Uspekhi Fiziologicheskikh Nauk最新文献

Skeletal muscle cells secrete a variety of hormones and cytokines, which are referred to as myokines. Different modes of exercise are the main factor of myokines producing. The myokines expression level is increased in an exponential fashon proportional to the length of exercise and the amount of muscle mass engaged in the exercise. These myokines are described to communicate with cells in an autocrine/ paracrine manner. Thus it ensures the maintenance of homeostasis and adaptarion to physical stress. This myokines role is provided by a vriety of effects. It is assumed that exercise increases myokines transcription via signaling systems that are activated in response to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen, increasing the concentration of [Ca²⁺] i and AMP. Significant prospects have the myokines investigation of the role in the different disorders correction. So now accumulated enough data for myokines consideration as a single functional system, which plays an important role in the adaptation mechanisms to the habitual exrcise.

The review presents the model of evolution with the participation of selfish genetic elements, the origin of which is directly related to the evolutionary transformation of living organisms, the genome of which is represented by viral sequences. Given the common: origin of exogenous and endogenous viruses, mobile elements of the genome identified particular exchange of genetic information: prokaryotes mainly by using DNA-containing elements, eukaryotes--RNA transposons and endogenous retroviruses. The process of evolutionary variability using exogenous viruses for eukaryotes, unlike prokaryotes, was the least successful, which brought to the fore the endogenous parasitism as the preferred way of adaptation. High dynamics of the eukaryotic genome as a cause of the whole variety of wild life was formed due to the mechanism of viral evolution. The origin of viruses had adaptive value, with the progress of genome evolution in the dynamics increasingly became involved epigenetic mechanisms of regulation of movements and sequences of viral transcription and splicing modifications of proteins and non allelic recombination.

In the present review for the first time systematized literature data about reactive changes, of neurons in the basolateral and medial nuclei of the Amygdala which occur in response to acute and chronic exposure of ethanol. Summarized information about the mechanisms of disturbances in glutamatergic-and GABAergic systems of the basolateral nucleus that determining an increased level of anxiety, which is seen as a main motivating factor of desire for alcohol, thus involved to the manifestation of alcohol dependence. Reviewed molecular and genetic aspects of rsearchs involvement of medial nucleus in the mechanisms of alcoholism.

The article discusses the pool of signaling molecules that regulate the functional activity of the skin cells. Molecules of apoptosis and cells skin aging are p53, p21, p15, Cdk 4/6 and Bcl-2. Inflammation in skin fibroblasts are realized through the cytokines TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-1, ICAM-1, matrix metalloproteinase MMP-1,2,3,9, transcription factor NF-κB and activator protein AP-1. An important role in the aging of skin cells play neuroimmunoendocrine signaling molecules--melatonin, serotonin, skin fibroblast proliferation marker chromogranin A and CD98hc. Age-related changes in the activity of immune cells of the skin is associated with impaired expression of cluster of differentiation of T-lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD11) and dendritic cells (CD83⁺). These signaling molecules produced by the fibroblasts of the skin, regulate the activity of immune cells involved in the cascade of reactions associated with inflammatory responses, proliferation, apoptosis and cell regeneration. Based on these data nowadays new highly selective approaches to the diagnosis of the skin and the creation of cosmetic agents for the prevention of aging are developed.

The data on the structure, location and functions of the metabotropic glutamate receptor is shown. The family consists of 8 mGluRs subtypes and is divided into three groups: I group--mGluRs1/mGluRs5, II group--mGluRs2/mGluRs3, III group--mGluRs4/mGluRs6/mGluRs7/mGluRs8. They are associated with G-protein; signaling in the cells is carried out by IP3 or adenylate cyclase signaling pathways, in the result of which, mGluRs modify glial and neuronal excitability. Receptors are localized in the CNS and periphery in non-neuronal tissues: bone, heart, kidney, pancreas pod and platelets, the gastrointestinal tract, immune system. Their participation in the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases, mental and cognitive disorders, autoimmune processes, etc. is displayed. Agonists, antagonists, allosteric modulators of mGluRs are considered as potential medicines for treatment of mental diseases, including depression, fragile X syndrome, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders, Parkinson's disease, etc.

In this review, we analyzed the data of literature about the glucocorticoid influences on the gastric erosion and ulcer healing. The data show that multiple injections of glucocorticoids at pharmacological doses delay gastric erosion and ulcer healing. However, according to experimental results endogenic glucocorticoids, on the contrary, play significant role in maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity. Thus, glucocorticoids may have dual effect on healing of gastric injury: contribute to healing process or delay them. The initial glucocorticoid action is physiological and consists in a participation in healing processes what is considered as component gastroprotective action of these hormones. During a long-lasting action of glucocorticoids, the physiological effect can be transformed into pathological one, delaying erosion and ulcer healing, and this contributes to the ulcerogenic action of glucocorticods.

Presents scientific creativity of I. S. Beritashvili in the cultural and historical aspect. The main attention is paid to the concept of figurative psychoneural activity of vertebrates. I. S. Beritashvili experimentally showed that the image of a vital object is fixed in memory and retrieved therefrom for the satisfaction of vital biological needs. The animal's behavior in such situations is governed not by material incentives, but by their images I. S. Beritashvili was one of the first, who connected figurative psychoneural activity with the brain morphology at the level of nerve cells. Stressed is the importance of the I. S. Beritashvili's concept for the development of evolutionary ethics and bioethics. The figurative of creative psychoneural activity in animals and humans, in fact, is the forerunner of modern cognitive behaviorism.

The structural, systemic, neurochemical, molecular and cellular mechanisms of organization and coding motivation and emotional states are describe. The GABA and glutamatergic synaptic systems of basal ganglia form a neural network and participate in the implementation of voluntary behavior. Neuropeptides, neurohormones and paracrine neuromodulators involved in the organization of motivation and emotional states, integrated with synaptic systems, controlled by neural networks and organizing goal-directed behavior. Structural centers for united and integrated of information in voluntary and goal-directed behavior are globus pallidus. Substantia nigra pars reticulata switches the information from corticobasal networks to thalamocortical networks, induces global dopaminergic (DA) signal and organize interaction of mesolimbic and nigostriatnoy DA systems controlled by prefrontal and motor cortex. Together with the motor cortex, substantia nigra displays information in the brainstem and spinal cord to implementation of behavior. Motivation states are formed in the interaction of neurohormonal and neuropeptide systems by monoaminergic systems of brain. Emotional states are formed by monoaminergic systems of the mid-brain, where the leading role belongs to the mesolimbic DA system. The emotional and motivation state of the encoded specific epigenetic molecular and chemical pattern of neuron.

Literature review and the results of own studies on the development and experimental testing of musical EEG neurofeedback technology are presented. The technology is based on exposure of subjects to music or music-like signals that are organized in strict accordance with the current values of brain potentials of the patient. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the effectiveness of several versions of the technology, using specific and meaningful for the individual narrow-frequency EEG oscillators during the correction of unfavorable changes of the functional state.

The history of study of schizophrenia has more than 100 years. During all this period there was collected a lot of data on clinical picture of the disease, psychological peculiarities of patients, biochemical and electrophysiological phenomena. In this respect it becomes actual nowadays to look for a concept that could combine different levels of schizophrenia research (clinical, biochemical, social, etc.) and explain relationships with various symptoms of the disease. In this article we analyze experimental psychological data on thinking of patients, instrumental studies (ERP fMRI, rhythmic patterns of thinking, dopamine theory) and their relationship with clinical implications. It is shown that all these data complement each other and allow us to tell about a basic violation in schizophrenia--the difficulty of patients to differentiate between more and less salient information. We can observe the violation on different levels of schizophrenia investigation and explain different symptoms of the disease as manifestations of that basic violation.