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Factors Associated with Anthropometric Status of Primary School Children in Dodoma, Tanzaniaania 坦桑尼亚多多马小学生人体测量状况的相关因素
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.4314/thrb.v25i2.19
Vivian Kilandeka
Background: Malnutrition in school-age children significantly affects their health, cognitive development, and educational attainment. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of school-age children and the influence of socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors on their nutritional well-being. This study focused on primary focus was on primary school children in Dodoma. sought to identify children who could be at risk of malnutrition. The study intended to establish baseline data regarding the nutritional status of school children that could contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the nutritional landscape among primary school children in the region. This information could subsequently inform nutritionists and policymakers to plan interventions to improve these children's nutritional status.Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 248 pupils was conducted in eight primary schools in Dodoma. Four schools were selected from Chamwino and Dodoma urban districts, respectively, whereby two government schools and two private schools were selected from each district. The other four schools were situated in the urban district of Dodoma, comprising two government and two private schools. The study assessed the prevalence of stunting, wasting/thinness, underweight, and overweight/obesity among primary school children. Stunting was characterized by impaired growth and development with low height for age, while underweight was defined as low weight relative to age. Wasting/thinness refers to insufficient flesh, with body weight falling below skeletal and physical standards. Overweight/obese indicates excessive fat tissue accumulation that could impact health. Data were analyzed using the WHO AnthroPlus v1.0.4 software and SPSS v26 software for Windows.Results: Prevalence rates among the surveyed pupils were as follows: stunting (10.5%), underweight (3.6%), thinness (2.8%), and overweight/obesity (10.1%). Stunting was more prevalent in boys (13.2%) than in girls (8.2%), and it exhibited an upward trend with increasing age. The prevalence of underweight was higher in public schools (8.2%) compared to private schools (3.2%). Thinness was more common in public schools (85.7%) compared to private schools (14.3%) and was more prevalent in rural areas (57.1%) and among younger children (57.1%). Overweight/obesity was more prevalent among girls (91.0%) compared to boys (88.6%). Schools in urban areas showed a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity (90.3%) than those in rural areas (89.5%). Private schools (95.2%) had a higher prevalence of overweight/obese pupils compared to public schools (84.7%). Pupils residing in urban areas were more likely to become overweight/obese compared to their counterparts living in rural settings.Conclusion:  Significant rates of stunting, thinness, underweight, and overweight/obesity were observed among primary schoolchildren in Dodoma, Tanzania. These findings underlined the necessity to enhance nutri
背景:学龄儿童营养不良会严重影响他们的健康、认知发展和受教育程度。本研究旨在评估学龄儿童的营养状况以及社会经济、人口和环境因素对其营养状况的影响。这项研究的主要重点是多多马的小学生。这项研究旨在建立有关学童营养状况的基线数据,从而有助于全面了解该地区小学生的营养状况。这些信息可为营养学家和政策制定者提供参考,帮助他们制定干预计划,改善这些儿童的营养状况:在多多马的八所小学开展了一项横断面研究,共有 248 名学生参与。四所学校分别选自查姆维诺区和多多马城区,每个区各选两所公立学校和两所私立学校。其他四所学校位于多多马城区,包括两所公立学校和两所私立学校。研究评估了小学生发育迟缓、消瘦、体重不足和超重/肥胖的发生率。发育迟缓是指生长发育受阻,身高与年龄不符,而体重不足是指体重与年龄不符。消瘦/消瘦指的是肉体不足,体重低于骨骼和体格标准。超重/肥胖表示脂肪组织堆积过多,可能影响健康。数据使用世界卫生组织 AnthroPlus v1.0.4 软件和 SPSS v26 视窗软件进行分析:被调查学生的患病率如下:发育迟缓(10.5%)、体重不足(3.6%)、瘦弱(2.8%)和超重/肥胖(10.1%)。男生发育迟缓的比例(13.2%)高于女生(8.2%),而且随着年龄的增长,发育迟缓的比例呈上升趋势。体重不足的发生率在公立学校(8.2%)高于私立学校(3.2%)。与私立学校(14.3%)相比,瘦弱在公立学校(85.7%)更为常见,在农村地区(57.1%)和年龄较小的儿童(57.1%)中更为普遍。超重/肥胖症在女孩中的发生率(91.0%)高于男孩(88.6%)。城市地区学校的超重/肥胖率(90.3%)高于农村地区学校(89.5%)。与公立学校(84.7%)相比,私立学校(95.2%)的学生超重/肥胖率更高。居住在城市地区的学生比居住在农村地区的学生更容易超重/肥胖: 结论:在坦桑尼亚多多马的小学生中,发育迟缓、瘦弱、体重不足和超重/肥胖的比例很高。这些发现突出表明,有必要加强营养干预措施,以改善坦桑尼亚公立和私立小学学生的营养状况。
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引用次数: 0
Complete genome sequences and multidrug resistance genotypes of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates from the Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Muhimbili Tanzania 坦桑尼亚穆欣比利中央结核病参考实验室分离的非结核分枝杆菌的完整基因组序列和耐多药基因型
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.4314/thrb.v25i2.15
Hortensia G Nondoli, R. Maghembe, W. Kidima, Victor A. Makene, Esther Ngadaya
Background: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) usually comprise a group of environmental bacteria, with emerging but elusive coinfection with tuberculous mycobacteria, causing pulmonary tuberculosis. Whole genome sequencing may give insight into potential antimicrobial resistance genotypes, giving clinicians and policymakers proper directions in clinical applications and management regimens.Methods: WGS was performed on twenty-four gDNA isolates from archival samples at the Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory using the MinION Oxford Nanopore Sequencing approach. Out of twenty-four, two were confirmed to belong to the NTM group. Further analysis was done to resolve the complete genomes of two nontuberculous mycobacteria strains isolated from tuberculosis patients. We then combined phylogenomics, reference-based scaffolding and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis to delineate each strain's taxonomic position and corresponding features.Results: Our findings reveal that the two strains fit into the genus Mycolicibacterium, and the closest relative is Mycolicibacterium novocastrense. Coupling BacAnt and CARD-based antibiotic resistance analyses revealed multidrug-resistant genotypes of diverse spectra and mechanisms. While the BC02 strain is genetically resistant to beta-lactams, macrolides and rifamycins, the BC05 strain portrays an extended drug resistance genotype encompassing beta-lactams, macrolides, polyamines, and aminoglycosides. Both strains possess a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the RNA polymerase beta-subunit (rpoB), representing resistance to the first-line rifampicin. Additionally, the BC05 strain genetically portrays resistance to ethambutol, isoniazid and fosfomycin through mechanisms involving target alteration through SNPs, drug inactivation and efflux.Conclusion: Our findings strongly suggest the potential implication of multidrug-resistant NTM clinical isolates in the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis. 
背景:非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)通常由一组环境细菌组成,它们与结核分枝杆菌合并感染,导致肺结核,虽然新出现但难以捉摸。全基因组测序可深入了解潜在的抗菌药耐药性基因型,为临床医生和政策制定者提供正确的临床应用和管理方案:采用 MinION 牛津纳米孔测序方法对中央结核病参考实验室档案样本中的 24 个 gDNA 分离物进行了 WGS 测序。在 24 个样本中,有 2 个样本被证实属于 NTM 组。通过进一步分析,我们解析了从结核病患者体内分离出的两株非结核分枝杆菌的完整基因组。然后,我们结合系统发生组学、基于参考的支架和平均核苷酸同一性(ANI)分析,确定了每株菌株的分类位置和相应特征:结果:我们的研究结果表明,这两株菌株均属于霉菌属,其中最亲缘的菌株是新产霉菌(Mycolicibacterium novocastrense)。结合 BacAnt 和基于 CARD 的抗生素耐药性分析,我们发现了具有不同光谱和机制的多重耐药基因型。BC02 菌株对 beta-内酰胺类、大环内酯类和利福霉素具有耐药性,而 BC05 菌株的耐药性基因型则扩展到了 beta-内酰胺类、大环内酯类、多胺类和氨基糖苷类。两株菌株都具有 RNA 聚合酶 beta 亚基(rpoB)的单核苷酸多态性(SNP),代表了对一线利福平的耐药性。此外,BC05菌株通过SNP、药物失活和外流等机制对乙胺丁醇、异烟肼和磷霉素产生耐药性:我们的研究结果有力地证明了耐多药非结核分枝杆菌临床分离株在肺结核发病机制中的潜在影响。
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引用次数: 0
Synergy and Antagonism in Antimalarial Crude Extract Combinations 抗疟粗提取物组合的协同作用和拮抗作用
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.4314/thrb.v25i2.17
W. Kidima, Rebecca Wambura, V. Nyigo, Shabban Katani, H. Malebo
Background Malaria accounts for around 4.8% of all recorded fatalities in Tanzania. Medicinal plants such as Caesalpinia bonducella, Azadirachta indica, and Annickia kummeriae have demonstrated promise in treating many diseases, including malaria. However, their combined activity against malaria has not been documented. Combination therapy using some medicinal plants with antimalarial activities may enhance safety and efficacy and reduce the evolution of parasite resistance.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate antiplasmodium activities of different combinations of crude extracts from selected medicinal plants. Azadirachta indica leaves, Annickia kummeriae and Caesalpinia bonducella were extracted using dichloromethane (DCM). MethodsAn in vivo acute toxicity study of both individual and combined crude extracts was carried out according to Chinedu et al., 2015. The in vivo antiplasmodial activity of individual and combined crude extracts was performed in mice inoculated with Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain) using Peters’s 4-day suppressive test. ResultsIndividually, Caesalpinia bonducella crude extracts exhibited the highest in vivo antiplasmodial efficacy (91% parasite suppression) than A. kummeriae (73% parasite suppression) and A. indica (60% parasite suppression) at 800 mg/kg/day. The A. indica and A. summarize combinations and A. indica and C. bonducella demonstrated higher antiplasmodial activity (synergism-combination index 0.29 and 0.97, respectively) than their constituents. However, combining A. kummeriae and C. bonducella produced the lowest antiplasmodial activity (antagonism- combination index 40.67) than its extracts. The high antiplasmodial potencies (ED50) demonstrated by AiAk and AiCb are significant and critical results for traditional, complementary and alternative medicine. ConclusionTherefore, these preliminary findings suggest that AiAk and AiCb are potential antiplasmodium herbal therapies.  Further research should be undertaken to investigate the antiplasmodium effect of AiAk and AiCb in humans.   
背景疟疾约占坦桑尼亚有记录死亡人数的 4.8%。Caesalpinia bonducella、Azadirachta indica 和 Annickia kummeriae 等药用植物在治疗包括疟疾在内的多种疾病方面表现出良好的前景。然而,它们对疟疾的综合疗效尚未得到证实。使用一些具有抗疟活性的药用植物进行联合治疗可能会提高安全性和有效性,并减少寄生虫抗药性的演变。采用二氯甲烷(DCM)提取了 Azadirachta indica 叶、Annickia kummeriae 和 Caesalpinia bonducella。方法根据 Chinedu 等人 2015 年的研究,对单个和组合粗提取物进行了体内急性毒性研究。采用彼得斯 4 天抑制试验,在接种了贝氏疟原虫(ANKA 株)的小鼠体内检测了单个粗提物和组合粗提物的体内抗疟活性。结果在 800 毫克/千克/天的剂量下,Caesalpinia bonducella 粗萃取物的体内抗疟效力(91% 的寄生虫抑制率)高于 A. kummeriae(73% 的寄生虫抑制率)和 A. indica(60% 的寄生虫抑制率)。A.indica和A.summeriae组合以及A.indica和C.bonducella的抗疟活性(协同作用-组合指数分别为0.29和0.97)高于其成分。然而,与 A. kummeriae 和 C. bonducella 的提取物相比,将 A. kummeriae 和 C. bonducella 结合在一起产生的抗疟活性最低(拮抗-组合指数为 40.67)。AiAk 和 AiCb 表现出的高抗寄生虫效力(ED50)对于传统、补充和替代医学来说是非常重要和关键的结果。结论因此,这些初步研究结果表明,AiAk 和 AiCb 是潜在的抗疟原虫草药疗法。 应进一步研究 AiAk 和 AiCb 在人体中的抗疟效果。
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引用次数: 0
Knowledge on the Risk Factors for Diabetic Foot Syndrome and Self-Foot Care Practices among Diabetic Patients at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. 坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆 Muhimbili 国立医院糖尿病患者对糖尿病足综合征风险因素的了解以及自我足部护理实践:一项横断面研究。
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.4314/thrb.v25i2.6
Elias Jacob, Emmanuel Z. China, Moses Evaristo
Background: Evidence indicates diabetic patients have more than 15 times increased risk of non-traumatic foot disabilities. Patients' knowledge of the potential risk factors and self-care practices anticipate better self-management.Objective: This study aimed to assess patients’ knowledge of the risk factors for diabetic foot syndromes and reported self-foot care practices at Muhimbili National Hospital.Methods: A hospital-based quantitative cross-sectional study design was conducted in June and December 2022. A random sampling technique was applied to recruit 140 diabetic patients at an outpatient clinic. The Guided Interview questionnaire was used to obtain data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.Result: The reported history of foot ulceration was 42(30%). Participants did not identify Smoking 106 (78.4%), foot soring/fungus 101(72.1%), and toenail ingrowth 96(68.3%) as potential contributors/risks for foot ulceration. Participants 93(66.4%) had an Inadequate knowledge score on the risk factors for Diabetic Foot Syndrome. The gender(male) (AOR: 3.71, 95%CI, 1.513-9.114, P=0.004169), education (secondary level) (AOR: 0.179, 95%CI: 0.045-0.70, P=0.0139), and history of foot ulceration (have not experienced foot ulcer) (AOR: 5.5, 95%CI: 2.14-14.165, P=0.000403) were significant associated to Inadequate knowledge score. Washing the foot with warm water and drying between the toes [daily] 84(60.4%) received poor response. Of the participants, 97(69.3%) had Good self-foot care practices. The duration of Diabetic illness (more than five months and less than one year) (AOR: 19.025, 95%CI: 2.716-133.293, P=0.003) and history of foot ulceration (have not experienced foot ulcer) (AOR: 3.377, 95%CI: 1.218-9.366, P=0.019) were significantly associated to Poor self-foot care practices. Conclusion:  The finding reveals inadequate knowledge of risk factors for diabetic foot syndromes and poor self-care practices. It gives insight into the respective authorities to develop a comprehensive rehabilitative therapy, focusing on foot health education and addressing every aspect affecting their quality of life.
背景:有证据表明,糖尿病患者发生非创伤性足部残疾的风险增加了 15 倍以上。患者对潜在风险因素和自我护理方法的了解有助于他们更好地进行自我管理:本研究旨在评估穆亨比里国立医院的患者对糖尿病足综合征风险因素的了解程度和自我足部护理方法:于 2022 年 6 月和 12 月进行了一项基于医院的横断面定量研究。采用随机抽样技术在门诊部招募了 140 名糖尿病患者。采用引导式访谈问卷获取数据。数据使用 SPSS 25.0 版进行分析:报告的足部溃疡病史为 42 例(30%)。参与者未将吸烟106人(78.4%)、足癣/真菌101人(72.1%)和趾甲生长96人(68.3%)视为足部溃疡的潜在诱因/风险。93(66.4%)名参与者对糖尿病足综合征的风险因素了解不足。性别(男性)(AOR:3.71,95%CI:1.513-9.114,P=0.004169)、教育程度(中学)(AOR:0.179,95%CI:0.045-0.70,P=0.0139)和足部溃疡史(未经历过足部溃疡)(AOR:5.5,95%CI:2.14-14.165,P=0.000403)与知识不足得分显著相关。每天用温水洗脚并擦干脚趾间]84 人(60.4%)的回答不佳。在参与者中,97 人(69.3%)有良好的自我足部护理习惯。糖尿病病程(5 个月以上,1 年以下)(AOR:19.025,95%CI:2.716-133.293,P=0.003)和足部溃疡史(未经历过足部溃疡)(AOR:3.377,95%CI:1.218-9.366,P=0.019)与自我足部护理方法差显著相关。结论 研究结果表明,人们对糖尿病足综合征的风险因素了解不足,自我护理方法欠佳。这有助于相关部门制定全面的康复疗法,重点关注足部健康教育,解决影响患者生活质量的方方面面。
{"title":"Knowledge on the Risk Factors for Diabetic Foot Syndrome and Self-Foot Care Practices among Diabetic Patients at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Elias Jacob, Emmanuel Z. China, Moses Evaristo","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v25i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v25i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Evidence indicates diabetic patients have more than 15 times increased risk of non-traumatic foot disabilities. Patients' knowledge of the potential risk factors and self-care practices anticipate better self-management.\u0000Objective: This study aimed to assess patients’ knowledge of the risk factors for diabetic foot syndromes and reported self-foot care practices at Muhimbili National Hospital.\u0000Methods: A hospital-based quantitative cross-sectional study design was conducted in June and December 2022. A random sampling technique was applied to recruit 140 diabetic patients at an outpatient clinic. The Guided Interview questionnaire was used to obtain data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.\u0000Result: The reported history of foot ulceration was 42(30%). Participants did not identify Smoking 106 (78.4%), foot soring/fungus 101(72.1%), and toenail ingrowth 96(68.3%) as potential contributors/risks for foot ulceration. Participants 93(66.4%) had an Inadequate knowledge score on the risk factors for Diabetic Foot Syndrome. The gender(male) (AOR: 3.71, 95%CI, 1.513-9.114, P=0.004169), education (secondary level) (AOR: 0.179, 95%CI: 0.045-0.70, P=0.0139), and history of foot ulceration (have not experienced foot ulcer) (AOR: 5.5, 95%CI: 2.14-14.165, P=0.000403) were significant associated to Inadequate knowledge score. Washing the foot with warm water and drying between the toes [daily] 84(60.4%) received poor response. Of the participants, 97(69.3%) had Good self-foot care practices. The duration of Diabetic illness (more than five months and less than one year) (AOR: 19.025, 95%CI: 2.716-133.293, P=0.003) and history of foot ulceration (have not experienced foot ulcer) (AOR: 3.377, 95%CI: 1.218-9.366, P=0.019) were significantly associated to Poor self-foot care practices. \u0000Conclusion:  The finding reveals inadequate knowledge of risk factors for diabetic foot syndromes and poor self-care practices. It gives insight into the respective authorities to develop a comprehensive rehabilitative therapy, focusing on foot health education and addressing every aspect affecting their quality of life.","PeriodicalId":39815,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research","volume":"335 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140751098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Antimicrobial Resistance among neonates with neonatal Sepsis Morogoro Tanzania 坦桑尼亚莫罗戈罗新生儿败血症患者的抗菌药耐药性
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.4314/thrb.v25i2.1
Abdallah Bakari, W. Kidima, Shaaban Kassuwi, B. Mwang'onde, Lucas Matemba
Background: Neonatal sepsis increases neonatal morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income nations. however, the prevalence of neonatal sepsis, the etiological agents, and antimicrobial resistance patterns have not been documented in areas with the highest neonatal mortality rates in Tanzania. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of neonatal sepsis, identify the primary causative agents, and understand their resistance patterns at Morogoro Regional Hospital. Methods: The study involved 252 admitted neonates at Morogoro Regional Hospital and was carried out between March and June 2019. Clinical and demographic information for each neonate was collected using a standardized questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained from all 252 neonates, and 50 swabs were randomly taken from neonates with umbilical pus discharge. The samples were then cultured using aseptic techniques on blood agar, chocolate agar, and MacConkey agar. The identification of the causative agents relied on the characteristics of colony morphology, gram staining, and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined using the disc diffusion method with Muller Hinton agar against Ampiclox, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Nalidixic acid, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Kanamycin,Co-trimoxazole, Cephalexin, Ceftriaxone, and Amikacin. Results: The prevalence of neonatal sepsis, as determined through blood culture, was 40 % (102 /252). The predominant bacteria isolated from blood cultures were E. coli 31 %, Staphylococcus aureus  23 %, and Citrobacter spp 16%. Around 50% of the gram-negative bacteria showed resistance to Ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin. Both gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus displayed resistance to Ampiclox. Conclusion: E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Citrobacter spp. were shown to be the most frequent bacteria in neonatal sepsis in Morogoro. Many isolates were Ampiclox-resistant. Neonatal sepsis is common in Morogoro, highlighting the need for innovative neonatal care and preventative techniques.
背景:在低收入和中等收入国家,新生儿败血症增加了新生儿的发病率和死亡率。然而,在坦桑尼亚新生儿死亡率最高的地区,新生儿败血症的发病率、病原体和抗菌药耐药性模式尚未记录在案。目的:本研究旨在调查莫罗戈罗地区医院新生儿败血症的发病率、确定主要致病菌并了解其耐药性模式。研究方法本研究涉及莫罗戈罗地区医院收治的 252 名新生儿,于 2019 年 3 月至 6 月间进行。使用标准化问卷收集每个新生儿的临床和人口统计学信息。从所有 252 名新生儿中采集了血样,并从有脐部脓性分泌物的新生儿中随机采集了 50 个棉签。然后采用无菌技术在血琼脂、巧克力琼脂和麦康凯琼脂上对样本进行培养。根据菌落形态、革兰氏染色和生化检验的特点来确定致病菌。采用穆勒欣顿琼脂盘扩散法对氨苄西林、红霉素、庆大霉素、萘替西酸、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、卡那霉素、共三唑、头孢菌素、头孢曲松和阿米卡星进行抗菌药耐药性模式测定。结果通过血液培养确定的新生儿败血症发病率为 40%(102/252)。从血液培养中分离出的主要细菌为大肠杆菌 31%、金黄色葡萄球菌 23%、柠檬酸杆菌 16%。约 50%的革兰氏阴性菌对第三代头孢菌素头孢曲松产生耐药性。革兰氏阴性菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均对氨苄西林产生耐药性。结论大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和柠檬酸杆菌是莫罗戈罗新生儿败血症中最常见的细菌。许多分离菌对氨苄西林耐药。新生儿败血症在莫罗戈罗很常见,这凸显了创新新生儿护理和预防技术的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Food Environment Facing School Children in Public Primary Schools in Morogoro Municipality 莫罗戈罗市公立小学学童面临的食品环境
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.4314/thrb.v25i2.4
A. Mamiro, John M. Msuya
Introduction: The study focused on examining the overall food environment influencing the dietary choices of school children in public primary schools in Morogoro Municipality. Four primary schools—Magadu, SUA, Mlimani, and Kikundi—were purposively sampled to represent the broader school landscape in the municipality. SUA and Mlimani were in urban and peri-urban areas, Magadu represented peri-urban settings, and Kikundi was in the town center. Data collection involved administering a structured questionnaire to 97 school children, selected through convenient sampling based on their availability on the day of data collection.Results showed that most children were aware of healthy foods (62.9%) but demonstrated lower awareness of unhealthy foods (52.6%). Only 52% of children brought food from home, while the majority purchased items from vendors around the school premises. The most consumed junk foods included biscuits (83.5%), chips (75.3%), chocolates (74.2%), and fried buns (72.2%). Notably, school regulations or bylaws governing the sale of food to children were absent.Discussion: The findings suggested that children were more conscious of healthy foods than unhealthy options, possibly leading them to consume the latter unknowingly. The study emphasized the prevalence of unhealthy food consumption among school children and highlighted the absence of regulatory measures in place. Addressing these issues could promote healthier dietary habits among school children in Morogoro Municipality.
引言本研究重点考察了影响莫罗戈罗市公立小学学生饮食选择的整体饮食环境。研究有目的地抽取了四所小学--马加都、苏阿、姆利马尼和基昆迪,以代表该市更广泛的学校情况。SUA 和 Mlimani 位于城区和近郊区,Magadu 代表近郊区,而 Kikundi 则位于市中心。数据收集工作包括向 97 名学童发放结构化问卷,这些学童是根据数据收集当天是否在校而通过方便抽样选出的。结果显示,大多数儿童都知道健康食品(62.9%),但对不健康食品的认识较低(52.6%)。只有 52% 的儿童从家里带食物,而大多数儿童则从校舍周围的小贩那里购买食物。吃得最多的垃圾食品包括饼干(83.5%)、薯片(75.3%)、巧克力(74.2%)和煎包(72.2%)。值得注意的是,学校没有关于向儿童出售食品的规定或细则:讨论:研究结果表明,与不健康食品相比,儿童更关注健康食品,这可能导致他们在不知情的情况下食用不健康食品。研究强调了学龄儿童普遍食用不健康食品的情况,并着重指出了缺乏监管措施的问题。解决这些问题可以促进莫罗戈罗市学童养成更健康的饮食习惯。
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引用次数: 0
Compliance to Recommended Prevention and Management Practices among Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania 坦桑尼亚莫罗戈罗市 2 型糖尿病患者对建议的预防和管理措施的遵守情况
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.4314/thrb.v25i2.8
Hasna Bofu, S. Msollo, A. Mwanri
Introduction: Diabetes-related complications are the significant causes of morbidity and mortality among type 2 diabetes patients. The complications can be reduced by practicing and maintaining several preventive measures. The present study aims to assess compliance and factors associated with recommended management practices and prevention of complications among type 2 diabetes patients in selected health facilities in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania.Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2023 among 140 patients, including patients who were diagnosed with diabetes for at least three months prior to the study. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, which included patients’ characteristics and a previously validated Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities questionnaire to assess patients' compliance with recommended practices. A multivariable regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with compliance with recommended practices.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 59 ±12.08 years and 65% were females. Among 140 patients, 91.4% (n=128) had poor or unsatisfactory self-care practices with an overall mean of 3.81± 2.08 days per week for diabetes management. The recommended practices with good or satisfactory performance were non-smoking, non-alcohol drinking and prescribed medication. In contrast, unsatisfactory performance was observed for self-monitoring of blood glucose with a mean of physical activity. Multiple regression analysis showed that co-morbidity (AOR 4.5; 95% CI:1.14-18.02) and being employed (AOR 4.4; 95% CI:1.25-15.44) independently predict self-care practices.Conclusion and recommendation: Compliance with self-monitoring of blood glucose, physical exercise and dietary practices were found to be low among type 2 diabetes patients, which could increase the risk of complications. Nutritional and lifestyle counselling and the use of peer groups should be emphasized to improve compliance with recommended practices.
导言:糖尿病相关并发症是导致 2 型糖尿病患者发病和死亡的重要原因。并发症可以通过实施和坚持一些预防措施来减少。本研究旨在评估坦桑尼亚莫罗戈罗市部分医疗机构中 2 型糖尿病患者对建议管理措施和并发症预防的依从性及相关因素:2023 年 2 月至 5 月,对 140 名患者(包括研究前至少三个月确诊为糖尿病的患者)进行了医院横断面研究。数据收集采用面对面访谈的结构化问卷调查方式,其中包括患者的特征和之前经过验证的糖尿病自我护理活动总结问卷,以评估患者对推荐做法的依从性。结果显示,受访者的平均年龄为 35 岁,平均年龄为 40 岁:受访者的平均年龄为 59 ±12.08 岁,65% 为女性。在 140 名患者中,91.4%(n=128)的自我护理方法较差或不满意,平均每周有 3.81±2.08 天进行糖尿病管理。表现良好或令人满意的推荐做法是不吸烟、不饮酒和遵医嘱服药。相比之下,自我监测血糖和体育锻炼的平均天数表现不佳。多元回归分析表明,共病(AOR 4.5; 95% CI:1.14-18.02)和就业(AOR 4.4; 95% CI:1.25-15.44)可独立预测自我保健行为:结论与建议:研究发现,2 型糖尿病患者对自我血糖监测、体育锻炼和饮食习惯的依从性较低,这可能会增加并发症的风险。应重视营养和生活方式咨询,并利用同伴小组来提高对推荐做法的依从性。
{"title":"Compliance to Recommended Prevention and Management Practices among Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania","authors":"Hasna Bofu, S. Msollo, A. Mwanri","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v25i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v25i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Diabetes-related complications are the significant causes of morbidity and mortality among type 2 diabetes patients. The complications can be reduced by practicing and maintaining several preventive measures. The present study aims to assess compliance and factors associated with recommended management practices and prevention of complications among type 2 diabetes patients in selected health facilities in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania.\u0000Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2023 among 140 patients, including patients who were diagnosed with diabetes for at least three months prior to the study. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, which included patients’ characteristics and a previously validated Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities questionnaire to assess patients' compliance with recommended practices. A multivariable regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with compliance with recommended practices.\u0000Results: The mean age of the respondents was 59 ±12.08 years and 65% were females. Among 140 patients, 91.4% (n=128) had poor or unsatisfactory self-care practices with an overall mean of 3.81± 2.08 days per week for diabetes management. The recommended practices with good or satisfactory performance were non-smoking, non-alcohol drinking and prescribed medication. In contrast, unsatisfactory performance was observed for self-monitoring of blood glucose with a mean of physical activity. Multiple regression analysis showed that co-morbidity (AOR 4.5; 95% CI:1.14-18.02) and being employed (AOR 4.4; 95% CI:1.25-15.44) independently predict self-care practices.\u0000Conclusion and recommendation: Compliance with self-monitoring of blood glucose, physical exercise and dietary practices were found to be low among type 2 diabetes patients, which could increase the risk of complications. Nutritional and lifestyle counselling and the use of peer groups should be emphasized to improve compliance with recommended practices.","PeriodicalId":39815,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research","volume":"37 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140752189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dietary diversity and Anthropometric status of students at universities in Dodoma and Morogoro regions, Tanzania 坦桑尼亚多多马和莫罗戈罗地区大学学生的饮食多样性和人体测量状况
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.4314/thrb.v25i2.14
Neema Mgetta, H. Muhimbula
Background: Young adulthood is a transitional period that provides an opportunity to influence immediate and future eating behavior and good nutritional status. As diets evolve during young adulthood due to changes in circumstances and the introduction of new influences, young adults are a significant population group to influence future eating behaviours and prevent the development of NCDS. There is scanty information on the relationship between dietary diversity and the nutritional status of university students in Tanzania. This study aimed to find the synergy between university students' anthropometric status and dietary diversity in Morogoro and Dodoma regions of Tanzania.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 247 University students in Morogoro and Dodoma regions (130 from Mzumbe University and 117 from Saint John’s University) respectively. The two Universities were purposively selected from each region. Data on Dietary diversity was collected using food groups from DDS to obtain the dietary score of each student. Anthropometric measures such as weight, height and waist circumference were done to obtain the anthropometric status of the University students.Results: The descriptive cross-sectional study involved 247 University students. In comparative chi-square analysis, the association was found among different socio-demographic characteristics of the University students. The p-value < 0.05 was used to determine the association among the variables.Conclusion: In conclusion, university students are a vulnerable group in developing obesity/overweight due to the transitional stage. Being overweight and obese was associated with being female, increased age and being married. High dietary diversity was also linked with abdominal obesity. Factors that can help describe and understand the anthropometric status of university students have also been identified. These include years of study, religion, and university location. Therefore, efforts to adopt good lifestyle behaviours should be sensitized amongst this sub-population to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases in the long run.  
背景:青壮年时期是一个过渡时期,为影响当前和未来的饮食行为以及良好的营养状况提供了机会。青壮年时期的饮食会随着环境的变化和新影响因素的引入而发生变化,因此青壮年是影响未来饮食行为和预防国家营养不良症发生的重要人群。有关坦桑尼亚大学生饮食多样性与营养状况之间关系的资料很少。本研究旨在发现坦桑尼亚莫罗戈罗和多多马地区大学生的人体测量状况与膳食多样性之间的协同作用:这项横断面研究涉及莫罗戈罗和多多马地区的 247 名大学生(其中 130 名来自姆祖姆贝大学,117 名来自圣约翰大学)。这两所大学是从每个地区有目的性地挑选出来的。利用 DDS 中的食物类别收集膳食多样性数据,以获得每个学生的膳食得分。此外,还进行了体重、身高和腰围等人体测量,以了解大学生的人体测量状况:这项描述性横断面研究涉及 247 名大学生。在比较卡方分析中,发现大学生的不同社会人口特征之间存在关联。结论:总之,大学生是弱势群体:总之,由于处于过渡阶段,大学生是肥胖/超重的易感人群。超重和肥胖与女性、年龄增长和已婚有关。饮食多样性也与腹部肥胖有关。此外,还发现了一些有助于描述和了解大学生人体测量状况的因素。这些因素包括学习年限、宗教信仰和大学所在地。因此,应在这部分人群中宣传采取良好生活方式的重要性,以降低长期罹患慢性疾病的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Nutritional Status Among Head and Neck Cancer Patients, Tanzania 坦桑尼亚头颈部癌症患者的营养状况
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.4314/thrb.v25i2.7
E. Massawe, Peter Nyakubega
Background:  Nutrition in cancer patients is a challenge as various mechanisms can lead to poor nutrition status, and this contributes to poor prognosis and quality of life. In developing countries, before one concludes that cancer is the culprit to malnutrition, one has to rule out access to food. The Head and Neck region is involved with the intake and initial processing of the food. Therefore, the presence of a tumor in any subsite directly affects nutritional status.Aim: This study aimed to establish nutritional adequacy among Head and Neck Cancer patients accessing services at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania.Method: The study was cross-sectional descriptive. Patients with head and neck cancer attended from 1st August 2022 to 31st January 2023 were recruited. Information about access to food was collected and nutrition was measured by anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests (serum albumin levels). After data collection, the correctness was checked by running frequency tables and analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.Results: The study involved a total of 113 participants aged from 15 to 93 years with a mean age of 51.81+/-17.439 years. There were 74 males and 39 females, making a ratio of 1.9:1. Most participants had laryngeal tumours (46%). 85.6% of patients had advanced disease, stage IV (52.2%).17% of patients had pre-existing dietary risk, and 36.3% had severe malnourishment at presentation. In this study,75% of patients with oropharyngeal tumours had malnutrition, followed by hypopharyngeal and nasopharyngeal tumours, each with 66.7%. Stage IV patients were severely malnourished (57.6%) which was statistically significant.Conclusion and recommendation: Laryngeal tumours are common in men and are related to advanced age. Most of the patients with Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) had severe malnourishment. Management of head and neck cancer should also address malnutrition which contributes to poor prognosis and quality of life.
背景: 癌症患者的营养问题是一项挑战,因为各种机制都可能导致营养状况不良,进而影响预后和生活质量。在发展中国家,在断定癌症是导致营养不良的罪魁祸首之前,必须先排除获得食物的可能性。头颈部涉及食物的摄入和初步加工。因此,任何部位出现肿瘤都会直接影响营养状况。目的:本研究旨在确定在坦桑尼亚一家三级医院就诊的头颈部癌症患者的营养是否充足:研究为横断面描述性研究。招募了 2022 年 8 月 1 日至 2023 年 1 月 31 日期间就诊的头颈癌患者。通过人体测量和生化测试(血清白蛋白水平)收集患者的食物获取信息和营养状况。数据收集后,通过频数表检查其正确性,并使用社会科学统计软件包(SPSS)26 版进行分析:研究共涉及 113 名参与者,年龄从 15 岁到 93 岁不等,平均年龄为 51.81+/-17.439 岁。其中男性 74 人,女性 39 人,男女比例为 1.9:1。大多数参与者患有喉部肿瘤(46%)。85.6%的患者为晚期疾病,IV期(52.2%)。17%的患者在发病前存在饮食风险,36.3%的患者在发病时严重营养不良。在这项研究中,75%的口咽肿瘤患者营养不良,其次是下咽肿瘤和鼻咽肿瘤,各占 66.7%。第四期患者严重营养不良(57.6%),这在统计学上有显著意义:喉肿瘤常见于男性,与高龄有关。大多数头颈癌(HNC)患者严重营养不良。头颈癌的治疗也应解决营养不良问题,因为营养不良会导致预后和生活质量低下。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and associated factors among medical students in Tanzania: evidence from the Catholic University of Health and Allied Science, Mwanza region 坦桑尼亚医科学生对 COVID-19 疫苗的犹豫态度及相关因素:姆万扎地区天主教卫生与联合科学大学提供的证据
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.4314/thrb.v25i2.16
Paul Alikado Sabuni, M. Mwangu, Thadeus Ruwaichi
Background: Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the government of Tanzania has made efforts and initiatives to protect its citizens. These efforts and control measures are lined with WHO guidelines and the National response plan for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak. Unlike other control measures, the Vaccine remained a promised solution to end the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to determine the COVID-19 hesitancy level and associated factors among medical students. Furthermore, it aims to provide valuable insights and information that can be applied in future immunization campaigns/strategies to improve vaccination rates among this particular group of future medical professionals during the pandemic.Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional survey conducted to assess the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and associated factors among 580 undergraduate medical students at the Catholic University of Health and Allied Science (CUHAS) in Mwanza region, Tanzania. Data was collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using STATA version 18.0 to extract descriptive and inferential statistics to determine the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in this particular group of future medical professionals. All the statistics were obtained at a 5% significant level.Results: The vaccine hesitancy was 75.6% (95% CI, 71.9%-79.2%). Thus, more than half of the medical student 54.3% do not trust the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine with AOR 2.96 (95% CI, 1.80-4.86, p-value<0.001); likewise, the safety of Vaccine AOR 0.1.89 (95% CI, 1.11-3.21, p-value=0.019). Further, students who do not prefer free riding (i.e., letting others get the vaccine and believing to get the beneficial effect of herd immunity without being vaccinated) were less likely to deny the Vaccine than those who prefer free riding AOR 0.31 (95% CI, 0.31, 0.13-0.75, p-value=0.009). Despite insignificant odds, too much politics behind the COVID-19 vaccine influences vaccine hesitancy with AOR 1.14 (95% CI, 0.61-2.15, p-value=0.676).Conclusion: The study concludes that despite the efforts to communicate public health information to encourage people to overcome vaccine hesitancy and receive Vaccines, the reluctance to get vaccinated against COVID-19 remains higher than the acceptance rate among medical students.
背景:自 COVID-19 爆发以来,坦桑尼亚政府一直在努力采取措施保护本国公民。这些努力和控制措施符合世界卫生组织的指导方针和控制 COVID-19 爆发的国家应对计划。与其他控制措施不同,疫苗仍然是结束 COVID-19 大流行的承诺解决方案。因此,本研究旨在确定医科学生对 COVID-19 的犹豫程度及相关因素。此外,本研究还旨在提供有价值的见解和信息,这些见解和信息可应用于未来的免疫接种活动/策略中,以提高大流行期间这一特殊的未来医学专业人员群体的疫苗接种率:这是一项分析性横断面调查,旨在评估坦桑尼亚姆万扎地区天主教健康与联合科学大学(CUHAS)580 名医学本科生对 COVID-19 疫苗的犹豫态度及相关因素。数据通过调查问卷收集,并使用 STATA 18.0 版进行分析,提取描述性和推论性统计数据,以确定影响这一特殊群体对 COVID-19 疫苗犹豫不决的因素。所有统计数据均在 5%的显著水平下获得:疫苗犹豫率为 75.6%(95% CI,71.9%-79.2%)。因此,54.3% 的医学生不信任 COVID-19 疫苗的有效性,AOR 为 2.96 (95% CI, 1.80-4.86, p-value<0.001);同样,不信任疫苗的安全性,AOR 为 0.1.89 (95% CI, 1.11-3.21, p-value=0.019)。此外,不喜欢 "搭便车"(即让他人接种疫苗,认为不接种疫苗也能获得群体免疫的有益效果)的学生比喜欢 "搭便车 "的学生更不可能拒绝接种疫苗,相关系数为 0.31(95% CI,0.31,0.13-0.75,p 值=0.009)。尽管几率并不显著,但 COVID-19 疫苗背后过多的政治因素影响了疫苗接种的犹豫性,其 AOR 为 1.14(95% CI,0.61-2.15,p 值=0.676):本研究得出结论:尽管努力传播公共卫生信息以鼓励人们克服疫苗犹豫并接种疫苗,但医学生不愿接种 COVID-19 疫苗的比例仍高于接受率。
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引用次数: 0
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Tanzania Journal of Health Research
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