The reorientational mobilities of molecules in nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers poled by thermal-assisted (TAP) and photo-assisted (PAP) electric-field poling are compared by measuring the temporal development of the NLO properties under a secondary poling voltage at a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the polymer. By comparing the experimental results with a theoretical model that is based on independent chromophores with a distribution of relaxation times, it was found that the secondary poling profile for a polymer poled by PAP is very well described by the theory. This shows that the chromophores can indeed be regarded as independent to each other as far as their relaxations are concerned. The secondary poling profile for a polymer poled by TAP, on the other hand, did not agree with the theory. The discrepancy of the behaviors between the two poling methods suggests that the relaxation patterns observed for polymers poled by TAP may be affected by factors not intrinsic to the polymer properties. This result may have an impact on the assessment of the long-term reliability of photonic devices based on thermally poled NLO polymers.
{"title":"Studies of reorientational mobility of chromophores in poled nonlinear optical polymers by secondary poling","authors":"K. Wong, C. To","doi":"10.1117/12.678002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.678002","url":null,"abstract":"The reorientational mobilities of molecules in nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers poled by thermal-assisted (TAP) and photo-assisted (PAP) electric-field poling are compared by measuring the temporal development of the NLO properties under a secondary poling voltage at a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the polymer. By comparing the experimental results with a theoretical model that is based on independent chromophores with a distribution of relaxation times, it was found that the secondary poling profile for a polymer poled by PAP is very well described by the theory. This shows that the chromophores can indeed be regarded as independent to each other as far as their relaxations are concerned. The secondary poling profile for a polymer poled by TAP, on the other hand, did not agree with the theory. The discrepancy of the behaviors between the two poling methods suggests that the relaxation patterns observed for polymers poled by TAP may be affected by factors not intrinsic to the polymer properties. This result may have an impact on the assessment of the long-term reliability of photonic devices based on thermally poled NLO polymers.","PeriodicalId":406438,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optics + Photonics","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126198494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azo-functionalized hyperbranched polymers 1 and 2, and linear polyacetylene 3 are synthesized by palladium-catalyzed coupling of triiodoarenes with a diethynylazobenzene, and post functionalization, respectively. These polymers are soluble, film-forming, and morphologically stable (Tg > 180 oC). The poled polymer films of 1 and 2 exhibit high second-harmonic generation coefficients (d33 up to 177 pm/V), thanks to the chromophore-separation and site-isolation effects of hyperbranched architectural structure of the polymers in the three-dimensional space. The poled film of polymer 3 shows the trade-off of nonlinearity-transparency-orientation thermal stability. The poled films are all orientationally and thermally stable due to the facile cross-linking of the multiple acetylenic triple bonds in the hyperbranched polymer and the rigid backbone in the linear polyacetylene, respectively.
{"title":"Linear and nonlinear optical properties of linear and hyperbranched conjugated polymers","authors":"A. Qin, Zhen Li, J. Lam, B. Tang","doi":"10.1117/12.679423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.679423","url":null,"abstract":"Azo-functionalized hyperbranched polymers 1 and 2, and linear polyacetylene 3 are synthesized by palladium-catalyzed coupling of triiodoarenes with a diethynylazobenzene, and post functionalization, respectively. These polymers are soluble, film-forming, and morphologically stable (Tg > 180 oC). The poled polymer films of 1 and 2 exhibit high second-harmonic generation coefficients (d33 up to 177 pm/V), thanks to the chromophore-separation and site-isolation effects of hyperbranched architectural structure of the polymers in the three-dimensional space. The poled film of polymer 3 shows the trade-off of nonlinearity-transparency-orientation thermal stability. The poled films are all orientationally and thermally stable due to the facile cross-linking of the multiple acetylenic triple bonds in the hyperbranched polymer and the rigid backbone in the linear polyacetylene, respectively.","PeriodicalId":406438,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optics + Photonics","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125103019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report results of two ongoing investigations that seek to characterize the photophysics of organometallic complexes under one- and two-photon excitation. In the first line of investigation we explore the properties of the triplet state in a complex that contains four individual platinum-acetylide chromophores linked via a tetraphenylmethane unit. Although the individual platinum-acetylide chromophores are not conjugated in the tetramer, transient absorption studies provide clear evidence that triplet-triplet annihilation is very efficient when the complex is excited by sequential two-photon absorption. In a second line of study we have carried out preliminary photophysical studies of an Ir(III) complex that contains a highly conjugated organic ligand that is designed to exhibit a large two-photon absorption cross section. One photon excitation of the Ir(III) complex in the visible region produces a long-lived triplet state that absorbs strongly in the visible and near-infrared regions. Preliminary experiments suggest that the long-lived triplet can be efficiently produced via two-photon absorption in the near-infrared region.
{"title":"Nonlinear absorption in organometallic materials","authors":"Kye-Young Kim, K. Schanze","doi":"10.1117/12.680979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.680979","url":null,"abstract":"We report results of two ongoing investigations that seek to characterize the photophysics of organometallic complexes under one- and two-photon excitation. In the first line of investigation we explore the properties of the triplet state in a complex that contains four individual platinum-acetylide chromophores linked via a tetraphenylmethane unit. Although the individual platinum-acetylide chromophores are not conjugated in the tetramer, transient absorption studies provide clear evidence that triplet-triplet annihilation is very efficient when the complex is excited by sequential two-photon absorption. In a second line of study we have carried out preliminary photophysical studies of an Ir(III) complex that contains a highly conjugated organic ligand that is designed to exhibit a large two-photon absorption cross section. One photon excitation of the Ir(III) complex in the visible region produces a long-lived triplet state that absorbs strongly in the visible and near-infrared regions. Preliminary experiments suggest that the long-lived triplet can be efficiently produced via two-photon absorption in the near-infrared region.","PeriodicalId":406438,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optics + Photonics","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132731957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Scherer, M. Pelton, Rongchao Jin, J. Jureller, Mingzhao Liu, Hee Y. Kim, Sungnam Park, P. Guyot-Sionnest
We have measured nonlinear scattering from plasmons in individual Au nanorods and have correlated second-harmonic activity of Ag nanoparticles and clusters to morphology. The measurements reveal novel ultrafast nonlinear phenomena related to electron confinement. Surprisingly, the coherent plasmon response is suppressed relative to the hot electron response indicating enhanced plasmon dephasing. In a parallel set of studies we demonstrate nanometer scale localization of the nonlinear optical response of single nanoparticles and aggregates and correlate this with their morphology. Position markers are fabricated on an optical and electron-transparent substrate (Si3N4 thin film) that allows optical measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of the identical nanoparticles or aggregates. The second harmonic (SH) activity optical image of individual Ag nanostructures is registered with the TEM image. Centroid localization of the optical signals allows correlation with better than 25 nm precision. This is sufficient to determine the origin of optical "hot spots" within multi-particle aggregates.
{"title":"Optical nonlinearities of metal nanoparticles: single-particle measurements and correlation to structure","authors":"N. Scherer, M. Pelton, Rongchao Jin, J. Jureller, Mingzhao Liu, Hee Y. Kim, Sungnam Park, P. Guyot-Sionnest","doi":"10.1117/12.680151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.680151","url":null,"abstract":"We have measured nonlinear scattering from plasmons in individual Au nanorods and have correlated second-harmonic activity of Ag nanoparticles and clusters to morphology. The measurements reveal novel ultrafast nonlinear phenomena related to electron confinement. Surprisingly, the coherent plasmon response is suppressed relative to the hot electron response indicating enhanced plasmon dephasing. In a parallel set of studies we demonstrate nanometer scale localization of the nonlinear optical response of single nanoparticles and aggregates and correlate this with their morphology. Position markers are fabricated on an optical and electron-transparent substrate (Si3N4 thin film) that allows optical measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of the identical nanoparticles or aggregates. The second harmonic (SH) activity optical image of individual Ag nanostructures is registered with the TEM image. Centroid localization of the optical signals allows correlation with better than 25 nm precision. This is sufficient to determine the origin of optical \"hot spots\" within multi-particle aggregates.","PeriodicalId":406438,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optics + Photonics","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129468523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Vigneron, V. Lousse, J. Colomer, M. Rassart, M. Louette
The structural origin of the weak iridescence from the very peculiar ribbon-shaped feathers of the African open-bill stork, Anastomus lamelligerus (Ciconiidae) is investigated, using a combination of spectrophotometry, electron microscopy, and theoretical modelling. The cortex of these feathers can be described as a slab of keratin, transformed into a multilayer by the insertion of thin parallel planes containing harder nodules, disposed sideby- side and oriented along the feather axis. These nodules each show a sperically capped cylindrical shape. An empty cylindrical channel - the vacuole - occupies the long axis of the nodule. These nodules act in a collective and individual way to produce the frequency selection giving rise to the observed dark-green coloration of these special feathers.
{"title":"Complex optical structure in the ribbon-like feathers of the African open-bill stork","authors":"J. Vigneron, V. Lousse, J. Colomer, M. Rassart, M. Louette","doi":"10.1117/12.682250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.682250","url":null,"abstract":"The structural origin of the weak iridescence from the very peculiar ribbon-shaped feathers of the African open-bill stork, Anastomus lamelligerus (Ciconiidae) is investigated, using a combination of spectrophotometry, electron microscopy, and theoretical modelling. The cortex of these feathers can be described as a slab of keratin, transformed into a multilayer by the insertion of thin parallel planes containing harder nodules, disposed sideby- side and oriented along the feather axis. These nodules each show a sperically capped cylindrical shape. An empty cylindrical channel - the vacuole - occupies the long axis of the nodule. These nodules act in a collective and individual way to produce the frequency selection giving rise to the observed dark-green coloration of these special feathers.","PeriodicalId":406438,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optics + Photonics","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121975361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Pikuta, R. Hoover, B. Klyce, Paul Davies, Paul Davies
The fact that organotrophic organisms on Earth use L-amino acids and D-sugars as an energy source is recognized as one of the universal features of life. The chirality of organic molecules with asymmetric location of group-radicals was described a relatively long time ago. Louis Pasteur observed that abiotic (chemical) processes produced mixtures with equal numbers (racemic) of the two forms but that living organisms possessed a molecular asymmetry that included only one of the enantiomers (homochirality). He speculated that the origin of the asymmetry of chiral biomolecules might hold the key to the nature of life. All of the amino acids in proteins (except for Glycine which is symmetrical) exhibit the same absolute steric configuration as L-glyceraldehyde. D-amino acids are never found in proteins, although they do exist in nature and are often found in polypeptide antibiotics. Constitutional sugars of cells, opposite to the amino acids, are the D-enantiomers, and the appearance of L-sugars in Nature is extremely rare. Notwithstanding this fact, the metabolism of some bacteria does have the capability to use amino acids and sugars with alternative chirality. This property may be caused by the function of specific enzymes belonging to the class of isomerases (racemases, epimerases, isomerases, tautomerases). In our laboratory, we have investigated several anaerobic bacterial strains, and have found that some of these bacteria are capable of using D-amino acids and L-sugars. Strain BK1 is capable of growth on D-arginine, but its growth characteristics on L-arginine are approximately twice as high. Another alkaliphilic strain SCAT (= ATCC BAA-1084T = JCM 12857T = DSM 17722T = CIP 107910T) was found to be capable of growth on L-ribose and L-arabinose. It is interesting that this strain was incapable of growth on D-arabinose, which suggests the involvement of some alternative mechanism of enzyme activity. In this paper, we describe the preliminary results of these microbiological studies and discuss some possible implications.
{"title":"Bacterial utilization of L-sugars and D-amino acids","authors":"E. Pikuta, R. Hoover, B. Klyce, Paul Davies, Paul Davies","doi":"10.1117/12.690434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.690434","url":null,"abstract":"The fact that organotrophic organisms on Earth use L-amino acids and D-sugars as an energy source is recognized as one of the universal features of life. The chirality of organic molecules with asymmetric location of group-radicals was described a relatively long time ago. Louis Pasteur observed that abiotic (chemical) processes produced mixtures with equal numbers (racemic) of the two forms but that living organisms possessed a molecular asymmetry that included only one of the enantiomers (homochirality). He speculated that the origin of the asymmetry of chiral biomolecules might hold the key to the nature of life. All of the amino acids in proteins (except for Glycine which is symmetrical) exhibit the same absolute steric configuration as L-glyceraldehyde. D-amino acids are never found in proteins, although they do exist in nature and are often found in polypeptide antibiotics. Constitutional sugars of cells, opposite to the amino acids, are the D-enantiomers, and the appearance of L-sugars in Nature is extremely rare. Notwithstanding this fact, the metabolism of some bacteria does have the capability to use amino acids and sugars with alternative chirality. This property may be caused by the function of specific enzymes belonging to the class of isomerases (racemases, epimerases, isomerases, tautomerases). In our laboratory, we have investigated several anaerobic bacterial strains, and have found that some of these bacteria are capable of using D-amino acids and L-sugars. Strain BK1 is capable of growth on D-arginine, but its growth characteristics on L-arginine are approximately twice as high. Another alkaliphilic strain SCAT (= ATCC BAA-1084T = JCM 12857T = DSM 17722T = CIP 107910T) was found to be capable of growth on L-ribose and L-arabinose. It is interesting that this strain was incapable of growth on D-arabinose, which suggests the involvement of some alternative mechanism of enzyme activity. In this paper, we describe the preliminary results of these microbiological studies and discuss some possible implications.","PeriodicalId":406438,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optics + Photonics","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114397424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of DNA as a functional biomaterial for optical device applications is becoming a fast-expanding technology. Various researchers are investigating salmon DNA as the primary ingredient in the design of optical waveguide devices. The interaction of the indicator dye molecule, Bromocresol Purple (BCP) with the unique homogeneous double helical structure of DNA for potential electro-optic and chemical sensing applications is reported.
{"title":"Characterization of DNA-based material for optical devices","authors":"D. Diggs, J. Grote, F. Hopkins, J. Hagen","doi":"10.1117/12.683467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.683467","url":null,"abstract":"The use of DNA as a functional biomaterial for optical device applications is becoming a fast-expanding technology. Various researchers are investigating salmon DNA as the primary ingredient in the design of optical waveguide devices. The interaction of the indicator dye molecule, Bromocresol Purple (BCP) with the unique homogeneous double helical structure of DNA for potential electro-optic and chemical sensing applications is reported.","PeriodicalId":406438,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optics + Photonics","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132709306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Orgueil CI1 meteorite, which fell in southern France on the evening of May 14, 1864, has been one of the most extensively studied of all known carbonaceous meteorites. Environmental and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM and FESEM) studies of freshly fractured interior surfaces of the Orgueil meteorite have resulted in the detection of the fossilized remains of a large and diverse population of filamentous prokaryotic microorganisms. The taphonomy and the modes of the preservation of these remains are diverse. Some of the remains exhibit carbonization of a hollow sheath and in other cases the remains are permineralized with watersoluble evaporite minerals, such as magnesium sulfate or ammonium salts. Images and EDS spectral data are provided documenting a variety of Orgueil microstructures: abiotic evaporite minerals; pre-solar grains; framboids, ovoids and fluorine-rich filaments of indeterminate biogenicity. These results provide information regarding the size, size range, morphologies and chemical compositions of abiotic microstructures found in native cryptohalite and crystalline and fibrous epsomites from Poison Lake, Washington, USA and Catalayud, Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. High resolution ESEM and FESEM secondary and backscattered electron Images and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) data will also be presented of recognizable filamentous cyanobacteria and other prokaryotic microfossils. Many of the microfossils found embedded in the meteorite rock matrix are consistent in size and microstructure with known genera and species of filamentous cyanobacteria. Many of these forms can be recognized as morphotypes of cyanobacteria belonging to the Order Oscillatoriaceae. These large, complex microstructures are clearly distinguishable from the abiotic minerals examined - cryptohalite and fibrous epsomites. Many of the well-preserved filamentous forms in the Orgueil meteorite are embedded in the rock matrix and exhibit identifiable biological characteristics and EDS elemental compositions that clearly differentiate them from abiotic microstructures. They exhibit branched and unbranched filaments; uniseriate and multiseriate ensheathed trichomes with specialized cells and structures for reproduction (e.g. hormogonia and akinetes) and nitrogen fixation (heterocysts). The meteorite forms also show evidence of motility (emergent hormogonia and hollow, coiled empty sheaths) and they are often found in mats, consortia and microbial assemblages that are consistent with the known associations and ecologies of modern genera and species of cyanobacteria. Smaller filaments, consistent with the phototrophic filamentous prokaryotes typically present in anoxic layers associated with modern cyanobacterial mats, have also been found in the Orgueil meteorite.
{"title":"Fossils of Prokaryotic microorganisms in the Orgueil meteorite","authors":"R. Hoover","doi":"10.1117/12.690441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.690441","url":null,"abstract":"The Orgueil CI1 meteorite, which fell in southern France on the evening of May 14, 1864, has been one of the most extensively studied of all known carbonaceous meteorites. Environmental and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM and FESEM) studies of freshly fractured interior surfaces of the Orgueil meteorite have resulted in the detection of the fossilized remains of a large and diverse population of filamentous prokaryotic microorganisms. The taphonomy and the modes of the preservation of these remains are diverse. Some of the remains exhibit carbonization of a hollow sheath and in other cases the remains are permineralized with watersoluble evaporite minerals, such as magnesium sulfate or ammonium salts. Images and EDS spectral data are provided documenting a variety of Orgueil microstructures: abiotic evaporite minerals; pre-solar grains; framboids, ovoids and fluorine-rich filaments of indeterminate biogenicity. These results provide information regarding the size, size range, morphologies and chemical compositions of abiotic microstructures found in native cryptohalite and crystalline and fibrous epsomites from Poison Lake, Washington, USA and Catalayud, Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. High resolution ESEM and FESEM secondary and backscattered electron Images and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) data will also be presented of recognizable filamentous cyanobacteria and other prokaryotic microfossils. Many of the microfossils found embedded in the meteorite rock matrix are consistent in size and microstructure with known genera and species of filamentous cyanobacteria. Many of these forms can be recognized as morphotypes of cyanobacteria belonging to the Order Oscillatoriaceae. These large, complex microstructures are clearly distinguishable from the abiotic minerals examined - cryptohalite and fibrous epsomites. Many of the well-preserved filamentous forms in the Orgueil meteorite are embedded in the rock matrix and exhibit identifiable biological characteristics and EDS elemental compositions that clearly differentiate them from abiotic microstructures. They exhibit branched and unbranched filaments; uniseriate and multiseriate ensheathed trichomes with specialized cells and structures for reproduction (e.g. hormogonia and akinetes) and nitrogen fixation (heterocysts). The meteorite forms also show evidence of motility (emergent hormogonia and hollow, coiled empty sheaths) and they are often found in mats, consortia and microbial assemblages that are consistent with the known associations and ecologies of modern genera and species of cyanobacteria. Smaller filaments, consistent with the phototrophic filamentous prokaryotes typically present in anoxic layers associated with modern cyanobacterial mats, have also been found in the Orgueil meteorite.","PeriodicalId":406438,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optics + Photonics","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122297770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using sum rules and a new dipole-free sum-over-states expression, we introduce a method for calculating the fundamental limits of the dispersion of the real and imaginary parts of all electronic nonlinear-optical susceptibilities. As such, these general results can be used to study any nonlinear optical phenomena at any wavelength, making it possible to push both applications and our understanding of such processes to the limits. These results reveal the ultimate constraints imposed by nature on our ability to control and use light.
{"title":"Quantum calculations of the dispersion of the fundamental limits of nonlinear susceptibilities","authors":"M. Kuzyk","doi":"10.1117/12.678593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.678593","url":null,"abstract":"Using sum rules and a new dipole-free sum-over-states expression, we introduce a method for calculating the fundamental limits of the dispersion of the real and imaginary parts of all electronic nonlinear-optical susceptibilities. As such, these general results can be used to study any nonlinear optical phenomena at any wavelength, making it possible to push both applications and our understanding of such processes to the limits. These results reveal the ultimate constraints imposed by nature on our ability to control and use light.","PeriodicalId":406438,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optics + Photonics","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124735014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Derkowska, M. Wojdyla, Z. Sofiani, R. Czaplicki, M. Addou, W. Bala, B. Sahraoui
The concentration dependence of third order nonlinear optical susceptibility ( χ<3> ) of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) using the degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) method at 532 nm was investigated. We present the linear dependence of the third order nonlinear optical susceptibility ( χ<3> ) as a function of different concentration for CuPc dissolved in THF. We also calculated the second order hyperpolarizability ( γ) of CuPc solutions. Third harmonic generation (THG) measurements at the 1064 nm performed on CuPc thin films are also presented. We found that the χ<3>DFWM values are larger than the χ<3>THG ones. This variation observed in χ<3> values, occurs probably due to the different resonance contributions in solution and solid state of CuPc. We show that in the case of DFWM measurements the one and two-photon resonant contributions at the Q and C-band increase χ<3>DFWM value of CuPc. In THG measurements, the three-photon resonance contribution at the Soret band gives rise to higher χ<3>THG value.
{"title":"Third-order nonlinear optical properties of CuPc: influence of thickness and concentration","authors":"B. Derkowska, M. Wojdyla, Z. Sofiani, R. Czaplicki, M. Addou, W. Bala, B. Sahraoui","doi":"10.1117/12.681983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.681983","url":null,"abstract":"The concentration dependence of third order nonlinear optical susceptibility ( χ<3> ) of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) using the degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) method at 532 nm was investigated. We present the linear dependence of the third order nonlinear optical susceptibility ( χ<3> ) as a function of different concentration for CuPc dissolved in THF. We also calculated the second order hyperpolarizability ( γ) of CuPc solutions. Third harmonic generation (THG) measurements at the 1064 nm performed on CuPc thin films are also presented. We found that the χ<3>DFWM values are larger than the χ<3>THG ones. This variation observed in χ<3> values, occurs probably due to the different resonance contributions in solution and solid state of CuPc. We show that in the case of DFWM measurements the one and two-photon resonant contributions at the Q and C-band increase χ<3>DFWM value of CuPc. In THG measurements, the three-photon resonance contribution at the Soret band gives rise to higher χ<3>THG value.","PeriodicalId":406438,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optics + Photonics","volume":"245 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127696262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：