Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-n000404
Erjola Xhuvani
Background: The road of Albania’s European Union integration process has been long and defiant. It started in 1993 with the approval of the Trade Agreement. The most important milestone was the signature of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) in June of 2006. Part of its implementation included the harmonisation of domestic legislation with that of the EU, established by Article 70 of this agreement. This is an important process for the final step of EU membership. Its importance relates to the fact that if the domestic legislation is not in compliance with the European legislation, the standards of this country cannot compete with those of other EU countries. As a result, it cannot become part of the EU. Methods: The introduction of the article, based on the descriptive method, gives an overview of domestic legislation in the framework of harmonisation. The second chapter, based on the analytic method, explains an example of law harmonisation in Albania in concrete terms. This example is based on the methodology used for the harmonisation of legislation. Based on these outcomes, the third section of the article explains the need for understanding and implementing the harmonised laws in Albania. Results and Conclusions: The identification of the approximation process gaps in the second section of the article translates to achievable goals shown in the conclusion. A better functioning of Albanian structural and administrative capacities is needed, requiring a dedicated additional budget and trained staff. In technical terms, the text of the trans- posed EC Directive should be inserted in the table of concordance of the Law. The same EU act, expected to be transposed, should also be mentioned in the preface of the draft proposal, similar to the practice in the European countries. After the approval of the har- monised national legislation with that of EU law, its implementation and enforcement are crucial. The most important part of the harmonisation of legislation lies in the impact these laws will have after their implementation. A data base on EU terminology for Alba- nian and English languages of the Treaty Establishing the EU and European Community, the SAA, the Interim Agreement, and the European Partnership should be established. The most important issue Albania faces regarding its internal market legislation is the adaption of their internal mechanisms to implement.
{"title":"Case Study On Integration Process Of Albania Towards Eu: Harmonisation Of Domestic Legislation With That Of EU","authors":"Erjola Xhuvani","doi":"10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-n000404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-n000404","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The road of Albania’s European Union integration process has been long and defiant. It started in 1993 with the approval of the Trade Agreement. The most important milestone was the signature of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) in June of 2006. Part of its implementation included the harmonisation of domestic legislation with that of the EU, established by Article 70 of this agreement. This is an important process for the final step of EU membership. Its importance relates to the fact that if the domestic legislation is not in compliance with the European legislation, the standards of this country cannot compete with those of other EU countries. As a result, it cannot become part of the EU. Methods: The introduction of the article, based on the descriptive method, gives an overview of domestic legislation in the framework of harmonisation. The second chapter, based on the analytic method, explains an example of law harmonisation in Albania in concrete terms. This example is based on the methodology used for the harmonisation of legislation. Based on these outcomes, the third section of the article explains the need for understanding and implementing the harmonised laws in Albania. Results and Conclusions: The identification of the approximation process gaps in the second section of the article translates to achievable goals shown in the conclusion. A better functioning of Albanian structural and administrative capacities is needed, requiring a dedicated additional budget and trained staff. In technical terms, the text of the trans- posed EC Directive should be inserted in the table of concordance of the Law. The same EU act, expected to be transposed, should also be mentioned in the preface of the draft proposal, similar to the practice in the European countries. After the approval of the har- monised national legislation with that of EU law, its implementation and enforcement are crucial. The most important part of the harmonisation of legislation lies in the impact these laws will have after their implementation. A data base on EU terminology for Alba- nian and English languages of the Treaty Establishing the EU and European Community, the SAA, the Interim Agreement, and the European Partnership should be established. The most important issue Albania faces regarding its internal market legislation is the adaption of their internal mechanisms to implement.","PeriodicalId":40329,"journal":{"name":"Access to Justice in Eastern Europe","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136314451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-r000408
Matilda Pajo, Donik Sallova
Background: This paper aims to elaborate and analyse the legal context of the identity policy of the international community in post-war Kosovo. Through this policy, the nature of Kosovo was determined as an entity under the UN administration until 2008 and as an independent state after that. Given that NATO’s military intervention in Kosovo was initiated for humanitarian reasons and, therefore, was not an intervention aimed at resolving the historical conflict between Serbs and Albanians, the UN administration in Kosovo was also established by being neutral towards national interpretations on the “issue of Kosovo”. This paper will bring together arguments that the international community, in its approach to the people of Kosovo, has actively tried to establish a new political entity detached from any national projections, thereby preventing it from being perceived as a national victory, especially among the Albanian majority. For this reason, all laws, regulations, governing documents and policies of the UN mission, which delineated Kosovo’s political nature and way of governing, were based on the ‘principle of multi-ethnicity’. This paper also examines the negotiation process for determining Kosovo’s final status, through which independence was conditioned by the commitment to building a state based on the principle of multiethnicity. Methods: In this article, qualitative methods have been used since the focus of this paper has been the understanding of some of the concepts of the legal framework used in the process of state building of Kosovo after the war and the role that the international community played in the policies of identity. The authors try to connect the theoretical with the practical aspects to present a broader view of the topic of this article. This scientific article is a single case study research focusing on the state of Kosovo in the post-war period. Data analyses were collected from the official documents of international institutions and the state of Kosovo. The historical method content analysis of the legal documents used in this paper has helped to achieve a deeper understanding of the topic presented in this paper. Results and Conclusions: The authors’ findings indicate that in post-war Kosovo, the international community in post-war Kosovo has established a neutral political entity in terms of national identification. This has been achieved through a legal and constitutional framework that prioritises identity by promoting multi-ethnicity and civic identity as the political identity of the people of Kosovo. This discrepancy between state and national identity has given rise to an identity crisis, especially among the Albanian majority population. This has resulted in religious radicalisation in part of the population and a lack of loyalty to the state in other parts of the country.
{"title":"LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE IDENTITY POLICY OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IN POSTWAR KOSOVO — A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW","authors":"Matilda Pajo, Donik Sallova","doi":"10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-r000408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-r000408","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This paper aims to elaborate and analyse the legal context of the identity policy of the international community in post-war Kosovo. Through this policy, the nature of Kosovo was determined as an entity under the UN administration until 2008 and as an independent state after that. Given that NATO’s military intervention in Kosovo was initiated for humanitarian reasons and, therefore, was not an intervention aimed at resolving the historical conflict between Serbs and Albanians, the UN administration in Kosovo was also established by being neutral towards national interpretations on the “issue of Kosovo”. This paper will bring together arguments that the international community, in its approach to the people of Kosovo, has actively tried to establish a new political entity detached from any national projections, thereby preventing it from being perceived as a national victory, especially among the Albanian majority. For this reason, all laws, regulations, governing documents and policies of the UN mission, which delineated Kosovo’s political nature and way of governing, were based on the ‘principle of multi-ethnicity’. This paper also examines the negotiation process for determining Kosovo’s final status, through which independence was conditioned by the commitment to building a state based on the principle of multiethnicity. Methods: In this article, qualitative methods have been used since the focus of this paper has been the understanding of some of the concepts of the legal framework used in the process of state building of Kosovo after the war and the role that the international community played in the policies of identity. The authors try to connect the theoretical with the practical aspects to present a broader view of the topic of this article. This scientific article is a single case study research focusing on the state of Kosovo in the post-war period. Data analyses were collected from the official documents of international institutions and the state of Kosovo. The historical method content analysis of the legal documents used in this paper has helped to achieve a deeper understanding of the topic presented in this paper. Results and Conclusions: The authors’ findings indicate that in post-war Kosovo, the international community in post-war Kosovo has established a neutral political entity in terms of national identification. This has been achieved through a legal and constitutional framework that prioritises identity by promoting multi-ethnicity and civic identity as the political identity of the people of Kosovo. This discrepancy between state and national identity has given rise to an identity crisis, especially among the Albanian majority population. This has resulted in religious radicalisation in part of the population and a lack of loyalty to the state in other parts of the country.","PeriodicalId":40329,"journal":{"name":"Access to Justice in Eastern Europe","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135063079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.33327/ajee-18-6.4si-ra000214
Bogdan Zasadnyi
Background: Mandatory application of IFRS for a specified list of entities brings about additional costs in terms of material, financial and labour resources. Consequently, this encourages the search for ways to minimise costs related to the transition to IFRS adoption, that is, its formalisation. Under such conditions, the need to improve the methodological toolkit for evaluating the process of transformation of financial statements in accordance with the requirements of the IFRS is actualised. This article aims to develop a methodological toolkit for assessing the quality of the financial reporting transformation process per IFRS requirements, using Ukrainian dairy industry enterprises as a case study. Methods: The assessment of the impact of the transition to IFRS reporting on changes in the financial status of entities was carried out using statistical methods of comparison, generalisation, grouping, and coefficients. Conclusions were drawn based on the research findings employing the method of logical generalisation. Results and Conclusions: The method of assessing the impact of the application of IFRS on the financial condition of enterprises in the dairy industry of Ukraine has been improved, particularly in terms of accounting for changes in financial statements as a result of transformational adjustments before and after the date of transition to IFRS. This refinement involves employing financial coefficients as a means of assessment, facilitating the determination of the quality assessment of the process of drawing up the first financial statements of enterprises in accordance with IFRS. New methodological aspects and recommendations for assessing the quality of the transformation process in the context of the application of IFRS will ensure effective management of enterprises in the dairy industry of Ukraine, leading to an increase in the attraction of foreign investments amidst the conditions of European integration processes and the post-war period.
{"title":"Assessment of the Quality of Transformation of Financial Reporting of Entities According to IFRS","authors":"Bogdan Zasadnyi","doi":"10.33327/ajee-18-6.4si-ra000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.4si-ra000214","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Mandatory application of IFRS for a specified list of entities brings about additional costs in terms of material, financial and labour resources. Consequently, this encourages the search for ways to minimise costs related to the transition to IFRS adoption, that is, its formalisation. Under such conditions, the need to improve the methodological toolkit for evaluating the process of transformation of financial statements in accordance with the requirements of the IFRS is actualised. This article aims to develop a methodological toolkit for assessing the quality of the financial reporting transformation process per IFRS requirements, using Ukrainian dairy industry enterprises as a case study.\u0000Methods: The assessment of the impact of the transition to IFRS reporting on changes in the financial status of entities was carried out using statistical methods of comparison, generalisation, grouping, and coefficients. Conclusions were drawn based on the research findings employing the method of logical generalisation.\u0000Results and Conclusions: The method of assessing the impact of the application of IFRS on the financial condition of enterprises in the dairy industry of Ukraine has been improved, particularly in terms of accounting for changes in financial statements as a result of transformational adjustments before and after the date of transition to IFRS. This refinement involves employing financial coefficients as a means of assessment, facilitating the determination of the quality assessment of the process of drawing up the first financial statements of enterprises in accordance with IFRS.\u0000New methodological aspects and recommendations for assessing the quality of the transformation process in the context of the application of IFRS will ensure effective management of enterprises in the dairy industry of Ukraine, leading to an increase in the attraction of foreign investments amidst the conditions of European integration processes and the post-war period.","PeriodicalId":40329,"journal":{"name":"Access to Justice in Eastern Europe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48141565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-a000404
Yermek Buribayev
Background: This paper assesses the current circumstances regarding the protection and rights of victims of human trafficking in Kazakhstan. The study aims to evaluate Kazakhstan’s main national instruments and laws adopted to combat human trafficking. Methods: The study employed several key methodological approaches, including a systematic approach, which involves the study of combating human trafficking in conjunction with the provision of guarantees of human rights; an integrated approach that consists of the study of objective and subjective factors, as well as an analysis of internal and external (socio-economic, demographic, geopolitical, etc.) factors that are the causes of illegal migration and human traf- ficking; an empirical approach involving research, taking into account the application of relevant experience available in Kazakhstan and abroad; a formal-legal approach to analyse the existing regulatory framework for combating human trafficking and ways to improve it. Results and Conclusions: Based on the study’s results, several practical proposals are put for- ward to eliminate the identified shortcomings and gaps in the legal framework of Kazakhstan and law enforcement practice. This paper concludes that Kazakhstan’s response to its interna- tional obligations to prevent human trafficking has some shortcomings. However, we conclude that significant improvements are possible through the adoption of a special law, as well as in cases of implementation of special organisational measures, strengthening legal responsibility.
{"title":"Human Trafficking: Problems of Counteraction in Kazakhstan","authors":"Yermek Buribayev","doi":"10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-a000404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-a000404","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This paper assesses the current circumstances regarding the protection and rights of victims of human trafficking in Kazakhstan. The study aims to evaluate Kazakhstan’s main national instruments and laws adopted to combat human trafficking. Methods: The study employed several key methodological approaches, including a systematic approach, which involves the study of combating human trafficking in conjunction with the provision of guarantees of human rights; an integrated approach that consists of the study of objective and subjective factors, as well as an analysis of internal and external (socio-economic, demographic, geopolitical, etc.) factors that are the causes of illegal migration and human traf- ficking; an empirical approach involving research, taking into account the application of relevant experience available in Kazakhstan and abroad; a formal-legal approach to analyse the existing regulatory framework for combating human trafficking and ways to improve it. Results and Conclusions: Based on the study’s results, several practical proposals are put for- ward to eliminate the identified shortcomings and gaps in the legal framework of Kazakhstan and law enforcement practice. This paper concludes that Kazakhstan’s response to its interna- tional obligations to prevent human trafficking has some shortcomings. However, we conclude that significant improvements are possible through the adoption of a special law, as well as in cases of implementation of special organisational measures, strengthening legal responsibility.","PeriodicalId":40329,"journal":{"name":"Access to Justice in Eastern Europe","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135451736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-a000401
Din Shahiqi
Background: The war in Ukraine, the major event of recent years in relation to public international law, is being challenged by the actions of the Russian side by interfering in the territory of a sovereign state with the intention to annex specific parts of the state of Ukraine. The special importance of this war is the international community’s involvement, striving to uphold principles of international justice, preventing these situations from happening in Europe. Beyond the tragic loss of people's lives, a critical point is the degradation of the environment in these areas along with the possibility of destroying the states’ efforts to fight climate change. This war has far-reaching consequences beyond the battlefield. It impacts numerous social aspects and has a direct impact on the social well-being of society. Besides this, the increase of inflation rates globally, an energy crisis, disruptions within the transport market of goods and services, as well as other interconnected aspects of social life in general, are being directly impacted. This research encompasses an analysis across different categories, starting with GHG emissions, the effects of bombing campaigns in the vicinity of nuclear reactors, and assessing the potential risks of meltdowns and their subsequent repercussions. We have also analysed the socio-economic aspect, global market movement, energy crisis, and inflation. A critical discussion revolves around shifting the focus from fighting climate change towards addressing the current situation created by the war in Ukraine. Moreover, part of the research encompasses gauging public sentiment on specific questions and comparing the results from two different groups to discern potential divergencies in viewpoints. Methods: Methodology used: collection of materials from books, articles, official data, and other scientific reports; analysing and structuring the collected material; surveys. Results and Conclusions: Based on the research and analysis made throughout the study, we concluded that the war in Ukraine has been a step back in the fight against climate change.
{"title":"Can War in Ukraine Be A Step Back on Climate Change Fight?","authors":"Din Shahiqi","doi":"10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-a000401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-a000401","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The war in Ukraine, the major event of recent years in relation to public international law, is being challenged by the actions of the Russian side by interfering in the territory of a sovereign state with the intention to annex specific parts of the state of Ukraine. The special importance of this war is the international community’s involvement, striving to uphold principles of international justice, preventing these situations from happening in Europe. Beyond the tragic loss of people's lives, a critical point is the degradation of the environment in these areas along with the possibility of destroying the states’ efforts to fight climate change. This war has far-reaching consequences beyond the battlefield. It impacts numerous social aspects and has a direct impact on the social well-being of society. Besides this, the increase of inflation rates globally, an energy crisis, disruptions within the transport market of goods and services, as well as other interconnected aspects of social life in general, are being directly impacted.\u0000This research encompasses an analysis across different categories, starting with GHG emissions, the effects of bombing campaigns in the vicinity of nuclear reactors, and assessing the potential risks of meltdowns and their subsequent repercussions. \u0000We have also analysed the socio-economic aspect, global market movement, energy crisis, and inflation. A critical discussion revolves around shifting the focus from fighting climate change towards addressing the current situation created by the war in Ukraine. Moreover, part of the research encompasses gauging public sentiment on specific questions and comparing the results from two different groups to discern potential divergencies in viewpoints.\u0000Methods: Methodology used: collection of materials from books, articles, official data, and other scientific reports; analysing and structuring the collected material; surveys.\u0000Results and Conclusions: Based on the research and analysis made throughout the study, we concluded that the war in Ukraine has been a step back in the fight against climate change.","PeriodicalId":40329,"journal":{"name":"Access to Justice in Eastern Europe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46021735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-n000307
Oleksandr Bakumov
Background: The fall of a dictatorship is accompanied by a period of democratic transit, which necessitates the use of special measures to protect a young and, thus far, unstable democracy. This model’s use began in practice after the Second World War in connection with the spread of the doctrine of "democracy capable of defending itself," also known as militant democracy (English) or Wehrhafte (Streitbare) Demokratie (German). The flagship here was the German science of constitutional law, which formed the tools for the creation of a new legal system accounting for the mistakes of the Weimar Republic. This experience is especially relevant for Ukraine, as since 2014, it has faced external armed aggression by revanchist forces that took power from the heir of the Soviet empire, Russia, in which a totalitarian regime was established and became a full-fledged aggressor state. Methods: The following methods were used in the work to study the concept of militant democracy in the conditions of Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine. The system multi-structural method was utilized to discover the means of militant democracy in Ukraine (ban of political parties, lustration, etc.), as well as problems associated with the use of certain militant democracy means. The logical-legal method made it possible to identify the essence of the decisions of the constitutional, supreme, and other courts, the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, in which the means of militant democracy were used or the legality of their use was assessed (legality, constitutionality, or compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights). The comparative method justified the implementation of different countries’ experience (primarily, European) in reforming the constitutional and legislative regulation of the militant democracy in Ukraine and the mechanisms required for further action. Results and Conclusions: The work contains proposals for the constitutional and legislative improvement of the regulation of the means of militant democracy in Ukraine, which are based on the pre-existing experiences across the world and the use of already existing practices that have been successfully tested and achieved results.
{"title":"The Concept of ‘Militant Democracy’ in the Context of Russia’s Armed Aggression Against Ukraine","authors":"Oleksandr Bakumov","doi":"10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-n000307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-n000307","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The fall of a dictatorship is accompanied by a period of democratic transit, which necessitates the use of special measures to protect a young and, thus far, unstable democracy. This model’s use began in practice after the Second World War in connection with the spread of the doctrine of \"democracy capable of defending itself,\" also known as militant democracy (English) or Wehrhafte (Streitbare) Demokratie (German). The flagship here was the German science of constitutional law, which formed the tools for the creation of a new legal system accounting for the mistakes of the Weimar Republic. This experience is especially relevant for Ukraine, as since 2014, it has faced external armed aggression by revanchist forces that took power from the heir of the Soviet empire, Russia, in which a totalitarian regime was established and became a full-fledged aggressor state.\u0000Methods: The following methods were used in the work to study the concept of militant democracy in the conditions of Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine. The system multi-structural method was utilized to discover the means of militant democracy in Ukraine (ban of political parties, lustration, etc.), as well as problems associated with the use of certain militant democracy means. The logical-legal method made it possible to identify the essence of the decisions of the constitutional, supreme, and other courts, the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, in which the means of militant democracy were used or the legality of their use was assessed (legality, constitutionality, or compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights). The comparative method justified the implementation of different countries’ experience (primarily, European) in reforming the constitutional and legislative regulation of the militant democracy in Ukraine and the mechanisms required for further action.\u0000Results and Conclusions: The work contains proposals for the constitutional and legislative improvement of the regulation of the means of militant democracy in Ukraine, which are based on the pre-existing experiences across the world and the use of already existing practices that have been successfully tested and achieved results.","PeriodicalId":40329,"journal":{"name":"Access to Justice in Eastern Europe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47432380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.33327/ajee-18-6.3-n000319
Ganna Kharlamova
Artificial intelligence programs are constantly developing, becoming an increasingly powerful tool for solving various problems. First of all, attempts have been made to use artificial intelligence (AI) to generate new texts, but practice shows that the level of creativity exhibited by these programs is still insufficient for producing substantial articles. Of course, this will not prevent AI programs from developing text, including generation of not only dissimilar text, but capably accomplishing certain conceptual tasks. However, even today, it is possible to use AI programs to solve standard tasks in the preparation, editing, reviewing, processing, and publication of scientific texts. This article will provide an overview of the latest trends in the use of AI programs for academic publishing using examples of several scientific journals. We will look at different levels of AI and their impact on editorial work and review the potential of AI in complementing human input. Next, we will consider the following stages of working with scientific texts in the editorial offices of scientific journals: author and article registration in the journal system; initial analysis of the article; choice of reviewers; article review; communication with the author regarding received reviews; publication decision; proofreading and publication of work; its registration in database systems. In the conclusion, we summarise tips for editors on how to use AI.
{"title":"The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Academic Publishing: Preliminary Remarks and Perspectives","authors":"Ganna Kharlamova","doi":"10.33327/ajee-18-6.3-n000319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.3-n000319","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence programs are constantly developing, becoming an increasingly powerful tool for solving various problems. First of all, attempts have been made to use artificial intelligence (AI) to generate new texts, but practice shows that the level of creativity exhibited by these programs is still insufficient for producing substantial articles. Of course, this will not prevent AI programs from developing text, including generation of not only dissimilar text, but capably accomplishing certain conceptual tasks. However, even today, it is possible to use AI programs to solve standard tasks in the preparation, editing, reviewing, processing, and publication of scientific texts. This article will provide an overview of the latest trends in the use of AI programs for academic publishing using examples of several scientific journals. We will look at different levels of AI and their impact on editorial work and review the potential of AI in complementing human input.\u0000Next, we will consider the following stages of working with scientific texts in the editorial offices of scientific journals: author and article registration in the journal system; initial analysis of the article; choice of reviewers; article review; communication with the author regarding received reviews; publication decision; proofreading and publication of work; its registration in database systems.\u0000In the conclusion, we summarise tips for editors on how to use AI.","PeriodicalId":40329,"journal":{"name":"Access to Justice in Eastern Europe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49176774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.33327/ajee-18-6.3-a000317
Judita Krasniqi, Labinot Hajdari, Alban Maliqi, Kimberly DeGroff Madsen
Background: The Western Balkan region has long struggled under extensive pressure and influence from Russia and the West. World developments have occasionally echoed tensions among nations in the region, including a prolonged EU and NATO membership process, which has increased the possibility of Russia’s influence, especially after the aggression in Ukraine. This article analyses the increase in Russia – Ukraine tensions and its direct correlation with the increase of tensions in the Western Balkans through hybrid war methods understood through Zhyhlei and Syvak’s definition: “a fragmentary and situational combination of different methods and theories of war, their integration into different spheres, especially political, religious, ideological, ethical, economic and informational.”5 The higher Russia’s aggression in Ukraine, the higher the pressure on Serbia to fuel tensions in the Western Balkans. This pressure comes through direct threats, media propaganda, and influence on parallel structures and financial support for CSOs, through which Russia increases its influence in the Balkans through Serbia as its closest ally. This influence strategy is particularly important for Russia to undermine the power and influence of the West and NATO in former Yugoslav states, especially those with open conflicts which serve as a global distraction from a possible power decline in Ukraine. Methods: Through discourse and thematic analysis, this article analyses local, regional, and international media, data, and publications of international organisations, press releases of international and regional institutions, conclusions of distinguished scientists and heads of state over the current situation in the Western Balkans, and interviews with representatives of CSOs and institutions in Kosovo. The influence of Russian aggression in Ukraine, with Russia’s pressure to increase tensions in the Western Balkans, has been analysed in the framework of Western unipolar influence and Russia’s attempts to return to multipolarity. Results and Conclusion: Among others, it is concluded that Russian influence is present in the Western Balkans and seeks to destabilise the region by activating passive conflicts from the past or opening new conflicts to defer international attention from the power decline in Ukraine, which did not produce the results that Russia had expected. This is possible through Serbia, Russia’s closest ally. The solution to prevent Russian influence and any future conflicts among Balkan states is to accelerate NATO and EU’s integration of Western Balkan countries.
{"title":"The Mirror Reflection of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine in The Western Balkans: Opening New Conflicts as a Distraction","authors":"Judita Krasniqi, Labinot Hajdari, Alban Maliqi, Kimberly DeGroff Madsen","doi":"10.33327/ajee-18-6.3-a000317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.3-a000317","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The Western Balkan region has long struggled under extensive pressure and influence from Russia and the West. World developments have occasionally echoed tensions among nations in the region, including a prolonged EU and NATO membership process, which has increased the possibility of Russia’s influence, especially after the aggression in Ukraine. This article analyses the increase in Russia – Ukraine tensions and its direct correlation with the increase of tensions in the Western Balkans through hybrid war methods understood through Zhyhlei and Syvak’s definition: “a fragmentary and situational combination of different methods and theories of war, their integration into different spheres, especially political, religious, ideological, ethical, economic and informational.”5 The higher Russia’s aggression in Ukraine, the higher the pressure on Serbia to fuel tensions in the Western Balkans. This pressure comes through direct threats, media propaganda, and influence on parallel structures and financial support for CSOs, through which Russia increases its influence in the Balkans through Serbia as its closest ally. This influence strategy is particularly important for Russia to undermine the power and influence of the West and NATO in former Yugoslav states, especially those with open conflicts which serve as a global distraction from a possible power decline in Ukraine.\u0000Methods: Through discourse and thematic analysis, this article analyses local, regional, and international media, data, and publications of international organisations, press releases of international and regional institutions, conclusions of distinguished scientists and heads of state over the current situation in the Western Balkans, and interviews with representatives of CSOs and institutions in Kosovo. The influence of Russian aggression in Ukraine, with Russia’s pressure to increase tensions in the Western Balkans, has been analysed in the framework of Western unipolar influence and Russia’s attempts to return to multipolarity.\u0000Results and Conclusion: Among others, it is concluded that Russian influence is present in the Western Balkans and seeks to destabilise the region by activating passive conflicts from the past or opening new conflicts to defer international attention from the power decline in Ukraine, which did not produce the results that Russia had expected. This is possible through Serbia, Russia’s closest ally. The solution to prevent Russian influence and any future conflicts among Balkan states is to accelerate NATO and EU’s integration of Western Balkan countries.","PeriodicalId":40329,"journal":{"name":"Access to Justice in Eastern Europe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46823777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.33327/ajee-18-6.3-ed000301
I. Izarova
In this issue of the Access to Justice in Eastern Europe journal, we collected articles from authors of various states – Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland, and Saudi Arabia. We are particularly delighted to welcome contributions from authors from Kosovo, as their efforts to spread knowledge about their jurisdiction and share the results of their studies is warmly welcomed. This fact alone is another good reason for policymakers, legal practitioners, and researchers to read this issue. As usual, I would like to provide a brief overview of some of the articles featured in this issue. However, before diving into the contents, as Editor-in-Chief, I would like to share some ideas and reflections with our audience and my colleagues and editors. I will discuss the Journal’s commitment to neutrality and non-discrimination, especially in light of the challenges faced during wartime in Ukraine.
{"title":"Issue 3 of 2023 and the Journal’s Policy on Neutrality and Non-Discrimination in Editorial Work","authors":"I. Izarova","doi":"10.33327/ajee-18-6.3-ed000301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.3-ed000301","url":null,"abstract":"In this issue of the Access to Justice in Eastern Europe journal, we collected articles from authors of various states – Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland, and Saudi Arabia. We are particularly delighted to welcome contributions from authors from Kosovo, as their efforts to spread knowledge about their jurisdiction and share the results of their studies is warmly welcomed. This fact alone is another good reason for policymakers, legal practitioners, and researchers to read this issue. \u0000As usual, I would like to provide a brief overview of some of the articles featured in this issue. However, before diving into the contents, as Editor-in-Chief, I would like to share some ideas and reflections with our audience and my colleagues and editors. I will discuss the Journal’s commitment to neutrality and non-discrimination, especially in light of the challenges faced during wartime in Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":40329,"journal":{"name":"Access to Justice in Eastern Europe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47757241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.33327/ajee-18-6.3-n000309
Mensut Ademi, Veton Vula
Background: The civil society of different groups of actors, communities, and social formations, registered or unofficial, achieves responsibility and commitment in public life for the protection and promotion of values and common objectives for the good of society. Youth, women, and community representatives are the main actors in civil society that work to prevent and combat deviant phenomena in times of peace and especially during war, due to their influence and ability to promote social changes. Other interest groups, such as the media, law enforcement authorities, universities, researchers, and representatives of the academic world, as well as those involved in the private sector, can make important contributions to prevent wars and post-war events in crisis countries. The civil societies’ capacities in war and post-war countries can be strengthened by exchanging good practices for the programs of international institutions. Countries that have endured this situation, such as Kosova, Bosnja, Hercegovina, and Croatia, identify and support lesser known, reliable groups, creating networks and regional platforms for collaboration, and bringing professionals into contact with researchers and academics to gain results based on practical data and their implementation as soon as possible towards the countries in crisis. Methods: For this work, a combined methodology was used from the studies of self-accusation and victimisation to the fear of criminality: the method of legal analysis which is used to analyse the legal basis and current legislation that regulates strategies for the prevention of crimes, terrorism, and radicalism. The method of systemic analysis is used to study and analyse the position of legislation in the field and its position in the current legal system. The historical analysis method is used to explain the rates from the past and to compare the new rates with the historical ones. Finally, the researcher analysis method is used to explain the purpose and objectives of the study from the actual perspective of the survey and interview. Results and Conclusions: The paper is only the beginning of the research and analysis into the role of civil society in preventing and fighting extremism and terrorism that leads to harsh wars. The case studies and analysis will primarily encompass countries that have suffered from the following: the wars during 1990 to 1999 in the former Yugoslavia, the war in Syria, the unrest in Libya, and the current war in Ukraine. These will be part of the publication in the future. The main topics will cover the state of a country before, during, and after a war, the level and extreme inertia that led to terror and war, the consequences after conflicts, material and human trafficking, corruption and organised crime, humanitarian problems and refugees, and, finally, the role of civil society in this field, especially in light of human rights and freedom. Understanding the role of civil society in preventing, co
{"title":"The Role of Civil Society for Prevention and Combat of Violent Extremism and Radicalization Leading to Terrorism-war","authors":"Mensut Ademi, Veton Vula","doi":"10.33327/ajee-18-6.3-n000309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.3-n000309","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The civil society of different groups of actors, communities, and social formations, registered or unofficial, achieves responsibility and commitment in public life for the protection and promotion of values and common objectives for the good of society. Youth, women, and community representatives are the main actors in civil society that work to prevent and combat deviant phenomena in times of peace and especially during war, due to their influence and ability to promote social changes. Other interest groups, such as the media, law enforcement authorities, universities, researchers, and representatives of the academic world, as well as those involved in the private sector, can make important contributions to prevent wars and post-war events in crisis countries. The civil societies’ capacities in war and post-war countries can be strengthened by exchanging good practices for the programs of international institutions. Countries that have endured this situation, such as Kosova, Bosnja, Hercegovina, and Croatia, identify and support lesser known, reliable groups, creating networks and regional platforms for collaboration, and bringing professionals into contact with researchers and academics to gain results based on practical data and their implementation as soon as possible towards the countries in crisis.\u0000Methods: For this work, a combined methodology was used from the studies of self-accusation and victimisation to the fear of criminality: the method of legal analysis which is used to analyse the legal basis and current legislation that regulates strategies for the prevention of crimes, terrorism, and radicalism. The method of systemic analysis is used to study and analyse the position of legislation in the field and its position in the current legal system. The historical analysis method is used to explain the rates from the past and to compare the new rates with the historical ones. Finally, the researcher analysis method is used to explain the purpose and objectives of the study from the actual perspective of the survey and interview.\u0000Results and Conclusions: The paper is only the beginning of the research and analysis into the role of civil society in preventing and fighting extremism and terrorism that leads to harsh wars. The case studies and analysis will primarily encompass countries that have suffered from the following: the wars during 1990 to 1999 in the former Yugoslavia, the war in Syria, the unrest in Libya, and the current war in Ukraine. These will be part of the publication in the future.\u0000The main topics will cover the state of a country before, during, and after a war, the level and extreme inertia that led to terror and war, the consequences after conflicts, material and human trafficking, corruption and organised crime, humanitarian problems and refugees, and, finally, the role of civil society in this field, especially in light of human rights and freedom.\u0000Understanding the role of civil society in preventing, co","PeriodicalId":40329,"journal":{"name":"Access to Justice in Eastern Europe","volume":"11 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41308152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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