Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108636
Magdalena Strachowska , Agnieszka Robaszkiewicz
Due to the contribution of highly homologous acetyltransferases CBP and p300 to transcription elevation of oncogenes and other cancer promoting factors, these enzymes emerge as possible epigenetic targets of anticancer therapy. Extensive efforts in search for small molecule inhibitors led to development of compounds targeting histone acetyltransferase catalytic domain or chromatin-interacting bromodomain of CBP/p300, as well as dual BET and CBP/p300 inhibitors. The promising anticancer efficacy in in vitro and mice models led CCS1477 and NEO2734 to clinical trials. However, none of the described inhibitors is perfectly specific to CBP/p300 since they share similarity of a key functional domains with other enzymes, which are critically associated with cancer progression and their antagonists demonstrate remarkable clinical efficacy in cancer therapy. Therefore, we revise the possible and clinically relevant off-targets of CBP/p300 inhibitors that can be blocked simultaneously with CBP/p300 thereby improving the anticancer potential of CBP/p300 inhibitors and pharmacokinetic predicting data such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and toxicity.
{"title":"Characteristics of anticancer activity of CBP/p300 inhibitors – Features of their classes, intracellular targets and future perspectives of their application in cancer treatment","authors":"Magdalena Strachowska , Agnieszka Robaszkiewicz","doi":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to the contribution of highly homologous acetyltransferases CBP and p300 to transcription elevation of oncogenes and other cancer promoting factors, these enzymes emerge as possible epigenetic targets of anticancer therapy. Extensive efforts in search for small molecule inhibitors led to development of compounds targeting histone acetyltransferase catalytic domain or chromatin-interacting bromodomain of CBP/p300, as well as dual BET and CBP/p300 inhibitors. The promising anticancer efficacy in <em>in vitro</em> and mice models led CCS1477 and NEO2734 to clinical trials. However, none of the described inhibitors is perfectly specific to CBP/p300 since they share similarity of a key functional domains with other enzymes, which are critically associated with cancer progression and their antagonists demonstrate remarkable clinical efficacy in cancer therapy. Therefore, we revise the possible and clinically relevant off-targets of CBP/p300 inhibitors that can be blocked simultaneously with CBP/p300 thereby improving the anticancer potential of CBP/p300 inhibitors and pharmacokinetic predicting data such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and toxicity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":402,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725824000561/pdfft?md5=56be2af5b36c1256bfa4b880c50388dd&pid=1-s2.0-S0163725824000561-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140192971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108637
Jacqueline Wen Hui Leow, Eric Chun Yong Chan
Cytochrome P450 2 J2 (CYP2J2) is primarily expressed extrahepatically and is the predominant epoxygenase in human cardiac tissues. This highlights its key role in the metabolism of endogenous substrates. Significant scientific interest lies in cardiac CYP2J2 metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, to regioisomeric bioactive epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) metabolites that show cardioprotective effects including regulation of cardiac electrophysiology. From an in vitro perspective, the accurate characterization of the kinetics of CYP2J2 metabolism of AA including its inhibition and inactivation by drugs could be useful in facilitating in vitro-in vivo extrapolations to predict drug-AA interactions in drug discovery and development. In this review, background information on the structure, regulation and expression of CYP2J2 in human heart is presented alongside AA and EETs as its endogenous substrate and metabolites. The in vitro and in vivo implications of the kinetics of this endogenous metabolic pathway as well as its perturbation via inhibition and inactivation by drugs are elaborated. Additionally, the role of CYP2J2-mediated metabolism of AA to EETs in cardiac electrophysiology will be expounded.
细胞色素 P450 2 J2(CYP2J2)主要在肝外表达,是人体心脏组织中最主要的环氧化酶。这凸显了它在内源性底物代谢中的关键作用。科学界对 CYP2J2 在心脏中将花生四烯酸(AA)(一种欧米伽-6 多不饱和脂肪酸)代谢为具有生物活性的环氧二十碳三烯酸(EET)代谢物的过程非常感兴趣,这种代谢物具有保护心脏的作用,包括调节心脏电生理。从体外角度来看,准确描述 AA 的 CYP2J2 代谢动力学(包括药物对其的抑制和灭活)有助于促进体外-体内推断,从而预测药物发现和开发过程中药物-AA 之间的相互作用。本综述介绍了 CYP2J2 在人体心脏中的结构、调节和表达的背景信息,以及 AA 和 EETs 作为其内源性底物和代谢物的情况。详细阐述了这一内源性代谢途径的体外和体内动力学影响,以及药物对其抑制和灭活的干扰作用。此外,还将阐述 CYP2J2 介导的 AA 向 EETs 的代谢在心脏电生理学中的作用。
{"title":"CYP2J2-mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid in heart: A review of its kinetics, inhibition and role in heart rhythm control","authors":"Jacqueline Wen Hui Leow, Eric Chun Yong Chan","doi":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cytochrome P450 2 J2 (CYP2J2) is primarily expressed extrahepatically and is the predominant epoxygenase in human cardiac tissues. This highlights its key role in the metabolism of endogenous substrates. Significant scientific interest lies in cardiac CYP2J2 metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, to regioisomeric bioactive epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) metabolites that show cardioprotective effects including regulation of cardiac electrophysiology. From an <em>in vitro</em> perspective, the accurate characterization of the kinetics of CYP2J2 metabolism of AA including its inhibition and inactivation by drugs could be useful in facilitating <em>in vitro-in vivo</em> extrapolations to predict drug-AA interactions in drug discovery and development. In this review, background information on the structure, regulation and expression of CYP2J2 in human heart is presented alongside AA and EETs as its endogenous substrate and metabolites. The <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> implications of the kinetics of this endogenous metabolic pathway as well as its perturbation <em>via</em> inhibition and inactivation by drugs are elaborated. Additionally, the role of CYP2J2-mediated metabolism of AA to EETs in cardiac electrophysiology will be expounded.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":402,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140192972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-18DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108635
Kevin Mou, Stanley M.H. Chan, Ross Vlahos
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a multifaceted respiratory disorder characterized by progressive airflow limitation and systemic implications. It has become increasingly apparent that COPD exerts its influence far beyond the respiratory system, extending its impact to various organ systems. Among these, the musculoskeletal system emerges as a central player in both the pathogenesis and management of COPD and its associated comorbidities. Muscle dysfunction and osteoporosis are prevalent musculoskeletal disorders in COPD patients, leading to a substantial decline in exercise capacity and overall health. These manifestations are influenced by systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances, all hallmarks of COPD. Recent research has uncovered an intricate interplay between COPD and musculoskeletal comorbidities, suggesting that muscle and bone tissues may cross-communicate through the release of signalling molecules, known as “myokines” and “osteokines”. We explored this dynamic relationship, with a particular focus on the role of the immune system in mediating the cross-communication between muscle and bone in COPD. Moreover, we delved into existing and emerging therapeutic strategies for managing musculoskeletal disorders in COPD. It underscores the development of personalized treatment approaches that target both the respiratory and musculoskeletal aspects of COPD, offering the promise of improved well-being and quality of life for individuals grappling with this complex condition. This comprehensive review underscores the significance of recognizing the profound impact of COPD on the musculoskeletal system and its comorbidities. By unravelling the intricate connections between these systems and exploring innovative treatment avenues, we can aspire to enhance the overall care and outcomes for COPD patients, ultimately offering hope for improved health and well-being.
{"title":"Musculoskeletal crosstalk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities: Emerging roles and therapeutic potentials","authors":"Kevin Mou, Stanley M.H. Chan, Ross Vlahos","doi":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a multifaceted respiratory disorder characterized by progressive airflow limitation and systemic implications. It has become increasingly apparent that COPD exerts its influence far beyond the respiratory system, extending its impact to various organ systems. Among these, the musculoskeletal system emerges as a central player in both the pathogenesis and management of COPD and its associated comorbidities. Muscle dysfunction and osteoporosis are prevalent musculoskeletal disorders in COPD patients, leading to a substantial decline in exercise capacity and overall health. These manifestations are influenced by systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances, all hallmarks of COPD. Recent research has uncovered an intricate interplay between COPD and musculoskeletal comorbidities, suggesting that muscle and bone tissues may cross-communicate through the release of signalling molecules, known as “myokines” and “osteokines”. We explored this dynamic relationship, with a particular focus on the role of the immune system in mediating the cross-communication between muscle and bone in COPD. Moreover, we delved into existing and emerging therapeutic strategies for managing musculoskeletal disorders in COPD. It underscores the development of personalized treatment approaches that target both the respiratory and musculoskeletal aspects of COPD, offering the promise of improved well-being and quality of life for individuals grappling with this complex condition. This comprehensive review underscores the significance of recognizing the profound impact of COPD on the musculoskeletal system and its comorbidities. By unravelling the intricate connections between these systems and exploring innovative treatment avenues, we can aspire to enhance the overall care and outcomes for COPD patients, ultimately offering hope for improved health and well-being.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":402,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016372582400055X/pdfft?md5=26febba9eb277ff475f01cb8434dc262&pid=1-s2.0-S016372582400055X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140178914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-16DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108634
Lei Wang , Li Lin , Wei Zhou
The study aims to evaluate the benefits and potential adverse effects of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with lenvatinib and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) protein inhibitors in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A systematic literature search of several databases for relevant studies, published from inception up to May 2023, was performed. Clinical trials investigating TACE combined with lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitors compared with other treatment regimens for advanced HCC were included. Data were pooled using fixed- or random-effects models and expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) or risk ratios (RRs) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Trial sequential analysis was used to determine whether the study results were sufficiently conclusive. Totally thirteen cohort studies comprising 1279 patients were included. The combined use of TACE, lenvatinib, and PD-1 inhibitors significantly improved overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) compared with other treatment regimens. The incidences of all-grade or grade ≥ 3 adverse events were comparable and did not differ significantly between the two groups. Prognostic factor analysis identified treatment options, portal vein tumor thrombus, extrahepatic metastasis, and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage as independent prognostic factors for OS. Extrahepatic metastasis, Child–Pugh score, and hepatic vein invasion emerged as independent prognostic factors for PFS. TSA suggested that the available data were adequate for drawing numerical conclusions regarding ORR and DCR. An approach combining TACE, lenvatinib, and PD-1 inhibitors appeared to offer significant improvements in OS, PFS, ORR, and DCR in patients with advanced HCC without significantly increasing the risk for all-grade adverse events.
{"title":"Efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization combined with lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitor in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis","authors":"Lei Wang , Li Lin , Wei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study aims to evaluate the benefits and potential adverse effects of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with lenvatinib and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) protein inhibitors in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A systematic literature search of several databases for relevant studies, published from inception up to May 2023, was performed. Clinical trials investigating TACE combined with lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitors compared with other treatment regimens for advanced HCC were included. Data were pooled using fixed- or random-effects models and expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) or risk ratios (RRs) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Trial sequential analysis was used to determine whether the study results were sufficiently conclusive. Totally thirteen cohort studies comprising 1279 patients were included. The combined use of TACE, lenvatinib, and PD-1 inhibitors significantly improved overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) compared with other treatment regimens. The incidences of all-grade or grade ≥ 3 adverse events were comparable and did not differ significantly between the two groups. Prognostic factor analysis identified treatment options, portal vein tumor thrombus, extrahepatic metastasis, and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage as independent prognostic factors for OS. Extrahepatic metastasis, Child–Pugh score, and hepatic vein invasion emerged as independent prognostic factors for PFS. TSA suggested that the available data were adequate for drawing numerical conclusions regarding ORR and DCR. An approach combining TACE, lenvatinib, and PD-1 inhibitors appeared to offer significant improvements in OS, PFS, ORR, and DCR in patients with advanced HCC without significantly increasing the risk for all-grade adverse events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":402,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140157320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108631
Stephen M. Stribbling , Callum Beach , Anderson J. Ryan
Mouse models of disease play a pivotal role at all stages of cancer drug development. Cell-line derived subcutaneous tumour models are predominant in early drug discovery, but there is growing recognition of the importance of the more complex orthotopic and metastatic tumour models for understanding both target biology in the correct tissue context, and the impact of the tumour microenvironment and the immune system in responses to treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the value that orthotopic and metastatic models bring to the study of tumour biology and drug development while pointing out those models that are most likely to be encountered in the literature. Important developments in orthotopic models, such as the increasing use of early passage patient material (PDXs, organoids) and humanised mouse models are discussed, as these approaches have the potential to increase the predictive value of preclinical studies, and ultimately improve the success rate of anticancer drugs in clinical trials.
{"title":"Orthotopic and metastatic tumour models in preclinical cancer research","authors":"Stephen M. Stribbling , Callum Beach , Anderson J. Ryan","doi":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mouse models of disease play a pivotal role at all stages of cancer drug development. Cell-line derived subcutaneous tumour models are predominant in early drug discovery, but there is growing recognition of the importance of the more complex orthotopic and metastatic tumour models for understanding both target biology in the correct tissue context, and the impact of the tumour microenvironment and the immune system in responses to treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the value that orthotopic and metastatic models bring to the study of tumour biology and drug development while pointing out those models that are most likely to be encountered in the literature. Important developments in orthotopic models, such as the increasing use of early passage patient material (PDXs, organoids) and humanised mouse models are discussed, as these approaches have the potential to increase the predictive value of preclinical studies, and ultimately improve the success rate of anticancer drugs in clinical trials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":402,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725824000512/pdfft?md5=8a1d381f8ccd693492f0adf710824618&pid=1-s2.0-S0163725824000512-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140100701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108624
Ying Bai , Yang Cai , Di Chang , Daxing Li , Xinchen Huo , Tianhao Zhu
Depression stands as a prominent contributor to global disability, entailing an elevated risk of suicide. Substantial evidence supports the notion that immune dysregulation may play a role in the development of depression and impede responses to antidepressant treatments. Immune dysregulation may cause depression in susceptible individuals through raising inflammatory responses. Differences in immune cell types and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators are observed in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with major depressive disorder, which is associated with neuroimmune dysfunction. Therefore, the interaction of peripheral and central immune targets in depression needs to be understood. Urgent attention is required for the development of innovative therapeutics directed at modulating immune responses for the treatment of depression. This review delineates the immune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of depression, assesses the therapeutic potential of immune system targeting for depression treatment, and deliberates on the merits and constraints of employing immunotherapy in the management of depression.
{"title":"Immunotherapy for depression: Recent insights and future targets","authors":"Ying Bai , Yang Cai , Di Chang , Daxing Li , Xinchen Huo , Tianhao Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Depression stands as a prominent contributor to global disability, entailing an elevated risk of suicide. Substantial evidence supports the notion that immune dysregulation may play a role in the development of depression and impede responses to antidepressant treatments. Immune dysregulation may cause depression in susceptible individuals through raising inflammatory responses. Differences in immune cell types and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators are observed in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with major depressive disorder, which is associated with neuroimmune dysfunction. Therefore, the interaction of peripheral and central immune targets in depression needs to be understood. Urgent attention is required for the development of innovative therapeutics directed at modulating immune responses for the treatment of depression. This review delineates the immune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of depression, assesses the therapeutic potential of immune system targeting for depression treatment, and deliberates on the merits and constraints of employing immunotherapy in the management of depression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":402,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140038129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-22DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108614
Xiaolei Huang, Yichang Chen, Qin Xiao, Xinci Shang, Yanli Liu
Histone methylation reader domains are protein modules that recognize specific histone methylation marks, such as methylated or unmethylated lysine or arginine residues on histones. These reader proteins play crucial roles in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, chromatin structure, and DNA damage repair. Dysregulation of these proteins has been linked to various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and developmental disorders. Therefore, targeting these proteins with chemical inhibitors has emerged as an attractive approach for therapeutic intervention, and significant progress has been made in this area. In this review, we will summarize the development of inhibitors targeting histone methylation readers, including MBT domains, chromodomains, Tudor domains, PWWP domains, PHD fingers, and WD40 repeat domains. For each domain, we will briefly discuss its identification and biological/biochemical functions, and then focus on the discovery of inhibitors tailored to target this domain, summarizing the property and potential application of most inhibitors. We will also discuss the structural basis for the potency and selectivity of these inhibitors, which will aid in further lead generation and optimization. Finally, we will also address the challenges and strategies involved in the development of these inhibitors. It should facilitate the rational design and development of novel chemical scaffolds and new targeting strategies for histone methylation reader domains with the help of this body of data.
组蛋白甲基化阅读域是一种蛋白质模块,可识别特定的组蛋白甲基化标记,如组蛋白上甲基化或未甲基化的赖氨酸或精氨酸残基。这些阅读器蛋白在基因表达、染色质结构和 DNA 损伤修复的表观遗传调控中发挥着至关重要的作用。这些蛋白的失调与癌症、神经退行性疾病和发育障碍等多种疾病有关。因此,以这些蛋白为靶点的化学抑制剂已成为一种极具吸引力的治疗干预方法,该领域也取得了重大进展。在本综述中,我们将总结针对组蛋白甲基化阅读器(包括 MBT 结构域、染色质结构域、Tudor 结构域、PWWP 结构域、PHD 手指和 WD40 重复结构域)的抑制剂的开发情况。对于每个结构域,我们将简要讨论其识别和生物/生化功能,然后重点讨论针对该结构域的抑制剂的发现,总结大多数抑制剂的特性和潜在应用。我们还将讨论这些抑制剂的效力和选择性的结构基础,这将有助于进一步产生和优化先导物。最后,我们还将讨论开发这些抑制剂所面临的挑战和策略。在这些数据的帮助下,将有助于合理设计和开发新型化学支架以及组蛋白甲基化阅读域的新靶向策略。
{"title":"Chemical inhibitors targeting histone methylation readers","authors":"Xiaolei Huang, Yichang Chen, Qin Xiao, Xinci Shang, Yanli Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Histone methylation reader domains are protein modules that recognize specific histone methylation marks, such as methylated or unmethylated lysine or arginine residues on histones. These reader proteins play crucial roles in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, chromatin structure, and DNA damage repair. Dysregulation of these proteins has been linked to various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and developmental disorders. Therefore, targeting these proteins with chemical inhibitors has emerged as an attractive approach for therapeutic intervention, and significant progress has been made in this area. In this review, we will summarize the development of inhibitors targeting histone methylation readers, including MBT domains, chromodomains, Tudor domains, PWWP domains, PHD fingers, and WD40 repeat domains. For each domain, we will briefly discuss its identification and biological/biochemical functions, and then focus on the discovery of inhibitors tailored to target this domain, summarizing the property and potential application of most inhibitors. We will also discuss the structural basis for the potency and selectivity of these inhibitors, which will aid in further lead generation and optimization. Finally, we will also address the challenges and strategies involved in the development of these inhibitors. It should facilitate the rational design and development of novel chemical scaffolds and new targeting strategies for histone methylation reader domains with the help of this body of data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":402,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139928864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds), engineered Ads preferentially infect and lyse tumor cells, have attracted remarkable attention as immunotherapy weapons for the treatment of various malignancies. Despite hopeful successes in preclinical investigations and translation into clinical phases, they face some challenges that thwart their therapeutic effectiveness, including low infectivity of cancer cells, liver sequestration, pre-existing neutralizing antibodies, physical barriers to the spread of Ads, and immunosuppressive TME. Nanotechnology and nano-sized tools provide several advantages to overcome these limitations of OAds. Nano-sized tools could improve the therapeutic efficacy of OAds by enhancing infectivity and cellular uptake, targeting and protecting from pre-existing immune responses, masking and preventing liver tropism, and co-delivery with other therapeutic agents. Herein, we reviewed the constructs of various OAds and their application in clinical trials, as well as the limitations they have faced. Furthermore, we emphasized the potential applications of nanotechnology to solve the constraints of OAds to improve their anti-tumor activities.
{"title":"Nanotechnology and nano-sized tools: Newer approaches to circumvent oncolytic adenovirus limitations","authors":"Maryam Mashhadi Abolghasem Shirazi , Tayebeh Azam Saedi , Zahra Samadi Moghaddam , Mahnaz Nemati , Reza Shiri , Babak Negahdari , Nasser Hashemi Goradel","doi":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds), engineered Ads preferentially infect and lyse tumor cells, have attracted remarkable attention as immunotherapy weapons for the treatment of various malignancies. Despite hopeful successes in preclinical investigations and translation into clinical phases, they face some challenges that thwart their therapeutic effectiveness, including low infectivity of cancer cells, liver sequestration, pre-existing neutralizing antibodies, physical barriers to the spread of Ads, and immunosuppressive TME. Nanotechnology and nano-sized tools provide several advantages to overcome these limitations of OAds. Nano-sized tools could improve the therapeutic efficacy of OAds by enhancing infectivity and cellular uptake, targeting and protecting from pre-existing immune responses, masking and preventing liver tropism, and co-delivery with other therapeutic agents. Herein, we reviewed the constructs of various OAds and their application in clinical trials, as well as the limitations they have faced. Furthermore, we emphasized the potential applications of nanotechnology to solve the constraints of OAds to improve their anti-tumor activities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":402,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139916984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108615
Shijie Wen, Hiroshi Arakawa, Ikumi Tamai
Owing to renal reabsorption and the loss of uricase activity, uric acid (UA) is strictly maintained at a higher physiological level in humans than in other mammals, which provides a survival advantage during evolution but increases susceptibility to certain diseases such as gout. Although monosodium urate (MSU) crystal precipitation has been detected in different tissues of patients as a trigger for disease, the pathological role of soluble UA remains controversial due to the lack of causality in the clinical setting. Abnormal elevation or reduction of UA levels has been linked to some of pathological status, also known as U-shaped association, implying that the physiological levels of UA regulated by multiple enzymes and transporters are crucial for the maintenance of health. In addition, the protective potential of UA has also been proposed in aging and some diseases. Therefore, the role of UA as a double-edged sword in humans is determined by its physiological or non-physiological levels. In this review, we summarize biosynthesis, membrane transport, and physiological functions of UA. Then, we discuss the pathological involvement of hyperuricemia and hypouricemia as well as the underlying mechanisms by which UA at abnormal levels regulates the onset and progression of diseases. Finally, pharmacological strategies for urate-lowering therapy (ULT) are introduced, and current challenges in UA study and future perspectives are also described.
由于肾脏的重吸收作用和尿酸酶活性的丧失,人类体内的尿酸(UA)严格维持在比其他哺乳动物更高的生理水平,这在进化过程中提供了生存优势,但却增加了对痛风等某些疾病的易感性。虽然已在患者的不同组织中检测到单钠尿酸盐(MSU)晶体沉淀是疾病的诱发因素,但由于在临床环境中缺乏因果关系,可溶性尿酸盐的病理作用仍存在争议。尿酸水平的异常升高或降低与某些病理状态有关,也被称为 U 型关联,这意味着由多种酶和转运体调节的尿酸生理水平对维持健康至关重要。此外,人们还提出了尿酸在衰老和某些疾病中的保护潜力。因此,作为一把双刃剑,尿酸在人体中的作用取决于其生理或非生理水平。在这篇综述中,我们总结了 UA 的生物合成、膜运输和生理功能。然后,我们讨论了高尿酸血症和高尿酸血症的病理参与,以及尿酸水平异常调节疾病发生和发展的潜在机制。最后,介绍了降尿酸治疗(ULT)的药物策略,并阐述了当前尿酸研究面临的挑战和未来展望。
{"title":"Uric acid in health and disease: From physiological functions to pathogenic mechanisms","authors":"Shijie Wen, Hiroshi Arakawa, Ikumi Tamai","doi":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Owing to renal reabsorption and the loss of uricase activity, uric acid (UA) is strictly maintained at a higher physiological level in humans than in other mammals, which provides a survival advantage during evolution but increases susceptibility to certain diseases such as gout. Although monosodium urate (MSU) crystal precipitation has been detected in different tissues of patients as a trigger for disease, the pathological role of soluble UA remains controversial due to the lack of causality in the clinical setting. Abnormal elevation or reduction of UA levels has been linked to some of pathological status, also known as U-shaped association, implying that the physiological levels of UA regulated by multiple enzymes and transporters are crucial for the maintenance of health. In addition, the protective potential of UA has also been proposed in aging and some diseases. Therefore, the role of UA as a double-edged sword in humans is determined by its physiological or non-physiological levels. In this review, we summarize biosynthesis, membrane transport, and physiological functions of UA. Then, we discuss the pathological involvement of hyperuricemia and hypouricemia as well as the underlying mechanisms by which UA at abnormal levels regulates the onset and progression of diseases. Finally, pharmacological strategies for urate-lowering therapy (ULT) are introduced, and current challenges in UA study and future perspectives are also described.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":402,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139916867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-16DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108613
Elena Splendiani , Zein Mersini Besharat , Alessia Covre , Michele Maio , Anna Maria Di Giacomo , Elisabetta Ferretti
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, representing approximately 4% of all cutaneous neoplasms and accounting for up to 80% of deaths. Advanced stages of melanoma involve metastatic processes and are associated with high mortality and morbidity, mainly due to the rapid dissemination and heterogeneous responses to current therapies, including immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are currently used in the treatment of metastatic melanoma (MM) and despite being linked to an increase in patient survival, a high percentage of them still do not benefit from it. Accordingly, the number of therapeutic regimens for MM patients using ICIs either alone or in combination with other therapies has increased, together with the need for reliable biomarkers that can both predict and monitor response to ICIs.
In this context, circulating biomarkers, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and cells, have emerged due to their ability to reflect disease status. Moreover, blood tests are minimally invasive and provide an attractive option to detect biomarkers, avoiding stressful medical procedures.
This systematic review aims to evaluate the possibility of a non-invasive biomarker signature that can guide therapeutic decisions. The studies reported here offer valuable insight into how circulating biomarkers can have a role in personalized treatments for melanoma patients receiving ICIs therapy, emphasizing the need for rigorous clinical trials to confirm findings and establish standardized procedures.
{"title":"Immunotherapy in melanoma: Can we predict response to treatment with circulating biomarkers?","authors":"Elena Splendiani , Zein Mersini Besharat , Alessia Covre , Michele Maio , Anna Maria Di Giacomo , Elisabetta Ferretti","doi":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, representing approximately 4% of all cutaneous neoplasms and accounting for up to 80% of deaths. Advanced stages of melanoma involve metastatic processes and are associated with high mortality and morbidity, mainly due to the rapid dissemination and heterogeneous responses to current therapies, including immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are currently used in the treatment of metastatic melanoma (MM) and despite being linked to an increase in patient survival, a high percentage of them still do not benefit from it. Accordingly, the number of therapeutic regimens for MM patients using ICIs either alone or in combination with other therapies has increased, together with the need for reliable biomarkers that can both predict and monitor response to ICIs.</p><p>In this context, circulating biomarkers, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and cells, have emerged due to their ability to reflect disease status. Moreover, blood tests are minimally invasive and provide an attractive option to detect biomarkers, avoiding stressful medical procedures.</p><p>This systematic review aims to evaluate the possibility of a non-invasive biomarker signature that can guide therapeutic decisions. The studies reported here offer valuable insight into how circulating biomarkers can have a role in personalized treatments for melanoma patients receiving ICIs therapy, emphasizing the need for rigorous clinical trials to confirm findings and establish standardized procedures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":402,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725824000330/pdfft?md5=0d96ada0b3f9f2bd152f404be7ecf6c1&pid=1-s2.0-S0163725824000330-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139897768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}