Abstract The judicious pavement design is the key factor in achieving the longest service life and the lowest maintenance and rehabilitation costs. It is based on the consideration of the phenomena in which the pavement structures are subjected to exploitation and the limitation of their destructive effects. The aim of this study is to verify the possibility of implementing in the flexible pavement structures design practice of another design criterion based on limiting the bituminous mixtures creep phenomenon and that to be called: The criterion of admissible octahedral shear stresses in the bituminous layers. Estimation of octahedral shear stresses is done with a calculation model based on finite element method, and hereafter referred to as 2D ASFEM (2D Axi-Symmetric Finite Element Model). The paper presents the results obtained by modeling several specific calculation assumptions for the behaviour of flexible pavement structures in service. The study underlines the fact that the Octahedral Shear Stresses Ratio (OSSR) can be an additional design criterion to be taken into account when designing flexible pavement structures alongside other established criteria.
{"title":"Flexible Pavement Design Criterion Based on Octahedral Shear Stresses","authors":"Ş. Lazăr, C. Răcănel","doi":"10.1515/rjti-2017-0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2017-0054","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The judicious pavement design is the key factor in achieving the longest service life and the lowest maintenance and rehabilitation costs. It is based on the consideration of the phenomena in which the pavement structures are subjected to exploitation and the limitation of their destructive effects. The aim of this study is to verify the possibility of implementing in the flexible pavement structures design practice of another design criterion based on limiting the bituminous mixtures creep phenomenon and that to be called: The criterion of admissible octahedral shear stresses in the bituminous layers. Estimation of octahedral shear stresses is done with a calculation model based on finite element method, and hereafter referred to as 2D ASFEM (2D Axi-Symmetric Finite Element Model). The paper presents the results obtained by modeling several specific calculation assumptions for the behaviour of flexible pavement structures in service. The study underlines the fact that the Octahedral Shear Stresses Ratio (OSSR) can be an additional design criterion to be taken into account when designing flexible pavement structures alongside other established criteria.","PeriodicalId":40630,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/rjti-2017-0054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49455443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A current worldwide economy problem includes both the responsible management of the planet's non-renewable resources and the waste management. The benefits of using recyclable materials and recycling technologies with asphalt mixtures consist mainly of reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. It is well known that oil (from which bitumen is obtained) is a non-renewable resource, hence the its price increase. Therefore, at present, the world is looking for solutions that will lead to a better use of natural resources and to an economic integration of sub-products from various industries. This paper intends to raise awareness of the possibilities for asphalt mixtures recycling and of the recyclable materials that can be used as additives with benefits of each.
{"title":"Considerations on the Benefits of Using Recyclable Materials for Road Construction","authors":"D. Popescu, A. Burlacu","doi":"10.1515/rjti-2017-0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2017-0053","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A current worldwide economy problem includes both the responsible management of the planet's non-renewable resources and the waste management. The benefits of using recyclable materials and recycling technologies with asphalt mixtures consist mainly of reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. It is well known that oil (from which bitumen is obtained) is a non-renewable resource, hence the its price increase. Therefore, at present, the world is looking for solutions that will lead to a better use of natural resources and to an economic integration of sub-products from various industries. This paper intends to raise awareness of the possibilities for asphalt mixtures recycling and of the recyclable materials that can be used as additives with benefits of each.","PeriodicalId":40630,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/rjti-2017-0053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45165864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Cable-stayed bridges are complex structures and for their design, the traditional calculation methods are hard, even impossible to use for a global analysis. Separate analyses for the each component of the bridge in a simplified manner can be conducted, but in this case the concurrence of the elements into the structure is not taken into account, leading to errors in estimating the structural response. For these structures, the construction method and the presence of the stays, which are elements having a nonlinear behaviour, implies to consider a nonlinear staged analysis including the second order effects in order to transmit form one stage to the other the stress-strain state. In the present time, thanks to the evolution and development of the calculation methods and computer analysis, cable-stayed bridges can be accurate analysed so that the obtained response is close to the behaviour of the structure during erection and later, in service. The aim of this paper is to present the results obtained using one of the finite element models and nonlinear staged analysis of the bridge at km 0+540 over Danube-Black Sea Canal near Agigea. Inside the paper, results related to the evolution of stress-strain state in principal structural elements of the bridge - pylons, stays and deck - during the execution and in final stage, in service are to be presented.
{"title":"Numerical Models used for The Calculation of The Cable-Stayed Bridge at Km 0+540 over Danube-Black Sea Canal","authors":"C. Mutu, I. Răcănel","doi":"10.1515/rjti-2016-0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2016-0047","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cable-stayed bridges are complex structures and for their design, the traditional calculation methods are hard, even impossible to use for a global analysis. Separate analyses for the each component of the bridge in a simplified manner can be conducted, but in this case the concurrence of the elements into the structure is not taken into account, leading to errors in estimating the structural response. For these structures, the construction method and the presence of the stays, which are elements having a nonlinear behaviour, implies to consider a nonlinear staged analysis including the second order effects in order to transmit form one stage to the other the stress-strain state. In the present time, thanks to the evolution and development of the calculation methods and computer analysis, cable-stayed bridges can be accurate analysed so that the obtained response is close to the behaviour of the structure during erection and later, in service. The aim of this paper is to present the results obtained using one of the finite element models and nonlinear staged analysis of the bridge at km 0+540 over Danube-Black Sea Canal near Agigea. Inside the paper, results related to the evolution of stress-strain state in principal structural elements of the bridge - pylons, stays and deck - during the execution and in final stage, in service are to be presented.","PeriodicalId":40630,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/rjti-2016-0047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66974157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The characterization of the material through laboratory tests performed on asphalt mixtures offers significant performance predictions for asphalt pavements only when the material temperature is correctly taken into consideration. This paper presents an analytical pattern which, based on the thermo-physical characteristics, can predict correctly the distribution of temperatures in the mass of asphalt mixtures. The paper also presents the organizational structure of laboratory testing, designed to validate the model for temperature determination. The temperature measurements are realized on a range of cylindrical samples at different moments in time, after submitting the sample from a low balance condition to a high balance condition by placing it in the environment precinct, according to the future test. In conclusion, the paper aims at realizing and developing a model as a practical instrument able to offer a reliable assessment concerning the time required in order to reach the testing temperature specified for the samples of asphalt mixtures for different laboratory trials.
{"title":"Research Concerning The Distribution of Temperature in Asphalt Mixtures with The Help of Thermo-Physical Characteristics for Laboratory Tests","authors":"P. Marc, C. Costescu","doi":"10.1515/rjti-2016-0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2016-0046","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The characterization of the material through laboratory tests performed on asphalt mixtures offers significant performance predictions for asphalt pavements only when the material temperature is correctly taken into consideration. This paper presents an analytical pattern which, based on the thermo-physical characteristics, can predict correctly the distribution of temperatures in the mass of asphalt mixtures. The paper also presents the organizational structure of laboratory testing, designed to validate the model for temperature determination. The temperature measurements are realized on a range of cylindrical samples at different moments in time, after submitting the sample from a low balance condition to a high balance condition by placing it in the environment precinct, according to the future test. In conclusion, the paper aims at realizing and developing a model as a practical instrument able to offer a reliable assessment concerning the time required in order to reach the testing temperature specified for the samples of asphalt mixtures for different laboratory trials.","PeriodicalId":40630,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66974192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract “Warm Mix Asphalt” (WMA) is a technology developed to obtain an asphalt mixture at lower temperatures. The method has significant benefits for the economic and environmental area. As known, “warm mix asphalt” uses additives in bitumen having the purpose to reduce the viscosity in order to decrease the mixing and compaction temperatures. Hot mix asphalt used in the airport area, especially the area of taxiway and the apron must satisfy beside usual requirements for roads, some requirements related to fuel resistance and de-icing agents according to European norms. Does warm mix asphalt for airport use meet the requirements according to European norms? This is the question from this paper which aims to determine the characteristics of asphalt mixtures for airports BBA16 when using or not using an additive, considering a series of laboratory tests: cyclic triaxial compression test, fatigue test, stiffness modulus test and resistances to fuels test.
{"title":"“Warm Mix Asphalt’’ for Airport Use","authors":"C. Petcu, C. Răcănel","doi":"10.1515/rjti-2016-0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2016-0048","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract “Warm Mix Asphalt” (WMA) is a technology developed to obtain an asphalt mixture at lower temperatures. The method has significant benefits for the economic and environmental area. As known, “warm mix asphalt” uses additives in bitumen having the purpose to reduce the viscosity in order to decrease the mixing and compaction temperatures. Hot mix asphalt used in the airport area, especially the area of taxiway and the apron must satisfy beside usual requirements for roads, some requirements related to fuel resistance and de-icing agents according to European norms. Does warm mix asphalt for airport use meet the requirements according to European norms? This is the question from this paper which aims to determine the characteristics of asphalt mixtures for airports BBA16 when using or not using an additive, considering a series of laboratory tests: cyclic triaxial compression test, fatigue test, stiffness modulus test and resistances to fuels test.","PeriodicalId":40630,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66974214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The natural soil used in filling the embankment of the road communications is characterized by the following factors: humidity, porosity, toughness. For certain factor values that describe the soil state is distinguished a certain soil behavior under the influence of the external forces applied through static or dynamic mechanical means. In this study are presented the numeric simulation results of the soil-compactor interaction based on the complex and nonlinear rheological model proposed by the author in the result of the elaborated doctorate thesis, that follows the real soil characteristics (elastic, dissipative and plastic) on those of the compaction equipment (with a single vibrating roll). The model was harmonised and granted in accordance with the results obtained from the processing of the experimental data. For the simulation model was used the specialized software package Matlab (Simulink, SimMechanics). The obtained results revealed the real behavior of the equipment and its action on the compacted soil.
{"title":"The Roller-Ground Dynamic Interaction in The Compaction Process Through Vibrations for Road Construction","authors":"Bejan Sergiu","doi":"10.1515/rjti-2016-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2016-0044","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The natural soil used in filling the embankment of the road communications is characterized by the following factors: humidity, porosity, toughness. For certain factor values that describe the soil state is distinguished a certain soil behavior under the influence of the external forces applied through static or dynamic mechanical means. In this study are presented the numeric simulation results of the soil-compactor interaction based on the complex and nonlinear rheological model proposed by the author in the result of the elaborated doctorate thesis, that follows the real soil characteristics (elastic, dissipative and plastic) on those of the compaction equipment (with a single vibrating roll). The model was harmonised and granted in accordance with the results obtained from the processing of the experimental data. For the simulation model was used the specialized software package Matlab (Simulink, SimMechanics). The obtained results revealed the real behavior of the equipment and its action on the compacted soil.","PeriodicalId":40630,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66974103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This report’s main aim is to propose a methodology for assessing state-budget-funded projects based on a rigorous selection model, including clear and effective prioritization criteria. This report first argues that project prioritization and selection should be optimized against four dimensions: absorption, impact, legitimacy, and capacity. Second, it provides a diagnostic of the National Program for Local Development (PNDL), managed by the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration (MRDPA), as the most significant source of state-budget funding for local infrastructure projects. The PNDL’s current design and implementation leaves room for improvement, as reflected by the lack of strategic direction in allocating funds and the continued rise in the number of projects that get started without a feasible timeline for their completion. Further, this report makes recommendations for improvement of project evaluation and selection procedures for local infrastructure development projects, with a special focus on prioritization criteria and viable funding sources for each type of investment. The practical purpose is to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of proposed investments, maximizing impact in the context of inherently limited available financial resources. A complementary focus is on opportunities for harmonizing and better coordinating investments across various sources of funding, in the context of nearly EUR 40 billion available to Romania from the EU for the 2014-2020 programming period.
{"title":"Improved Prioritization Criteria for Road Infrastructure Projects","authors":"Heroiu Marcel Ionescu, S. Burduja, F. Burlacu","doi":"10.1515/rjti-2016-0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2016-0045","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This report’s main aim is to propose a methodology for assessing state-budget-funded projects based on a rigorous selection model, including clear and effective prioritization criteria. This report first argues that project prioritization and selection should be optimized against four dimensions: absorption, impact, legitimacy, and capacity. Second, it provides a diagnostic of the National Program for Local Development (PNDL), managed by the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration (MRDPA), as the most significant source of state-budget funding for local infrastructure projects. The PNDL’s current design and implementation leaves room for improvement, as reflected by the lack of strategic direction in allocating funds and the continued rise in the number of projects that get started without a feasible timeline for their completion. Further, this report makes recommendations for improvement of project evaluation and selection procedures for local infrastructure development projects, with a special focus on prioritization criteria and viable funding sources for each type of investment. The practical purpose is to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of proposed investments, maximizing impact in the context of inherently limited available financial resources. A complementary focus is on opportunities for harmonizing and better coordinating investments across various sources of funding, in the context of nearly EUR 40 billion available to Romania from the EU for the 2014-2020 programming period.","PeriodicalId":40630,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/rjti-2016-0045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66973674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Arch bridges were the first constructions with considerable spans built by man, due to the materials and technologies available at that time. Afterwards, these works of art have diversified and are now solutions used in countless situations, especially when crossing deep valleys. Both their economic and architectonic aspects are hard to combat and have led to selecting this type of structure for more and more locations. The paper will contain a brief presentation of some aspects regarding upper path concrete arch bridges composition and design methods. Also, it will have a case study regarding structural stresses over the different construction stages, and for several support hypotheses. The case study will reflect the Crivadia viaduct, situated on DN 66, at km 150+672. The bridge has a main span of 59.20m and an overall height of 15.00m, serving a 7.80m wide carriageway and two 2.20m wide footways. It has a total length of 107.60m. Based on the results of the case study, conclusions will be drawn regarding stress variation over the construction stages and under different support hypothesis, comparing these with the initial results.
{"title":"The Influence of The Static Layout on The Stress and Deformation State for Concrete Arched Bridges with Upper Carriageway","authors":"I. Vlad, C. Chiotan","doi":"10.1515/rjti-2016-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2016-0049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Arch bridges were the first constructions with considerable spans built by man, due to the materials and technologies available at that time. Afterwards, these works of art have diversified and are now solutions used in countless situations, especially when crossing deep valleys. Both their economic and architectonic aspects are hard to combat and have led to selecting this type of structure for more and more locations. The paper will contain a brief presentation of some aspects regarding upper path concrete arch bridges composition and design methods. Also, it will have a case study regarding structural stresses over the different construction stages, and for several support hypotheses. The case study will reflect the Crivadia viaduct, situated on DN 66, at km 150+672. The bridge has a main span of 59.20m and an overall height of 15.00m, serving a 7.80m wide carriageway and two 2.20m wide footways. It has a total length of 107.60m. Based on the results of the case study, conclusions will be drawn regarding stress variation over the construction stages and under different support hypothesis, comparing these with the initial results.","PeriodicalId":40630,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/rjti-2016-0049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66974227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A discussion of the dominant factors affecting the behaviour of long span cable supported bridges is the subject of this paper. The main issue is the evolution of properties and response of the bridge with the size of the structure, represented by the critical parameter of span length, showing how this affects the conceptual design. After a review of the present state of the art, perspectives for future developments are discussed.
{"title":"Concepts and new perspectives for long span bridges","authors":"F. Brancaleoni","doi":"10.1515/rjti-2016-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2016-0043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A discussion of the dominant factors affecting the behaviour of long span cable supported bridges is the subject of this paper. The main issue is the evolution of properties and response of the bridge with the size of the structure, represented by the critical parameter of span length, showing how this affects the conceptual design. After a review of the present state of the art, perspectives for future developments are discussed.","PeriodicalId":40630,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/rjti-2016-0043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66974093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract When you say about a thing or a being that they are robust, you imagine a complete entity from the point of view of its component parts giving out force and safety. The notion of robustness is associated with a lot of activity domains. Consequently, there are many definitions individualizing the robustness notion depending on the study domain. The work aims to join in the present day studies with a new research in the bridge domain. The object of the study is represented by three low track steel lattice girder railway bridges. In the article there is also presented the way the structural robustness notion is to be found in the national codes.
{"title":"Checking the low track lattice girder bridges for robustness","authors":"C. Bucur","doi":"10.1515/rjti-2016-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2016-0038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract When you say about a thing or a being that they are robust, you imagine a complete entity from the point of view of its component parts giving out force and safety. The notion of robustness is associated with a lot of activity domains. Consequently, there are many definitions individualizing the robustness notion depending on the study domain. The work aims to join in the present day studies with a new research in the bridge domain. The object of the study is represented by three low track steel lattice girder railway bridges. In the article there is also presented the way the structural robustness notion is to be found in the national codes.","PeriodicalId":40630,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/rjti-2016-0038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66974044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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