Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0224
Albert D. Pionke
“Published and Distributed on behalf of the people of India” by five of the founding regional associations of the Indian National Congress, An Appeal on Behalf of the People of India to the Electors of Great Britain and Ireland is now exceedingly rare, with only one copy recorded in WorldCat’s digital database of library catalogs. The pamphlet attempts to influence Britain’s newest and largest constituency of electors—those enfranchised by the Third Reform Act of 1884—to cast their first votes, in the general election of 1885, with their own and Indian colonial subjects’ shared democratic principles in mind. Although unsuccessful in promoting the return of its recommended candidates, An Appeal marks a key moment in British imperial history, when the empire, as it were, came home to speak in what would become the irresistible voice of the Indian National Congress. Its annotated republication is especially appropriate in this seventy-fifth-anniversary year of Indian independence (1947).
《代表印度人民致大不列颠和爱尔兰选民的呼吁书》由印度国民大会的五个创始区域协会“以印度人民的名义出版和分发”，现在极为罕见，在世界猫的图书馆目录数字数据库中只记录了一份。这本小册子试图影响英国最新和最大的选民群体——那些通过1884年第三次改革法案获得选举权的选民——在1885年的大选中，带着他们自己和印度殖民地臣民共同的民主原则，投出他们的第一张票。尽管没有成功地促使推荐的候选人回国，《呼吁》标志着大英帝国历史上的一个关键时刻，当时大英帝国回到了家乡，用后来不可抗拒的印度国民大会党(Indian National Congress)的声音说话。在印度独立75周年(1947年)之际，它的注释再版是特别合适的。
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Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0138
T. Wagner
This article critically examines the figure of the “mother-sister” in Victorian popular fiction. Sisters whose main function in the household comprises mothering their siblings, combines several narrative possibilities in nineteenth-century fiction, while constructively complicating the representation of domestic work. Whereas canonical fiction depicts sisters taking care of motherless siblings more often than their general absence from critical discussion might suggest, for several Victorian women writers, the mother-sister’s experience offers an opportunity to detail everyday domestic labor, to validate homemaking without sentimentalizing it, and to express frustration without rejecting domestic ideals. After a general discussion of the significance of this hitherto neglected figure in Victorian culture, this article juxtaposes the mother-sister’s representation in novels by otherwise markedly different popular authors of the time: the religious writer Charlotte Yonge and Mrs. Henry Wood, one of the most successful sensation novelists of the time. Their contrasting portrayal of reluctant, resentful, and resented mother-sisters offers a different angle on expected depictions of capable homemaking as a sign of value in Victorian fiction.
{"title":"The Mother-Sister of Victorian Fiction: Domestic Compromises and Replaceable Heroines","authors":"T. Wagner","doi":"10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0138","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article critically examines the figure of the “mother-sister” in Victorian popular fiction. Sisters whose main function in the household comprises mothering their siblings, combines several narrative possibilities in nineteenth-century fiction, while constructively complicating the representation of domestic work. Whereas canonical fiction depicts sisters taking care of motherless siblings more often than their general absence from critical discussion might suggest, for several Victorian women writers, the mother-sister’s experience offers an opportunity to detail everyday domestic labor, to validate homemaking without sentimentalizing it, and to express frustration without rejecting domestic ideals. After a general discussion of the significance of this hitherto neglected figure in Victorian culture, this article juxtaposes the mother-sister’s representation in novels by otherwise markedly different popular authors of the time: the religious writer Charlotte Yonge and Mrs. Henry Wood, one of the most successful sensation novelists of the time. Their contrasting portrayal of reluctant, resentful, and resented mother-sisters offers a different angle on expected depictions of capable homemaking as a sign of value in Victorian fiction.","PeriodicalId":397139,"journal":{"name":"Victorians Institute Journal","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132294107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0113
Marziyeh Ghoreishi
In his seminal Orientalism, Edward Said describes the Orient as a cultural construction of the East, represented by Europeans as a point of contrast to the West. The Orient thus comes to be seen as an Other against the Western Self, conveying a set of characteristics that are typically considered to be feminine and encompass such features as sensuality, irrationality, and violence. These features are set against a masculine, strong, and rational West. Travel writing in particular has been concerned with the exercise of power and authority in the Orient. Using Said’s theory of Orientalism, this article looks at Edward Granville Browne’s A Year Amongst the Persians to examine Browne’s perception and understanding of Iran and Iranians. Browne began learning Persian in 1882 and subsequently became a Persophile and admirer of Persian language and culture. He spent 1887–8 in Iran and among Iranians and published his travelogue in 1893. For a better understanding of Browne’s position on imperialism and Orientalism, the article examines the writings of some British travelers and explores the cultural bias implicit in their works and their construction of the “imaginary” Orient and uses that as a point of comparison and contrast with Browne’s travelogue.
{"title":"E. G. Browne, the Persophile: Orientalism in A Year Amongst the Persians","authors":"Marziyeh Ghoreishi","doi":"10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0113","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In his seminal Orientalism, Edward Said describes the Orient as a cultural construction of the East, represented by Europeans as a point of contrast to the West. The Orient thus comes to be seen as an Other against the Western Self, conveying a set of characteristics that are typically considered to be feminine and encompass such features as sensuality, irrationality, and violence. These features are set against a masculine, strong, and rational West. Travel writing in particular has been concerned with the exercise of power and authority in the Orient. Using Said’s theory of Orientalism, this article looks at Edward Granville Browne’s A Year Amongst the Persians to examine Browne’s perception and understanding of Iran and Iranians. Browne began learning Persian in 1882 and subsequently became a Persophile and admirer of Persian language and culture. He spent 1887–8 in Iran and among Iranians and published his travelogue in 1893. For a better understanding of Browne’s position on imperialism and Orientalism, the article examines the writings of some British travelers and explores the cultural bias implicit in their works and their construction of the “imaginary” Orient and uses that as a point of comparison and contrast with Browne’s travelogue.","PeriodicalId":397139,"journal":{"name":"Victorians Institute Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114930154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0028
Emily Harbin
Critics have discussed two main influences on Sarah Grand’s New Woman novel, The Heavenly Twins—Josephine Butler’s deeply evangelical, social purity feminism and Francis Galton’s scientifically grounded theory of eugenics. However, eugenics and evangelicalism are usually discussed separately and thought of as potentially irreconcilable. Through a consideration of several main characters, this article demonstrates how these ideological frameworks are fused and interwoven in the novel. Grand specifically advocates for women obtaining basic medical knowledge so that they can take the responsibility for sexual selection, with the goal of choosing eugenically fit husbands. Grand also represents the struggles of the developing New Women through another main character, Angelica. Angelica’s cross-dressing, rejection of the traditional marriage market, and critique of the religious establishment eventually lead her to a eugenic and spiritual awakening, transforming her into an advocate for women. Finally, Grand provocatively suggests that women and doctors could take the place of priests, jointly promoting female-centered theology and eugenic thought through a process here called eugenic evangelism. This complex merging of two seemingly irreconcilable late Victorian ideological frameworks represents what is “new” and challenging about the New Woman novel.
{"title":"“Diametrically Opposite Views”: Reconciling the Influences of Josephine Butler and Francis Galton on Sarah Grand’s The Heavenly Twins","authors":"Emily Harbin","doi":"10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Critics have discussed two main influences on Sarah Grand’s New Woman novel, The Heavenly Twins—Josephine Butler’s deeply evangelical, social purity feminism and Francis Galton’s scientifically grounded theory of eugenics. However, eugenics and evangelicalism are usually discussed separately and thought of as potentially irreconcilable. Through a consideration of several main characters, this article demonstrates how these ideological frameworks are fused and interwoven in the novel. Grand specifically advocates for women obtaining basic medical knowledge so that they can take the responsibility for sexual selection, with the goal of choosing eugenically fit husbands. Grand also represents the struggles of the developing New Women through another main character, Angelica. Angelica’s cross-dressing, rejection of the traditional marriage market, and critique of the religious establishment eventually lead her to a eugenic and spiritual awakening, transforming her into an advocate for women. Finally, Grand provocatively suggests that women and doctors could take the place of priests, jointly promoting female-centered theology and eugenic thought through a process here called eugenic evangelism. This complex merging of two seemingly irreconcilable late Victorian ideological frameworks represents what is “new” and challenging about the New Woman novel.","PeriodicalId":397139,"journal":{"name":"Victorians Institute Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132488628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0262
Ashley L. Quinn
{"title":"Narrative Bonds: Multiple Narrators in the Victorian Novel","authors":"Ashley L. Quinn","doi":"10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0262","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":397139,"journal":{"name":"Victorians Institute Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122238964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0266
Christopher M. Keirstead
By age twelve I was satiated with Baptist sermons. Yet every winter I still looked forward to the occasional moment when a woman occupied the pulpit or when at least the lectern was taken by a man from far away. I loved the vague idea that a whole mission organization had been inspired by a missionary to China named Lottie Moon, a woman I felicitously associated with Chinese mooncakes as they appeared in my book Children Around the World.
十二岁的时候，我已经听够了浸信会的布道。然而，每年冬天，我仍然期待着偶尔有一个女人占据讲坛，或者至少讲台被一个远方的男人占据。我喜欢这样一个模糊的想法:整个宣教组织都受到了一位名叫月亮珞蒂(Lottie Moon)的中国传教士的启发。在我的书《世界各地的孩子》(Children Around the World)中，我把她与中国月饼联系在一起。
{"title":"Missionary Cosmopolitanism in Nineteenth-Century British Literature","authors":"Christopher M. Keirstead","doi":"10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/victinstj.49.2022.0266","url":null,"abstract":"By age twelve I was satiated with Baptist sermons. Yet every winter I still looked forward to the occasional moment when a woman occupied the pulpit or when at least the lectern was taken by a man from far away. I loved the vague idea that a whole mission organization had been inspired by a missionary to China named Lottie Moon, a woman I felicitously associated with Chinese mooncakes as they appeared in my book Children Around the World.","PeriodicalId":397139,"journal":{"name":"Victorians Institute Journal","volume":"64 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130952279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5325/victinstj.48.2021.0108
J. Krzeminski
The mermaid is at once a figure for the hybridity of bodies and, ultimately, for the hybridity of time. In bringing the Victorian mermaid into our contemporary moment with The Mermaid and Mrs. Hancock (2018), Imogen Hermes Gowar revisits Victorian questions about the individuality and boundedness of the human body that are even more pressing when environmental catastrophes are revealing our interconnectedness on both spatial and temporal scales. Pairing Gowar’s novel with Edith Nesbit’s Wet Magic (1913) illustrates that Victorian worries about national character and national superiority that arose because of new theories of evolution and geology, as well as the expansion of empire, are reenvisioned in today’s global world through the unequal effects of environmental harm.
{"title":"“It churns in the air, and fills the lungs”: The Porous, Toxic, Ephemeral Watery Body","authors":"J. Krzeminski","doi":"10.5325/victinstj.48.2021.0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/victinstj.48.2021.0108","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The mermaid is at once a figure for the hybridity of bodies and, ultimately, for the hybridity of time. In bringing the Victorian mermaid into our contemporary moment with The Mermaid and Mrs. Hancock (2018), Imogen Hermes Gowar revisits Victorian questions about the individuality and boundedness of the human body that are even more pressing when environmental catastrophes are revealing our interconnectedness on both spatial and temporal scales. Pairing Gowar’s novel with Edith Nesbit’s Wet Magic (1913) illustrates that Victorian worries about national character and national superiority that arose because of new theories of evolution and geology, as well as the expansion of empire, are reenvisioned in today’s global world through the unequal effects of environmental harm.","PeriodicalId":397139,"journal":{"name":"Victorians Institute Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114619973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5325/victinstj.48.2021.0130
Albert D. Pionke
John Stuart Mill inscribed nearly 1,200 individual examples of marginalia into his personal copy of George Grote’s twelve-volume History of Greece (1846–56). Of these, roughly two-thirds are verbal annotations ranging in length from a single letter to a short paragraph. Analysis of the 136 annotations found in volumes one and two, and comparison of each page containing annotations across five editions of Grote’s History, reveal not only that Mill was directly responsible for sixty revisions made to the text of volumes one and two but also that Mill read and annotated his friend’s “opus magnum” multiple times. Considered not just in terms of its significance in intellectual history—when ancient Greece, specifically Athens, was repositioned as central to modern Britain, particularly as it was being reimagined by Victorian liberal reformers—but also as a case study for how to approach the epistemological challenges posed by marginalia more broadly, Mill’s interactive and durable relationship with Grote’s History testifies to the ongoing influence of reading conventions inherited by the Victorians from their Enlightenment and Romantic predecessors and demonstrates the heuristic value of considering marginalia’s effects in order to discern its content, attribution, intent, and chronology.
{"title":"Reconstructing an Ancient Monument to Mid-Victorian Liberalism, One Annotation at a Time: John Stuart Mill’s Marginalia in George Grote’s History of Greece","authors":"Albert D. Pionke","doi":"10.5325/victinstj.48.2021.0130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/victinstj.48.2021.0130","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 John Stuart Mill inscribed nearly 1,200 individual examples of marginalia into his personal copy of George Grote’s twelve-volume History of Greece (1846–56). Of these, roughly two-thirds are verbal annotations ranging in length from a single letter to a short paragraph. Analysis of the 136 annotations found in volumes one and two, and comparison of each page containing annotations across five editions of Grote’s History, reveal not only that Mill was directly responsible for sixty revisions made to the text of volumes one and two but also that Mill read and annotated his friend’s “opus magnum” multiple times. Considered not just in terms of its significance in intellectual history—when ancient Greece, specifically Athens, was repositioned as central to modern Britain, particularly as it was being reimagined by Victorian liberal reformers—but also as a case study for how to approach the epistemological challenges posed by marginalia more broadly, Mill’s interactive and durable relationship with Grote’s History testifies to the ongoing influence of reading conventions inherited by the Victorians from their Enlightenment and Romantic predecessors and demonstrates the heuristic value of considering marginalia’s effects in order to discern its content, attribution, intent, and chronology.","PeriodicalId":397139,"journal":{"name":"Victorians Institute Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126511396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.5325/victinstj.48.2021.0087
J. Fuller
Netflix’s popular science fiction series The Umbrella Academy raises new questions about how the familiar trope of the ape-man has been adapted for a contemporary audience. Tracing the figure of the ape-man through representative works of nineteenth-century science fiction—Jules Verne’s The Mysterious Island, Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, H. G. Wells’s The Island of Dr Moreau, and Edgar Rice Burroughs’s Tarzan of the Apes—shows that the character has often been used to interrogate ideas of race, gender, and power across the Victorian age. More than just a stand-in for nineteenth-century evolutionary debates, the figure of the ape-man reflects cultural ideas about the relationship between humans and their “animal instincts,” constantly questioning what sets humans apart in the hierarchy of animals.
{"title":"“Those damned, dirty apes”: Netflix’s The Umbrella Academy and the Evolution of the Ape-Man","authors":"J. Fuller","doi":"10.5325/victinstj.48.2021.0087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/victinstj.48.2021.0087","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Netflix’s popular science fiction series The Umbrella Academy raises new questions about how the familiar trope of the ape-man has been adapted for a contemporary audience. Tracing the figure of the ape-man through representative works of nineteenth-century science fiction—Jules Verne’s The Mysterious Island, Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, H. G. Wells’s The Island of Dr Moreau, and Edgar Rice Burroughs’s Tarzan of the Apes—shows that the character has often been used to interrogate ideas of race, gender, and power across the Victorian age. More than just a stand-in for nineteenth-century evolutionary debates, the figure of the ape-man reflects cultural ideas about the relationship between humans and their “animal instincts,” constantly questioning what sets humans apart in the hierarchy of animals.","PeriodicalId":397139,"journal":{"name":"Victorians Institute Journal","volume":"84 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113969682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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