. The third chapter discusses tree management in the medieval period, and this is followed by four chapters defined broadly by garden history including Chapter 5 on arboriculture in the age of formal gardens and Chapter 6 on arboriculture and the English landscape garden. Each chapter has a similar structure, starting with a broad historical overview, followed by a concise and very valuable discussion of the sources available for the history of arboriculture. In earlier chapters manuscript evidence and woodcuts are of great significance. A splendid example is provided by a pair of images (p. 50) from the Julius Calendar in the British Library (Cotton MS Julius A VI). One shows three workers pruning or lopping woody vegetation in February; the other relating to June depicts workers coppicing and pollarding trees with axes and loading cut wood onto a cart. In later chapters very effective use is made of estate maps, garden plans, engravings and paintings of garden landscapes. Examples are taken from contemporary gardening texts and detailed extracts from plans such as that of Badminton in 1707 by Knyff and Kip (p. 136). Later chapters use a range of historical photographs, together with excellent modern photographs and some fascinating examples of advertisements covering topiary; chainsaws, tree moving equipment, and stump grinding machines. The core of the text of each chapter is a careful analysis of the changing role of arboriculture examined through the lens of changing styles of ornamental gardening. The principal sources include gardening and horticultural texts, forestry and silvicultural manuals, newspapers and magazines. There are useful and very informative discussions about the changing nature of the work of tree experts including topiary, the management of avenues, clumps and orchards, and the impact of the astonishing increase in ornamental tree species which were introduced and popularised in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Particular attention is paid to the development of arboricultural techniques and tools. The invention and rapid spread of lightweight chainsaws in the second half of the twentieth century transformed the ways in trees could be managed. Until very recently much pruning and shaping of trees was undertaken by workers who climbed into the trees, using long ladders. Modern techniques using ropes and safety harnesses were not widely introduced until the 1960s. Overall this splendid book provides an illuminating and complete history of the practical management of trees and is to be strongly recommended to all those with an interest in garden, woodland and landscape history.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"141 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41366257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2022.2065098
Charles F. Watkins
been influential, even within royal forests (which relied upon the co-operation of local people), and state forestry’, something all too often ignored by forest environmental historians. In France, there was an unprecedented shortage of wood in the early modern era, with lay and ecclesiastical communities, individuals, wood merchants, barons, and even the king, competing for supplies. While this led to new laws in 1661 and the Great Ordnance of 1669, it seems these were not so new as once thought but reflected earlier control and recognised ‘people’s profound attachment to and identification with their forests’ (p. 248). Increased measures were also taken in English forests during the seventeenth century but once again scholars have underestimated the role of earlier forest courts (declining at the end of the Middle Ages). The vert had been conserved for the deer while ensuring that the monarch had access to a regular supply of timber for the construction and repairs to royal residences, park fences, hunting lodges, mills, and bridges, plus fuel wood, requiring good stewardship: ‘Both time-honoured customary practice and state intervention were vital to the survival of the English woods in the seventeenth century as demands escalated’ (p. 259). Such measures reinforced and enhanced methods that had been practiced throughout medieval times. These often involved enclosure after felling to all natural regeneration — an important factor in woods used as wood-pasture. In SchleswigHolstein the over-exploitation of woodlands that has been argued to have occurred by the late eighteenth century, giving rise to further legislation, had however been controlled in some regions much earlier and at least by the mid-sixteenth century when forest reeves were employed to supervise ‘authorized logging’, but ultimately not sufficient to preserve woodland. Finally, in East-Central Europe, and mainly in the Czech Republic, although some traditional practices such as coppicing and wood-pasturing were often rejected in the nineteenth and twentieth century they have since been reintroduced. Thus before issues of conservation and sus tainability became a recognised aim of environmental protection many measures had already been part of standard traditional practice for a long time, whether carried out by local communities or overlords. Many had been based upon the need to avert resource scarcity. These are no means, in practise, terms conjured up in modern times. Sustainability now, however, maybe deliberately also ‘orientated toward the future’ — a feature of both ‘history and destiny’. This is a timely and important, if expensive book, a study covering many countries and examining deepseated attitudes to conservation and sustainability.
{"title":"The Tree Experts: a history of professional arboriculture in Britain","authors":"Charles F. Watkins","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2065098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2065098","url":null,"abstract":"been influential, even within royal forests (which relied upon the co-operation of local people), and state forestry’, something all too often ignored by forest environmental historians. In France, there was an unprecedented shortage of wood in the early modern era, with lay and ecclesiastical communities, individuals, wood merchants, barons, and even the king, competing for supplies. While this led to new laws in 1661 and the Great Ordnance of 1669, it seems these were not so new as once thought but reflected earlier control and recognised ‘people’s profound attachment to and identification with their forests’ (p. 248). Increased measures were also taken in English forests during the seventeenth century but once again scholars have underestimated the role of earlier forest courts (declining at the end of the Middle Ages). The vert had been conserved for the deer while ensuring that the monarch had access to a regular supply of timber for the construction and repairs to royal residences, park fences, hunting lodges, mills, and bridges, plus fuel wood, requiring good stewardship: ‘Both time-honoured customary practice and state intervention were vital to the survival of the English woods in the seventeenth century as demands escalated’ (p. 259). Such measures reinforced and enhanced methods that had been practiced throughout medieval times. These often involved enclosure after felling to all natural regeneration — an important factor in woods used as wood-pasture. In SchleswigHolstein the over-exploitation of woodlands that has been argued to have occurred by the late eighteenth century, giving rise to further legislation, had however been controlled in some regions much earlier and at least by the mid-sixteenth century when forest reeves were employed to supervise ‘authorized logging’, but ultimately not sufficient to preserve woodland. Finally, in East-Central Europe, and mainly in the Czech Republic, although some traditional practices such as coppicing and wood-pasturing were often rejected in the nineteenth and twentieth century they have since been reintroduced. Thus before issues of conservation and sus tainability became a recognised aim of environmental protection many measures had already been part of standard traditional practice for a long time, whether carried out by local communities or overlords. Many had been based upon the need to avert resource scarcity. These are no means, in practise, terms conjured up in modern times. Sustainability now, however, maybe deliberately also ‘orientated toward the future’ — a feature of both ‘history and destiny’. This is a timely and important, if expensive book, a study covering many countries and examining deepseated attitudes to conservation and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"140 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42639426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2022.2065355
Hannah Awcock
{"title":"Saving the People’s Forest: open Spaces, enclosure and popular protest in mid-Victorian London","authors":"Hannah Awcock","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2065355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2065355","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"153 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41346284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2022.2065326
A. Harvey-Fishenden
{"title":"Colne Valley: a history of a Pennine landscape","authors":"A. Harvey-Fishenden","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2065326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2065326","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":" ","pages":"150 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45196619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2022.2064117
P. Shepherd
ABSTRACT This paper examines the background landscape depictions of two late fifteenth-century altarpieces and discusses what these commissions reveal about the contrasting societal and cultural influences affecting the respective patrons. It suggests that their aspirations and self-perceptions are evidenced within differing approaches to landscape depiction at this time. The paintings demonstrate contrasting concerns and cultural identities north and south of the Alps and may relate to divergent symbolic associations utilised within their particular elitist environments.
{"title":"Social ‘Under-painting’ in 15th-century landscape depictions","authors":"P. Shepherd","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2064117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2064117","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the background landscape depictions of two late fifteenth-century altarpieces and discusses what these commissions reveal about the contrasting societal and cultural influences affecting the respective patrons. It suggests that their aspirations and self-perceptions are evidenced within differing approaches to landscape depiction at this time. The paintings demonstrate contrasting concerns and cultural identities north and south of the Alps and may relate to divergent symbolic associations utilised within their particular elitist environments.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"27 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44946514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2022.2064643
D. Hooke
ABSTRACT Industrial development had a huge effect upon audible sound in the nineteenth century, not only in urban regions but also in more rural locations, as mechanisation affected all branches of industry, mining, agriculture, and forestry. Natural sounds continued to be reflected in literature and poetry while enriching our personal lives, but have had to contend with the competition of an ever more densely populated world.
{"title":"Sound in the landscape. Part 3b: the later nineteenth century to the present day","authors":"D. Hooke","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2064643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2064643","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Industrial development had a huge effect upon audible sound in the nineteenth century, not only in urban regions but also in more rural locations, as mechanisation affected all branches of industry, mining, agriculture, and forestry. Natural sounds continued to be reflected in literature and poetry while enriching our personal lives, but have had to contend with the competition of an ever more densely populated world.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"129 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47525141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/01433768.2022.2064640
I. Wegman
ABSTRACT It is sometimes assumed that the concept of the ‘commons’ was transposed directly from Britain to the Australian colonies, and that the term is interchangeable with ‘Crown land’ to describe lands not yet claimed by European settlers. This paper compares British commons with those introduced in the earliest years of the New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land colonies, and asks why the latter failed to reserve land specifically for common grazing in its first thirty years. By comparing these two colonies, it becomes clear that each was driven by different environmental factors and priorities. Moreover, it shows that British commons and Crown lands in Australia were only comparable in a very shallow sense. This piece argues that calling unalienated acres claimed by the Crown in Australia ‘commons’ perpetuates the dispossession of Indigenous peoples from their lands by applying a framework founded in a thousand years of British common law and precedent.
{"title":"Anything but common: why Van Diemen’s Land never had commons","authors":"I. Wegman","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2064640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2064640","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is sometimes assumed that the concept of the ‘commons’ was transposed directly from Britain to the Australian colonies, and that the term is interchangeable with ‘Crown land’ to describe lands not yet claimed by European settlers. This paper compares British commons with those introduced in the earliest years of the New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land colonies, and asks why the latter failed to reserve land specifically for common grazing in its first thirty years. By comparing these two colonies, it becomes clear that each was driven by different environmental factors and priorities. Moreover, it shows that British commons and Crown lands in Australia were only comparable in a very shallow sense. This piece argues that calling unalienated acres claimed by the Crown in Australia ‘commons’ perpetuates the dispossession of Indigenous peoples from their lands by applying a framework founded in a thousand years of British common law and precedent.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"87 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48115328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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