Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus is a medical condition that disappears after delivery if early diagnosis and management are done. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hyperglycemia six weeks postpartum and pregnancy outcomes among women in Arusha City. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted between March and December 2018 as part of a large study which involved 468 randomly selected pregnant women and excluded those who were diagnosed with diabetes before pregnancy. Women were screened for hyperglycemia six weeks postpartum where fasting and oral glucose tolerant tests were done by Gluco-Plus™ using World Health Organization criteria. Body fat percentage, mid-upper arm circumference, height and weight were measured using standard procedures. Postpartum information was collected using a structured questionnaire and data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science version 20 to obtain descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Among 468 women who participated in the study at baseline, 392 (83.7%) returned for postpartum assessments. Postpartum hyperglycemia among women was 2.1% (n=8) and majority had normal delivery (92.6%, n=363) while 7.4% (n=29) delivered through caesarean section. About 8.2% (n=32) of the newborn were macrosomia and 4.1% (n=16) low birth weight. Miscarriages or abortions were not identified while stillbirth was observed in 0.5% (n=2) and neonatal death (1.3%, n=5). Postpartum hyperglycemia was significantly associated with body fat percentage (AOR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.14-1.91), mid-upper arm circumference (AOR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.023-1.99), macrosomia (AOR 2.43, 95% CI: 2.2-10.31) and family history of type 2 diabetes (AOR 6.4, 95% CI: 1.93-13.3). Conclusion: Prevalence of postpartum hyperglycemia was generally low however; it was significantly associated with macrosomia, increased body fat percentage, mid-upper circumference and family history of type 2 diabetes. Also, a low prevalence of poor pregnancy outcomes was reported which may be attributed to actions taken after being referred for further treatments and management which need further exploration.
{"title":"Postpartum glycemia and pregnancy outcomes among women in Arusha Region, Tanzania","authors":"S. S. Msollo, A. Mwanri","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v23i4.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v23i4.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus is a medical condition that disappears after delivery if early diagnosis and management are done. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hyperglycemia six weeks postpartum and pregnancy outcomes among women in Arusha City. \u0000Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted between March and December 2018 as part of a large study which involved 468 randomly selected pregnant women and excluded those who were diagnosed with diabetes before pregnancy. Women were screened for hyperglycemia six weeks postpartum where fasting and oral glucose tolerant tests were done by Gluco-Plus™ using World Health Organization criteria. Body fat percentage, mid-upper arm circumference, height and weight were measured using standard procedures. Postpartum information was collected using a structured questionnaire and data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science version 20 to obtain descriptive and inferential statistics. \u0000Results: Among 468 women who participated in the study at baseline, 392 (83.7%) returned for postpartum assessments. Postpartum hyperglycemia among women was 2.1% (n=8) and majority had normal delivery (92.6%, n=363) while 7.4% (n=29) delivered through caesarean section. About 8.2% (n=32) of the newborn were macrosomia and 4.1% (n=16) low birth weight. Miscarriages or abortions were not identified while stillbirth was observed in 0.5% (n=2) and neonatal death (1.3%, n=5). Postpartum hyperglycemia was significantly associated with body fat percentage (AOR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.14-1.91), mid-upper arm circumference (AOR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.023-1.99), macrosomia (AOR 2.43, 95% CI: 2.2-10.31) and family history of type 2 diabetes (AOR 6.4, 95% CI: 1.93-13.3). \u0000Conclusion: Prevalence of postpartum hyperglycemia was generally low however; it was significantly associated with macrosomia, increased body fat percentage, mid-upper circumference and family history of type 2 diabetes. Also, a low prevalence of poor pregnancy outcomes was reported which may be attributed to actions taken after being referred for further treatments and management which need further exploration. ","PeriodicalId":39815,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41658092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Non-utilisation of contraceptive contribute to unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions, which are major public health problems in Tanzania and sub-Saharan Africa. Our study investigated contributing factors and contraceptive use practices among women of reproductive age in Mbeya, Tanzania. Methods: A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on women attending reproductive and child health clinics. Data obtained included participants’ age, education and other demographic characteristics. Awareness of family planning methods, use, attitudes, advocacy and practices were also recorded. A χ2 test was used to examine the association between selected variables. Results: A total of 217 respondents participated in the study, of which the majority were between the ages of 21 and 26 (mean age = 26.96, standard deviation = 1.37). The majority of the respondents, 157 (72.4%) were married with mostly 1-2 children and had a primary school education or without formal education, 155 (71.4%). 191 (88.0%) respondents had heard about at least one contraceptive for family planning. Injectable was the most known method of family planning, as reported by 158 (72.8%) participants. Awareness about family planning methods and use was significantly associated with educational level (χ2 = 43.01, p = 0.0002). Conclusion: Our study shows awareness and willingness to use family planning methods in Mbeya. Hence, it promotes a better life for families. However, more studies are needed to thoroughly investigate the various reasons affecting some non-utilisation of family planning and how these can be addressed.
{"title":"Contraceptive practices among women of reproductive age in Mbeya, Tanzania","authors":"Yina Hamis, Elias Kaminyoghe, C. Mweya","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v23i4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v23i4.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Non-utilisation of contraceptive contribute to unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions, which are major public health problems in Tanzania and sub-Saharan Africa. Our study investigated contributing factors and contraceptive use practices among women of reproductive age in Mbeya, Tanzania. \u0000Methods: A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on women attending reproductive and child health clinics. Data obtained included participants’ age, education and other demographic characteristics. Awareness of family planning methods, use, attitudes, advocacy and practices were also recorded. A χ2 test was used to examine the association between selected variables. \u0000Results: A total of 217 respondents participated in the study, of which the majority were between the ages of 21 and 26 (mean age = 26.96, standard deviation = 1.37). The majority of the respondents, 157 (72.4%) were married with mostly 1-2 children and had a primary school education or without formal education, 155 (71.4%). 191 (88.0%) respondents had heard about at least one contraceptive for family planning. Injectable was the most known method of family planning, as reported by 158 (72.8%) participants. Awareness about family planning methods and use was significantly associated with educational level (χ2 = 43.01, p = 0.0002). \u0000Conclusion: Our study shows awareness and willingness to use family planning methods in Mbeya. Hence, it promotes a better life for families. However, more studies are needed to thoroughly investigate the various reasons affecting some non-utilisation of family planning and how these can be addressed.","PeriodicalId":39815,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48948610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dino Mwaja, Leonard Washington, Tresphory Boniface, J. Seni, M. Mirambo, W. Mahalu, O. Kituuka, P. Chalya
Background: HIV infection, a major health problem worldwide, has been reported to be prevalent in patients with acquired anorectal conditions. There is a paucity of prospective studies regarding acquired anorectal conditions in Tanzania. This study describes the HIV seroprevalence, clinical profile and surgical outcomes among patients with acquired anorectal conditions at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) and Sekou-Toure Referral Regional Hospital (SRRH). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among patients with acquired anorectal conditions as seen at BMC and SRRH from January 2019 to June 2019. Results: A total of 389 patients (M: F ratio = 1.5:1) were studied. The median age at diagnosis was 42 years. Out of 389 patients, 101(26.0%) were HIV positive. Of these, 54(53.5%) were males and 47 (46.5%) were females. Haemorrhoids were the most common acquired anorectal disease accounting for 50.9% of cases. The rate of HIV infection in this study was significantly high in patients with hemorrhoids (p< 0.001), perianal ulcers (p< 0.001), anorectal abscess (p = 0.009), perianal warts (p< 0.001) and rectal prolapse (p = 0.023). A total of 173 (44.5%) patients underwent surgical treatment for acquired anorectal conditions. Hemorrhoidectomy was the most commonly performed surgical procedure in 95(54.9%) patients. Out of 171 patients who underwent surgical treatment and outcomes evaluated, 138 were treated successfully giving an overall success rate of 80.7%. The success rate was significantly influenced by HIV positivity (p = 0.002). Surgical site infection (SSI) was the most common postoperative complication accounting for 25.8% of cases. The rate of SSI was found to be significantly higher in HIV-positive patients than in HIV-negative patients (39.6% vs 18.5%; p-value = 0.001). Conclusion: HIV infection is prevalent among patients with acquired anorectal conditions in our setting and influences surgical outcomes. We recommend that all patients with acquired anorectal conditions in this region should be screened for HIV infection.
背景:艾滋病毒感染是世界范围内的一个主要健康问题，据报道在获得性肛肠疾病患者中普遍存在。坦桑尼亚缺乏关于获得性肛肠疾病的前瞻性研究。本研究描述了Bugando医疗中心(BMC)和Sekou-Toure转诊地区医院(SRRH)获得性肛肠疾病患者的艾滋病毒血清感染率、临床概况和手术结果。方法:这是一项横断面研究，在2019年1月至2019年6月在BMC和SRRH看到的获得性肛肠疾病患者中进行。结果:共纳入389例患者(M: F = 1.5:1)。诊断时的中位年龄为42岁。在389例患者中，101例(26.0%)为HIV阳性。其中男性54例(53.5%)，女性47例(46.5%)。痔疮是最常见的获得性肛肠疾病，占50.9%。本研究中HIV感染率在痔疮(p< 0.001)、肛周溃疡(p< 0.001)、肛管直肠脓肿(p = 0.009)、肛周疣(p< 0.001)和直肠脱垂(p = 0.023)患者中显著较高。173例(44.5%)患者接受了获得性肛肠疾病的手术治疗。在95例(54.9%)患者中，痔疮切除术是最常见的外科手术。在171例接受手术治疗和结果评估的患者中，138例治疗成功，总成功率为80.7%。HIV阳性对成功率有显著影响(p = 0.002)。手术部位感染(SSI)是最常见的术后并发症，占25.8%。hiv阳性患者的SSI发生率明显高于hiv阴性患者(39.6% vs 18.5%;p值= 0.001)。结论:HIV感染在获得性肛肠疾病患者中普遍存在，并影响手术结果。我们建议该地区所有获得性肛肠疾病患者都应进行HIV感染筛查。
{"title":"HIV seroprevalence, clinical profile and surgical outcomes among patients with acquired anorectal conditions in two referral hospitals in Mwanza, Tanzania","authors":"Dino Mwaja, Leonard Washington, Tresphory Boniface, J. Seni, M. Mirambo, W. Mahalu, O. Kituuka, P. Chalya","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v23i4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v23i4.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: HIV infection, a major health problem worldwide, has been reported to be prevalent in patients with acquired anorectal conditions. There is a paucity of prospective studies regarding acquired anorectal conditions in Tanzania. This study describes the HIV seroprevalence, clinical profile and surgical outcomes among patients with acquired anorectal conditions at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) and Sekou-Toure Referral Regional Hospital (SRRH). \u0000Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among patients with acquired anorectal conditions as seen at BMC and SRRH from January 2019 to June 2019. \u0000Results: A total of 389 patients (M: F ratio = 1.5:1) were studied. The median age at diagnosis was 42 years. Out of 389 patients, 101(26.0%) were HIV positive. Of these, 54(53.5%) were males and 47 (46.5%) were females. Haemorrhoids were the most common acquired anorectal disease accounting for 50.9% of cases. The rate of HIV infection in this study was significantly high in patients with hemorrhoids (p< 0.001), perianal ulcers (p< 0.001), anorectal abscess (p = 0.009), perianal warts (p< 0.001) and rectal prolapse (p = 0.023). A total of 173 (44.5%) patients underwent surgical treatment for acquired anorectal conditions. Hemorrhoidectomy was the most commonly performed surgical procedure in 95(54.9%) patients. Out of 171 patients who underwent surgical treatment and outcomes evaluated, 138 were treated successfully giving an overall success rate of 80.7%. The success rate was significantly influenced by HIV positivity (p = 0.002). Surgical site infection (SSI) was the most common postoperative complication accounting for 25.8% of cases. The rate of SSI was found to be significantly higher in HIV-positive patients than in HIV-negative patients (39.6% vs 18.5%; p-value = 0.001). \u0000Conclusion: HIV infection is prevalent among patients with acquired anorectal conditions in our setting and influences surgical outcomes. We recommend that all patients with acquired anorectal conditions in this region should be screened for HIV infection.","PeriodicalId":39815,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45491747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: In Tanzania, under-nutrition is of most public concern as it affects human productivity in several areas like increasing economic costs to families and the country as a whole and impairing learning. Therefore this study aimed at assessing the prevalence and factors associated with undernutrition among under-five children in Gairo district, Morogoro. Findings from the study will help policymakers, and local and international organizations in designing appropriate nutrition policies and interventions to address undernutrition in rural areas. Methods: A household-based cross-sectional study was employed involving 300 under-five children with their mothers/caretakers in three wards in Gairo district. A structured questionnaire was used and anthropometric measurements were performed using standard procedures. Odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and p-value at <=0.05 was used to identify factors associated with undernutrition. Results: The study revealed that the prevalence of stunting was 54.3% (severe stunting 26.3% and moderate stunting 28%), underweight 23.3% (severe underweight 7% and moderate underweight 16.3%) and wasting 3.7% (severe wasting 1.3% and moderate wasting 2.4%). Conclusion: The main factors that showed positive association were being a male, maternal occupation, child’s age, maternal education, birth weight, and illness in the past one month, area of residence, maternal age, and time of introduction of solid foods and leaving a child when being outside. The prevalence of stunting and underweight in the study area was higher compared to the national and regional prevalence. Thus due attention is needed while much attention should be given to the factors that showed a positive association.
{"title":"Prevalence and factors associated with undernutrition among under-five children in Gairo district in Morogoro, Tanzania","authors":"Tausi Mtonga, C. Nyaruhucha","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v23i4.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v23i4.8","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Tanzania, under-nutrition is of most public concern as it affects human productivity in several areas like increasing economic costs to families and the country as a whole and impairing learning. Therefore this study aimed at assessing the prevalence and factors associated with undernutrition among under-five children in Gairo district, Morogoro. Findings from the study will help policymakers, and local and international organizations in designing appropriate nutrition policies and interventions to address undernutrition in rural areas. \u0000Methods: A household-based cross-sectional study was employed involving 300 under-five children with their mothers/caretakers in three wards in Gairo district. A structured questionnaire was used and anthropometric measurements were performed using standard procedures. Odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and p-value at <=0.05 was used to identify factors associated with undernutrition. \u0000Results: The study revealed that the prevalence of stunting was 54.3% (severe stunting 26.3% and moderate stunting 28%), underweight 23.3% (severe underweight 7% and moderate underweight 16.3%) and wasting 3.7% (severe wasting 1.3% and moderate wasting 2.4%). \u0000Conclusion: The main factors that showed positive association were being a male, maternal occupation, child’s age, maternal education, birth weight, and illness in the past one month, area of residence, maternal age, and time of introduction of solid foods and leaving a child when being outside. The prevalence of stunting and underweight in the study area was higher compared to the national and regional prevalence. Thus due attention is needed while much attention should be given to the factors that showed a positive association.","PeriodicalId":39815,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49176852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Angelo Njau, Leonard Washington, I. Akaro, B. Kidenya, O. Kituuka, P. Chalya
Background: Admission hyperglycemia has been reported to be associated with poor outcomes among patients with major trauma. However, most of the available literature on this subject has been conducted in the developed world. This study aimed to determine the association between admission hyperglycemia and the outcome of major trauma patients admitted to Bugando Medical Centre. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, involving major trauma patients admitted to Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) within 6 months from Sept 2017 to February 2018. The exposure was admission hyperglycemia (>11.1mmol/l) and non-exposure was normoglycemia (≤11.1mmol/l). Results: A total of 217 patients (M: F ratio = 4.1: 1) were recruited. Their ages ranged from 4 to 97 years with a median age of 31 years. Out of 217 patients, 106 (48.8%) were hyperglycemic and the remaining 111(51.2%) were normoglycemic. The overall median days of length of hospital stay (LOS) was 15 days. There was no statistically significant association between admission hyperglycemia and LOS (p =0.875). In this study, 73 patients died giving a mortality of 33.6%. Patients with admission hyperglycemia (>11.1mmol/l) had significantly higher mortality as compared to normoglycemic patients (≤11.1mmol/l) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study found that admission hyperglycemia was statistically significantly associated with increased mortality among major trauma patients at BMC. Therefore, there is a need to institute regular monitoring of blood sugar levels among these patients and give appropriate treatment to those found with elevated blood sugar levels.
{"title":"Admission hyperglycaemia as a prognostic indicator of outcome in major trauma patients at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania","authors":"Angelo Njau, Leonard Washington, I. Akaro, B. Kidenya, O. Kituuka, P. Chalya","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v23i4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v23i4.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Admission hyperglycemia has been reported to be associated with poor outcomes among patients with major trauma. However, most of the available literature on this subject has been conducted in the developed world. This study aimed to determine the association between admission hyperglycemia and the outcome of major trauma patients admitted to Bugando Medical Centre. \u0000Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, involving major trauma patients admitted to Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) within 6 months from Sept 2017 to February 2018. The exposure was admission hyperglycemia (>11.1mmol/l) and non-exposure was normoglycemia (≤11.1mmol/l). \u0000Results: A total of 217 patients (M: F ratio = 4.1: 1) were recruited. Their ages ranged from 4 to 97 years with a median age of 31 years. Out of 217 patients, 106 (48.8%) were hyperglycemic and the remaining 111(51.2%) were normoglycemic. The overall median days of length of hospital stay (LOS) was 15 days. There was no statistically significant association between admission hyperglycemia and LOS (p =0.875). In this study, 73 patients died giving a mortality of 33.6%. Patients with admission hyperglycemia (>11.1mmol/l) had significantly higher mortality as compared to normoglycemic patients (≤11.1mmol/l) (p < 0.001). \u0000Conclusion: This study found that admission hyperglycemia was statistically significantly associated with increased mortality among major trauma patients at BMC. Therefore, there is a need to institute regular monitoring of blood sugar levels among these patients and give appropriate treatment to those found with elevated blood sugar levels.","PeriodicalId":39815,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43335642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exogenous intoxication occurs due to the interaction with some chemical substances that lead to the appearance of varied signs and symptoms, from topical exanthema to severe systemic complications, hemorrhages, shock, coma and death. Therefore, it is important to report cases to epidemiological surveillance for the implementation of practices and actions that lead to their prevention. Thus, the objective was to analyze the compulsory notifications for exogenous intoxication in the Brazilian Northeast from 2014 to 2017. For that, a descriptive, retrospective and quantitative study was developed from cases reported in the National System of Diseases and Notifications (SINAN) in the Northeast region of Brazil. A total of 101,845 cases of exogenous intoxication were reported, with a greater predominance among: women (52.74%); brown race/color (61.42%) and age group from 20 to 39 years (37.88%). The drug was the main cause of intoxication with 35,646 cases (34.99%). The suicide attempt stood out in the circumstances studied (24.54%). The acute clinical criterion was the most relevant with 54,836 cases and the most observed clinical course was cure without sequelae (65.61%). There were no records for the following variables: Ethnicity (27.90%); Education (20.33%); Toxic agent (19.10%); Clinical evolution (30.10%) and Circumstance (23.84%). Thus, it was possible to verify that exogenous intoxication is an investigation event of extreme relevance to public health. This fact suggests the need for preventive actions and health education for the population of the region.
{"title":"Exogenous poisoning in Tocantins - Brazil: a retrospective study from 2017 to 2021","authors":"D. G. Kramer, Amanda Pereira Ferreira","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v23i4.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v23i4.10","url":null,"abstract":"Exogenous intoxication occurs due to the interaction with some chemical substances that lead to the appearance of varied signs and symptoms, from topical exanthema to severe systemic complications, hemorrhages, shock, coma and death. Therefore, it is important to report cases to epidemiological surveillance for the implementation of practices and actions that lead to their prevention. Thus, the objective was to analyze the compulsory notifications for exogenous intoxication in the Brazilian Northeast from 2014 to 2017. For that, a descriptive, retrospective and quantitative study was developed from cases reported in the National System of Diseases and Notifications (SINAN) in the Northeast region of Brazil. A total of 101,845 cases of exogenous intoxication were reported, with a greater predominance among: women (52.74%); brown race/color (61.42%) and age group from 20 to 39 years (37.88%). The drug was the main cause of intoxication with 35,646 cases (34.99%). The suicide attempt stood out in the circumstances studied (24.54%). The acute clinical criterion was the most relevant with 54,836 cases and the most observed clinical course was cure without sequelae (65.61%). There were no records for the following variables: Ethnicity (27.90%); Education (20.33%); Toxic agent (19.10%); Clinical evolution (30.10%) and Circumstance (23.84%). Thus, it was possible to verify that exogenous intoxication is an investigation event of extreme relevance to public health. This fact suggests the need for preventive actions and health education for the population of the region.","PeriodicalId":39815,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45545291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Mosha, Grace Mapunda, Christopher H Mbotwa, T. Nyamhanga
Background: Globally, women and girls are subjected to various forms of sexual harassment while using public transport daily. Objective: To determine the prevalence of sexual harassment and identify different forms and associated risk factors among female university students who use public transport in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: A cross-sectional study design using a questionnaire was employed to collect data. Data were collected from female first-year undergraduate students, who use public transport and are aged 18 years and above studying at the University of Dar es Salaam and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences. Results: The overall prevalence of sexual harassment on public transport was 88%. Study participants reported the highest levels of sexual harassment (91%). Verbal harassment was the most common form of sexual harassment (95%), and being called names such as baby, sweet, honey or love was reported by most students (78%). Factors associated with sexual harassment on public transport were: overcrowded vehicles (AOR=2.90, 95% CI: 0.09-4.50) and use of public transport as a form of transport (AOR=4.54, 95% CI: 0.40-8.90). Conclusion: The study findings highlight the need for the implementation of plausible interventions on the issue of sexual harassment through awareness campaigns and the implementation of modern surveillance and reporting systems in public spaces.
{"title":"Sexual harassment in public transport among female university students in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","authors":"I. Mosha, Grace Mapunda, Christopher H Mbotwa, T. Nyamhanga","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v23i4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v23i4.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Globally, women and girls are subjected to various forms of sexual harassment while using public transport daily. \u0000Objective: To determine the prevalence of sexual harassment and identify different forms and associated risk factors among female university students who use public transport in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. \u0000Methods: A cross-sectional study design using a questionnaire was employed to collect data. Data were collected from female first-year undergraduate students, who use public transport and are aged 18 years and above studying at the University of Dar es Salaam and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences. \u0000Results: The overall prevalence of sexual harassment on public transport was 88%. Study participants reported the highest levels of sexual harassment (91%). Verbal harassment was the most common form of sexual harassment (95%), and being called names such as baby, sweet, honey or love was reported by most students (78%). Factors associated with sexual harassment on public transport were: overcrowded vehicles (AOR=2.90, 95% CI: 0.09-4.50) and use of public transport as a form of transport (AOR=4.54, 95% CI: 0.40-8.90). \u0000 Conclusion: The study findings highlight the need for the implementation of plausible interventions on the issue of sexual harassment through awareness campaigns and the implementation of modern surveillance and reporting systems in public spaces.","PeriodicalId":39815,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44568492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. G. Kramer, M. L. D. da Silva, Anésio M. de Sousa, Geraldo B. C. Junior, Luiz A. M. Filho
Background: Emerging pathogen Candida auris has been associated with nosocomial outbreaks demonstrating widespread antifungal resistance. This microorganism is associated with systemic infections with a high mortality rate, and studies that contribute to a better understanding of this agent are important. Objectives: The present article aimed to carry out bibliographic research on Candida auris. Therefore, a literature search was carried out between January 2018 and January 2022, applying the following: C. auris; Candida auris and Infection, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. This review considers the available literature on C. auris and highlights key unknowns, which will provide guidance for future work in this field. Results: The data collected in the present review allowed us to divide the theme into topics on Pathophysiology, Epidemiology/clinical and drug resistance mechanisms, so that the understanding of Candida auris can be better detailed and understood. Conclusion: The predilection of C. auris by the most vulnerable and immunosuppressed patients or with comorbidities and with the potential to cause invasive and bloodstream infections with a propensity to cause outbreaks and concerns regarding resistance to antifungal agents, the fungus Candida auris, is of increasing clinical relevance. The increase in the number of detected cases and the occurrence of strains with multiple drug resistance prove to be worrisome, and applied research is essential to contribute to the knowledge of this strain and effective therapy.
{"title":"Candida auris: a literature review","authors":"D. G. Kramer, M. L. D. da Silva, Anésio M. de Sousa, Geraldo B. C. Junior, Luiz A. M. Filho","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v23i4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v23i4.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Emerging pathogen Candida auris has been associated with nosocomial outbreaks demonstrating widespread antifungal resistance. This microorganism is associated with systemic infections with a high mortality rate, and studies that contribute to a better understanding of this agent are important. \u0000Objectives: The present article aimed to carry out bibliographic research on Candida auris. Therefore, a literature search was carried out between January 2018 and January 2022, applying the following: C. auris; Candida auris and Infection, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. This review considers the available literature on C. auris and highlights key unknowns, which will provide guidance for future work in this field. \u0000Results: The data collected in the present review allowed us to divide the theme into topics on Pathophysiology, Epidemiology/clinical and drug resistance mechanisms, so that the understanding of Candida auris can be better detailed and understood. \u0000Conclusion: The predilection of C. auris by the most vulnerable and immunosuppressed patients or with comorbidities and with the potential to cause invasive and bloodstream infections with a propensity to cause outbreaks and concerns regarding resistance to antifungal agents, the fungus Candida auris, is of increasing clinical relevance. The increase in the number of detected cases and the occurrence of strains with multiple drug resistance prove to be worrisome, and applied research is essential to contribute to the knowledge of this strain and effective therapy.","PeriodicalId":39815,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44850317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Mgina, Godfrey Elias, Kimaro Godfather, Shemtandulo Ramadhan, Sandi Erica, Mfinanga Sayoki, Ngadaya Esther, Shirima Raymond
Background: Despite National Tuberculosis (TB) Program efforts on tuberculosis control in the country, pre-diagnosis loss to follow-up is still a major problem. The study aims at exploring the magnitude and risk factors of presumptive TB cases who either do not submit a second sputum sample or do not show up for their laboratory results. Methods: The study included presumptive TB registered at the Musoma Regional Referral Hospital between May and November 2014. Lost to follow up presumptive TB were then traced and interviewed from December 2014 to April 2015. One hundred and thirty-two among those who submitted both samples and showed up for their results were randomly selected as a comparison group. Results: A total of 620 presumptive TB was registered at the Musoma Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH), of which 521 (84.0%) completed TB testing in accordance with the national TB diagnostic algorithm while 99 (16.0%) did not complete. Out of those who did not complete, 65 (65.7%) submitted only one spot sample and 34 (34.3%) submitted both but all of these did not pick-up their results. The Mean age of participants was 45.3 years (Standard deviation 17.7). The main reasons for loss to follow-up were: 23 (23.2%) opted to go to other health care facilities; 23 (23.2%) lack of transport fare; and 20 (20.2%) long distance to the hospital. Males were 1.6 (95%CI1.02-2.90) more likely to complete TB diagnostic algorithm.
{"title":"Magnitude and factors associated with pre-diagnosis loss to follow-up among tuberculosis presumptive patients in the Cycle of Health Care, Musoma, Tanzania: Cross-sectional study","authors":"N. Mgina, Godfrey Elias, Kimaro Godfather, Shemtandulo Ramadhan, Sandi Erica, Mfinanga Sayoki, Ngadaya Esther, Shirima Raymond","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v23i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v23i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Despite National Tuberculosis (TB) Program efforts on tuberculosis control in the country, pre-diagnosis loss to follow-up is still a major problem. The study aims at exploring the magnitude and risk factors of presumptive TB cases who either do not submit a second sputum sample or do not show up for their laboratory results. \u0000Methods: The study included presumptive TB registered at the Musoma Regional Referral Hospital between May and November 2014. Lost to follow up presumptive TB were then traced and interviewed from December 2014 to April 2015. One hundred and thirty-two among those who submitted both samples and showed up for their results were randomly selected as a comparison group. \u0000Results: A total of 620 presumptive TB was registered at the Musoma Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH), of which 521 (84.0%) completed TB testing in accordance with the national TB diagnostic algorithm while 99 (16.0%) did not complete. Out of those who did not complete, 65 (65.7%) submitted only one spot sample and 34 (34.3%) submitted both but all of these did not pick-up their results. The Mean age of participants was 45.3 years (Standard deviation 17.7). The main reasons for loss to follow-up were: 23 (23.2%) opted to go to other health care facilities; 23 (23.2%) lack of transport fare; and 20 (20.2%) long distance to the hospital. Males were 1.6 (95%CI1.02-2.90) more likely to complete TB diagnostic algorithm.","PeriodicalId":39815,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43629734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Placenta is the vital fetomaternal organ that is responsible for the maintenance of the pregnancy and promotion of fetal growth and development. The optimal survival, growth, and development of the fetus correspond to the appropriate formation and development of the placenta. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy exert a great impact on the placenta and reflect changes both morphological and histological. Objective: To compare the morphological and histological features of the placenta between hypertensive pregnant mothers and non-hypertensive pregnant mothers who attended Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH). Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2020 to August 2020 at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH). A total of 80 placentas were studied morphologically and histologically, of which 40 placentas were from hypertensive pregnant mothers and 40 placentas were from normotensive pregnant mothers. In the morphological aspect shape, weight, the site of insertion of the umbilical cord, the number of cotyledons of each placenta and thickness of the placenta were noted. In the histological part, Neutral buffered formalin (NBF) was used the routine staining technique which was Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and a light microscope was used. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20 computer software and the results were summarized in means and proportions. ‘T-test’ and chi-square’ tests were used and the difference was statistically significant when the p-value>0.05 Results: The irregular shape of the placenta and marginal insertion of the umbilical cord were more in the hypertensive group and were statistically significant (p>0.01). The mean placenta weight, mean placenta thickness and mean numbers of cotyledons were significantly less in a hypertensive group compared to the normotensive group (p<0.01). A microscopic study of the placenta revealed the presence of fibrinoid necrosis, syntial knots, calcifications and villous hypoplasia in both normotensive and hypertensive group however these findings were significantly higher in the hypertensive group (p>0.01). Conclusion: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) exert a profound impact on the placenta. Morphologically altering its dimensions and histologically fibrinoid necrosis, calcifications, syntial knots, and villous hypoplasia were significantly more in the hypertensive group than in the normotensive (p>0.01).
{"title":"Comparison of gross morphological and histological features of placenta between hypertensive and normotensive pregnant women attending Muhimbili National Hospital.","authors":"Antpas Furaha, Dennis Russa","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v23i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v23i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Placenta is the vital fetomaternal organ that is responsible for the maintenance of the pregnancy and promotion of fetal growth and development. The optimal survival, growth, and development of the fetus correspond to the appropriate formation and development of the placenta. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy exert a great impact on the placenta and reflect changes both morphological and histological. \u0000 Objective: To compare the morphological and histological features of the placenta between hypertensive pregnant mothers and non-hypertensive pregnant mothers who attended Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH). \u0000Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2020 to August 2020 at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH). A total of 80 placentas were studied morphologically and histologically, of which 40 placentas were from hypertensive pregnant mothers and 40 placentas were from normotensive pregnant mothers. In the morphological aspect shape, weight, the site of insertion of the umbilical cord, the number of cotyledons of each placenta and thickness of the placenta were noted. In the histological part, Neutral buffered formalin (NBF) was used the routine staining technique which was Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and a light microscope was used. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20 computer software and the results were summarized in means and proportions. ‘T-test’ and chi-square’ tests were used and the difference was statistically significant when the p-value>0.05 \u0000 \u0000Results: The irregular shape of the placenta and marginal insertion of the umbilical cord were more in the hypertensive group and were statistically significant (p>0.01). The mean placenta weight, mean placenta thickness and mean numbers of cotyledons were significantly less in a hypertensive group compared to the normotensive group (p<0.01). A microscopic study of the placenta revealed the presence of fibrinoid necrosis, syntial knots, calcifications and villous hypoplasia in both normotensive and hypertensive group however these findings were significantly higher in the hypertensive group (p>0.01). \u0000Conclusion: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) exert a profound impact on the placenta. Morphologically altering its dimensions and histologically fibrinoid necrosis, calcifications, syntial knots, and villous hypoplasia were significantly more in the hypertensive group than in the normotensive (p>0.01).","PeriodicalId":39815,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42728362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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