Pub Date : 2014-05-18DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023019
Gilberto Berardinelli, K. Pajukoski, Eeva Lähetkangas, R. Wichman, O. Tirkkonen, P. Mogensen
The ideal radio waveform for an upcoming 5th Generation (5G) radio access technology should cope with a set of requirements such as limited complexity, good time/frequency localization and simple extension to multi-antenna technologies. This paper discusses the suitability of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and its recently proposed enhancements as 5G waveforms, mainly focusing on their capability to cope with our requirements. Significant focus is given to the novel zero-tail paradigm, which allows boosting the OFDM flexibility while circumventing demerits such as poor spectral containment and sensitivity to hardware impairments.
{"title":"On the Potential of OFDM Enhancements as 5G Waveforms","authors":"Gilberto Berardinelli, K. Pajukoski, Eeva Lähetkangas, R. Wichman, O. Tirkkonen, P. Mogensen","doi":"10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023019","url":null,"abstract":"The ideal radio waveform for an upcoming 5th Generation (5G) radio access technology should cope with a set of requirements such as limited complexity, good time/frequency localization and simple extension to multi-antenna technologies. This paper discusses the suitability of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and its recently proposed enhancements as 5G waveforms, mainly focusing on their capability to cope with our requirements. Significant focus is given to the novel zero-tail paradigm, which allows boosting the OFDM flexibility while circumventing demerits such as poor spectral containment and sensitivity to hardware impairments.","PeriodicalId":405517,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116279991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-18DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023051
Sulong Shi, Longxiang Yang, Keith Q. T. Zhang, Hongbo Zhu
In this paper, we investigate a joint relaying and superposition coding (SupC-R) transmission strategy for downlink networks. By relaxing the orthogonality constraint between different users, the SupC-R strategy facilitates coordination and channel sharing among different data flows, by which the disparity in the channel qualities of different users, as an inherent feature of downlink network topology, is utilized as benefits for potential performance gains. The inter-user interference due to non-orthogonality can be steered by smart design of superposition coding (SupC), including both the selection of the superposition factor and the decoding order. At the same time, channel sharing saves time and leads to more efficient utilization of network resources. The analytical and numerical results show significant gains of SupC-R over its conventional relaying counterpart. The effect of the channel disparity on the design of SupC and the performance of the resultant SupC-R strategy is highlighted.
{"title":"Performance Improvement of Relaying in Downlink Networks Using Superposition Coding","authors":"Sulong Shi, Longxiang Yang, Keith Q. T. Zhang, Hongbo Zhu","doi":"10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023051","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate a joint relaying and superposition coding (SupC-R) transmission strategy for downlink networks. By relaxing the orthogonality constraint between different users, the SupC-R strategy facilitates coordination and channel sharing among different data flows, by which the disparity in the channel qualities of different users, as an inherent feature of downlink network topology, is utilized as benefits for potential performance gains. The inter-user interference due to non-orthogonality can be steered by smart design of superposition coding (SupC), including both the selection of the superposition factor and the decoding order. At the same time, channel sharing saves time and leads to more efficient utilization of network resources. The analytical and numerical results show significant gains of SupC-R over its conventional relaying counterpart. The effect of the channel disparity on the design of SupC and the performance of the resultant SupC-R strategy is highlighted.","PeriodicalId":405517,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121479974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-18DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022990
B. H. Jung, Hansung Leem, D. Sung
In order to reduce the power consumption of cellular base stations (BSs), the following BS architectures have been developed: micro cell BSs, and remote radio head (RRH)-based BSs. In this paper, we propose a novel BS power consumption model for comparing the power consumption and energy efficiency of above three different BS architectures. The RRH-based BS architecture outperforms the conventional macro BS architecture with approximately 30% reduction in power consumption and 7 times increase in energy efficiency.
{"title":"Modeling of Power Consumption for Macro-, Micro-, and RRH-Based Base Station Architectures","authors":"B. H. Jung, Hansung Leem, D. Sung","doi":"10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022990","url":null,"abstract":"In order to reduce the power consumption of cellular base stations (BSs), the following BS architectures have been developed: micro cell BSs, and remote radio head (RRH)-based BSs. In this paper, we propose a novel BS power consumption model for comparing the power consumption and energy efficiency of above three different BS architectures. The RRH-based BS architecture outperforms the conventional macro BS architecture with approximately 30% reduction in power consumption and 7 times increase in energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":405517,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126371529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-18DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022943
Rohit Datta, G. Fettweis
Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) is a recent multicarrier modulation technique with low out-of-band radiation that makes it an attractive choice for the PHY layer of cognitive radio. In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) the out of band leakage is around -13 dB; with raised cosine or root raised cosine pulses, the out of band leakage of a GFDM system is -35 dB. To improve the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) even further, a technique of inserting cancellation carriers is implemented. Cancellation carriers are inserted at the vicinity of interference avoidance notch and are designed such that these cancellation carriers mitigate the interference from other subcarriers to the adjacent band. With this technique the out of band leakage is lowered to around -65 dB. This stunning improvement in the GFDM adjacent channel leakage ratio satisfies stringent FCC requirements for cognitive radio transmissions in TV white space scenarios.
{"title":"Improved ACLR by Cancellation Carrier Insertion in GFDM Based Cognitive Radios","authors":"Rohit Datta, G. Fettweis","doi":"10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022943","url":null,"abstract":"Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) is a recent multicarrier modulation technique with low out-of-band radiation that makes it an attractive choice for the PHY layer of cognitive radio. In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) the out of band leakage is around -13 dB; with raised cosine or root raised cosine pulses, the out of band leakage of a GFDM system is -35 dB. To improve the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) even further, a technique of inserting cancellation carriers is implemented. Cancellation carriers are inserted at the vicinity of interference avoidance notch and are designed such that these cancellation carriers mitigate the interference from other subcarriers to the adjacent band. With this technique the out of band leakage is lowered to around -65 dB. This stunning improvement in the GFDM adjacent channel leakage ratio satisfies stringent FCC requirements for cognitive radio transmissions in TV white space scenarios.","PeriodicalId":405517,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128066234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-18DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023129
Ronald Y. Chang, Sian-Jheng Lin, W. Chung
This paper considers a multi-way relay network in which multiple users intend to achieve full information exchange with one another with the aid of a single relay. A general method for designing the transmission protocol with binary physical- layer network coding (PNC) is developed based on a tree representation. Different transmission schemes are analytically and numerically examined in terms of the decoding strategy, throughput performance, and energy consumption. It is shown that distributing the load of transmissions unevenly among users may achieve a better network throughput performance although some users will consume remarkably more energy than others. A systematic approach to designing the transmission scheme such that minimum error probability is achieved while some specified energy constraint is satisfied is also proposed.
{"title":"Transmission Protocol Design for Binary Physical Network Coded Multi-Way Relay Networks","authors":"Ronald Y. Chang, Sian-Jheng Lin, W. Chung","doi":"10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023129","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers a multi-way relay network in which multiple users intend to achieve full information exchange with one another with the aid of a single relay. A general method for designing the transmission protocol with binary physical- layer network coding (PNC) is developed based on a tree representation. Different transmission schemes are analytically and numerically examined in terms of the decoding strategy, throughput performance, and energy consumption. It is shown that distributing the load of transmissions unevenly among users may achieve a better network throughput performance although some users will consume remarkably more energy than others. A systematic approach to designing the transmission scheme such that minimum error probability is achieved while some specified energy constraint is satisfied is also proposed.","PeriodicalId":405517,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115755386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-18DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022880
R. Razavi, H. Claussen
Digital Fountain Codes (DCFs) are proven to be very beneficial in providing reliable, yet flexible solutions in data communications over erasure wireless channels. Their randomness can additionally provide a strong protection against security and privacy risks. However, existing solutions based on DCFs suffer from increased packets, latency, increased decoding complexity, and require very large buffers both at the transmitter and receiver sides. This paper presents a practical solution to overcome most of these issues by exploiting the feedback path. Simulation results suggest significant up to 77% improvement in latency and up to 94% reduction in buffer requirements compared to the existing solutions.
{"title":"Digital Fountain Codes with Reduced Latency, Complexity and Buffer Requirements for Wireless Communications","authors":"R. Razavi, H. Claussen","doi":"10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022880","url":null,"abstract":"Digital Fountain Codes (DCFs) are proven to be very beneficial in providing reliable, yet flexible solutions in data communications over erasure wireless channels. Their randomness can additionally provide a strong protection against security and privacy risks. However, existing solutions based on DCFs suffer from increased packets, latency, increased decoding complexity, and require very large buffers both at the transmitter and receiver sides. This paper presents a practical solution to overcome most of these issues by exploiting the feedback path. Simulation results suggest significant up to 77% improvement in latency and up to 94% reduction in buffer requirements compared to the existing solutions.","PeriodicalId":405517,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132213973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-18DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023026
Quang-Doanh Vu, Le-Nam Tran, M. Juntti, E. Hong
This paper studies the problem of resource allocation for uplink multi-homing users in heterogeneous network where users can simultaneously transmit data to multiple radio access networks (RANs). The considered design problem is to optimally assign bandwidth and power to each user-RAN connection so as to maximize the overall energy efficiency of the network subject to QoS requirements and resource budgets. By the definition of energy efficiency which is the ratio of the aggregate throughput to the power consumption, the resulting problem is formulated as a fractional program. Then, we propose an energy efficient algorithm using the Dinkelback method that solves a series of convex problems to obtain the optimal design. Particularly, we derive closed-form expressions for the design parameters and provide useful insights into the proposed energy efficient resource allocation algorithm. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is superior to other resource allocation strategies in terms of energy efficiency.
{"title":"Optimal Energy Efficient Resource Allocation for Heterogeneous Multi-Homing Networks","authors":"Quang-Doanh Vu, Le-Nam Tran, M. Juntti, E. Hong","doi":"10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023026","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the problem of resource allocation for uplink multi-homing users in heterogeneous network where users can simultaneously transmit data to multiple radio access networks (RANs). The considered design problem is to optimally assign bandwidth and power to each user-RAN connection so as to maximize the overall energy efficiency of the network subject to QoS requirements and resource budgets. By the definition of energy efficiency which is the ratio of the aggregate throughput to the power consumption, the resulting problem is formulated as a fractional program. Then, we propose an energy efficient algorithm using the Dinkelback method that solves a series of convex problems to obtain the optimal design. Particularly, we derive closed-form expressions for the design parameters and provide useful insights into the proposed energy efficient resource allocation algorithm. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is superior to other resource allocation strategies in terms of energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":405517,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130013472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-18DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022789
Yu Fu, Chengxiang Wang, R. Mesleh, Xiang Cheng, H. Haas, Yejun He
Spatial modulation (SM) is a relatively new multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology that can provide high data rate with reasonable spectral efficiency. In this paper, the bit error rate (BER) performance of SM systems under vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) channel models is investigated. The theoretical BER expression is given. The impact of some V2V channel model parameters on the underlying space-time correlation function (STCF) and the BER performance of SM systems are also studied. Simulation results indicate that modulation schemes, maximum Doppler frequency, the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx), and antenna element spacings can affect the performance of SM systems.
{"title":"A Performance Study of Spatial Modulation Systems under Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channel Models","authors":"Yu Fu, Chengxiang Wang, R. Mesleh, Xiang Cheng, H. Haas, Yejun He","doi":"10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022789","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial modulation (SM) is a relatively new multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology that can provide high data rate with reasonable spectral efficiency. In this paper, the bit error rate (BER) performance of SM systems under vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) channel models is investigated. The theoretical BER expression is given. The impact of some V2V channel model parameters on the underlying space-time correlation function (STCF) and the BER performance of SM systems are also studied. Simulation results indicate that modulation schemes, maximum Doppler frequency, the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx), and antenna element spacings can affect the performance of SM systems.","PeriodicalId":405517,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131651886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-18DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023024
F. Khan, Young-June Choi, S. Bahk
Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has become an attractive alternative in bringing popular mobile video contents much closer to the end users. However resulting interference caused by the direct communicating D2D pair demands sufficient resources as well as proper admission control mechanisms for the corresponding mode. To resolve these issues, in this paper, we suggest how source and destination end users can optimally select the corresponding operational mode between cellular and D2D modes aiming to maximize the network capacity. Further, we formulate resource block (RB) assignment as an optimization problem and design a deterministic and heuristic algorithm to approximate the optimal solution. The simulation results show a comparison of our proposed optimal and distributed heuristic mode selection with RB assignment algorithms, as well as traditional cellular and underlay D2D mode schemes. From simulation results, we show that our algorithm achieves better average uplink throughput and SINR by reducing interference.
{"title":"Opportunistic Mode Selection and RB Assignment for D2D Underlay Operation in LTE Networks","authors":"F. Khan, Young-June Choi, S. Bahk","doi":"10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7023024","url":null,"abstract":"Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has become an attractive alternative in bringing popular mobile video contents much closer to the end users. However resulting interference caused by the direct communicating D2D pair demands sufficient resources as well as proper admission control mechanisms for the corresponding mode. To resolve these issues, in this paper, we suggest how source and destination end users can optimally select the corresponding operational mode between cellular and D2D modes aiming to maximize the network capacity. Further, we formulate resource block (RB) assignment as an optimization problem and design a deterministic and heuristic algorithm to approximate the optimal solution. The simulation results show a comparison of our proposed optimal and distributed heuristic mode selection with RB assignment algorithms, as well as traditional cellular and underlay D2D mode schemes. From simulation results, we show that our algorithm achieves better average uplink throughput and SINR by reducing interference.","PeriodicalId":405517,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130838957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-18DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022895
M. Naserian, K. Tepe
This paper proposes Forwarding Game Routing Protocol (FGRP), which can be applied to any routing protocol in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) such as Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) routing protocols. A node enters the forwarding game upon receiving a flooding packet. In this game, nodes select one of the following mixed strategies: (1) forwarding and (2) not-forwarding. The strategy changes based on player's utility, which is a function of its availability, selected strategy and forwarding probability of other nodes. Each node tries to maximize its utility by selecting the appropriate strategy. Parameters such as residual energy level, channel congestion, number of packets in the node's queue, and the distance from the source of the flooding packet are included in the availability. Since the forwarding decision is made locally by every node, unlike clustering or hierarchical algorithms, there is no extra overhead involved. This paper presents the performance improvement results of FGRP integrated with AODV in network simulator NS-2. Simulation results show that integrating FGRP with AODV improves network performance metrics such as end-to-end delay per packet, and packet delivery ratio.
本文提出了转发博弈路由协议(Forwarding Game Routing Protocol, FGRP)，该协议可以应用于移动自组网(MANET)中的任何路由协议，如自组网按需距离矢量(AODV)路由协议和动态源路由(DSR)路由协议。节点接收到泛洪报文后，进入转发游戏。在此博弈中，节点选择以下混合策略之一:(1)转发和(2)不转发。策略根据玩家的效用而改变，效用是可用性、选择策略和其他节点转发概率的函数。每个节点都试图通过选择适当的策略来最大化其效用。可用性包括剩余能量级别、通道拥塞、节点队列中的数据包数量以及与泛洪数据包源的距离等参数。由于转发决策是由每个节点在本地做出的，与聚类或分层算法不同，因此没有额外的开销。本文介绍了FGRP与AODV在网络模拟器NS-2中的性能改进结果。仿真结果表明，将FGRP与AODV相结合可以提高端到端每包延迟和包投递率等网络性能指标。
{"title":"Dynamic Probabilistic Forwarding in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Based on Game Theory","authors":"M. Naserian, K. Tepe","doi":"10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2014.7022895","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes Forwarding Game Routing Protocol (FGRP), which can be applied to any routing protocol in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) such as Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) routing protocols. A node enters the forwarding game upon receiving a flooding packet. In this game, nodes select one of the following mixed strategies: (1) forwarding and (2) not-forwarding. The strategy changes based on player's utility, which is a function of its availability, selected strategy and forwarding probability of other nodes. Each node tries to maximize its utility by selecting the appropriate strategy. Parameters such as residual energy level, channel congestion, number of packets in the node's queue, and the distance from the source of the flooding packet are included in the availability. Since the forwarding decision is made locally by every node, unlike clustering or hierarchical algorithms, there is no extra overhead involved. This paper presents the performance improvement results of FGRP integrated with AODV in network simulator NS-2. Simulation results show that integrating FGRP with AODV improves network performance metrics such as end-to-end delay per packet, and packet delivery ratio.","PeriodicalId":405517,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)","volume":"04 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131256978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：