In 1981, the federal aviation administration (FAA) developed a modernization plan for the national airspace system (NAS) which included a significant increase in funds for programs related to the observation and dissemination of weather. In that same year, administrator helms initiated a national airspace review (NAR) with participation from the user community. The review covered many areas including aviation weather services where 26 recommendations for improvement were made. These recommendations are being studied as a part of the process of updating the FAA aviation weather plan. One of the recommendations, which was also made by a congressional committee, urged the establishment of a focal point for weather in FAA. This resulted in the establishment of the FAA weather coordination program office in 1982. This office has initiated a full review of aviation weather requirements and, under the sponsorship of the federal coordinator's office, a governmentwide review of all weather programs relating to aviation weather services was recently conducted. A revised aviation weather plan is scheduled for publication this fall.
{"title":"FAA Requirements for Improved Meteorological Information Optical Society of America, August 2, 1983, Aspen, Colorado","authors":"N. A. Blake","doi":"10.1364/clr.1983.tua2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/clr.1983.tua2","url":null,"abstract":"In 1981, the federal aviation administration (FAA) developed a modernization plan for the national airspace system (NAS) which included a significant increase in funds for programs related to the observation and dissemination of weather. In that same year, administrator helms initiated a national airspace review (NAR) with participation from the user community. The review covered many areas including aviation weather services where 26 recommendations for improvement were made. These recommendations are being studied as a part of the process of updating the FAA aviation weather plan. One of the recommendations, which was also made by a congressional committee, urged the establishment of a focal point for weather in FAA. This resulted in the establishment of the FAA weather coordination program office in 1982. This office has initiated a full review of aviation weather requirements and, under the sponsorship of the federal coordinator's office, a governmentwide review of all weather programs relating to aviation weather services was recently conducted. A revised aviation weather plan is scheduled for publication this fall.","PeriodicalId":408663,"journal":{"name":"2nd Topical Meeting on Coherent Laser Radar: Technology and Applications","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130078987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Double-scattering calculations by a cloud of randomly oriented long cylinders in a lidar geometry are presented. Triple scattering involving Raman Mie processes by spherical cloud particles is also discussed.
给出了激光雷达几何结构中随机方向长柱体云的双散射计算。讨论了球面云粒子对拉曼Mie过程的三重散射。
{"title":"Multiple Scattering by Spherical and Cylindrical Particles","authors":"A. Cohen, S. Egert","doi":"10.1364/clr.1983.thb8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/clr.1983.thb8","url":null,"abstract":"Double-scattering calculations by a cloud of randomly oriented long cylinders in a lidar geometry are presented. Triple scattering involving Raman Mie processes by spherical cloud particles is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":408663,"journal":{"name":"2nd Topical Meeting on Coherent Laser Radar: Technology and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130368714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The value of remote wind sensing systems based on carbon dioxide lasers is well established. Coherent LIDAR systems have been constructed and have successfully measured the depth resolved doppler shift of radiation at 10.6 microns.1,2 The high atmospheric transmissivity and the relatively small loss of coherence due to atmospheric turbulence at the CO2 wavelength make it unlikely that another wavelength will be chosen for atmospheric reasons alone.
{"title":"Coherent Doppler Wind Measurements Using Neodymium Lasers","authors":"T. Kane, R. Byer","doi":"10.1364/clr.1983.tud1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/clr.1983.tud1","url":null,"abstract":"The value of remote wind sensing systems based on carbon dioxide lasers is well established. Coherent LIDAR systems have been constructed and have successfully measured the depth resolved doppler shift of radiation at 10.6 microns.1,2 The high atmospheric transmissivity and the relatively small loss of coherence due to atmospheric turbulence at the CO2 wavelength make it unlikely that another wavelength will be chosen for atmospheric reasons alone.","PeriodicalId":408663,"journal":{"name":"2nd Topical Meeting on Coherent Laser Radar: Technology and Applications","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126308943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have implemented a CO2-laser heterodyne system with which very efficiently phase difference fluctuations and power spectra caused by atmospheric propagation of the radiation can be determined. Examples, demonstrating the capability of the system to measure path averaged crosswind velocity and rain rate, are presented.
{"title":"Determination of Rain Rate and Turbulence by Phase Fluctuation Measurement with a Dual Channel CO2-Laser-System","authors":"K. Barthel, W. Büchtemann","doi":"10.1364/clr.1983.tha8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/clr.1983.tha8","url":null,"abstract":"We have implemented a CO2-laser heterodyne system with which very efficiently phase difference fluctuations and power spectra caused by atmospheric propagation of the radiation can be determined. Examples, demonstrating the capability of the system to measure path averaged crosswind velocity and rain rate, are presented.","PeriodicalId":408663,"journal":{"name":"2nd Topical Meeting on Coherent Laser Radar: Technology and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128951739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coherent Lidars have almost become synonymous with CO2 laser systems with heterodyne detection. However, any lidar system operating close to the diffraction limit could be called "coherent". Conventional lidars based on e.g. Ruby or YAG laser are not in this category. In contrast, most systems for wind measurements are based on a diffraction-limited performance. The measuring range of coherent lidars is often in the near field, which may extend up to 100 km. The range resolution can then be determinated by focusing.
{"title":"Classification and Characteristics of Coherent Lidar Systems","authors":"L. Lading, S. Hanson","doi":"10.1364/clr.1983.mc8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/clr.1983.mc8","url":null,"abstract":"Coherent Lidars have almost become synonymous with CO2 laser systems with heterodyne detection. However, any lidar system operating close to the diffraction limit could be called \"coherent\". Conventional lidars based on e.g. Ruby or YAG laser are not in this category. In contrast, most systems for wind measurements are based on a diffraction-limited performance. The measuring range of coherent lidars is often in the near field, which may extend up to 100 km. The range resolution can then be determinated by focusing.","PeriodicalId":408663,"journal":{"name":"2nd Topical Meeting on Coherent Laser Radar: Technology and Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127848223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CO2 laser radar systems with either direct or heterodyne detection are being used for both atmospheric lidar measurements and ranging on 'hard' targets. A TEA-CO2 laser radar has been developed at DREV to evaluate, with field measurements, the possible role of 10.6-μm pulsed coherent laser radars for the ranging and angle tracking of airborne targets. To determine the signal-tonoise ratio required by a laser radar to detect a target with a desired probability of detection and a given false alarm rate, it is first necessary to characterize the signal returns from the targets of interest. This paper will present part of a recent investigation on the characteristics of the returns from standard reference targets obtained with heterodyne detection. A comparison will be made with similar measurements carried out with direct detection.
{"title":"An Experimental Investigation of Ranging and Tracking with a Coherent Laser Radar","authors":"J. Cruickshank, D. Bonnier, P. Pace, H. Henshall","doi":"10.1364/clr.1983.wb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/clr.1983.wb3","url":null,"abstract":"CO2 laser radar systems with either direct or heterodyne detection are being used for both atmospheric lidar measurements and ranging on 'hard' targets. A TEA-CO2 laser radar has been developed at DREV to evaluate, with field measurements, the possible role of 10.6-μm pulsed coherent laser radars for the ranging and angle tracking of airborne targets. To determine the signal-tonoise ratio required by a laser radar to detect a target with a desired probability of detection and a given false alarm rate, it is first necessary to characterize the signal returns from the targets of interest. This paper will present part of a recent investigation on the characteristics of the returns from standard reference targets obtained with heterodyne detection. A comparison will be made with similar measurements carried out with direct detection.","PeriodicalId":408663,"journal":{"name":"2nd Topical Meeting on Coherent Laser Radar: Technology and Applications","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127886106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under the direction of NOAA, a recent study of the feasibility of a global wind measuring satellite system (WINDSAT) has been performed. The results of this study have defined a proposed system concept and hardware requirements of the WINDSAT TIROS-N operational platform. This paper describes the definition study of the laser subsystem undertaken by MSNW in support of the above effort. The laser subsystem requirements as determined by the present mission plan are summarized in Table 1. The design of such a system is guided by several constraints which relate to the space based nature of the device. The most notable are the power consumption requirements, and the subsystem weight and volume specifications. The system design is based on existing CO2 laser technology though some specific areas do require further development.
{"title":"Definition Study of the WINDSAT Laser Subsystem","authors":"S. Byron, S. Moody, T. Znotins","doi":"10.1364/clr.1983.tuc4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/clr.1983.tuc4","url":null,"abstract":"Under the direction of NOAA, a recent study of the feasibility of a global wind measuring satellite system (WINDSAT) has been performed. The results of this study have defined a proposed system concept and hardware requirements of the WINDSAT TIROS-N operational platform. This paper describes the definition study of the laser subsystem undertaken by MSNW in support of the above effort. The laser subsystem requirements as determined by the present mission plan are summarized in Table 1. The design of such a system is guided by several constraints which relate to the space based nature of the device. The most notable are the power consumption requirements, and the subsystem weight and volume specifications. The system design is based on existing CO2 laser technology though some specific areas do require further development.","PeriodicalId":408663,"journal":{"name":"2nd Topical Meeting on Coherent Laser Radar: Technology and Applications","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121476175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For airborne use laser velocimetry provides a unique ability to measure airspeed relative to regions a long way ahead of the aircraft. Such a Laser True Airspeed System (LATAS) has been designed and built by the Optics Division (01) at RSRE, Malvern in collaboration with Flight Research Division (FS1) at RAE Bedford. Flight trials have been conducted in the HS125 executive jet aircraft at RAE. The optics equipment has been designed to be compact, rugged and lightweight, operable remotely in a hands-off manner and sited in an unpressurized part of the aircraft. In the aircraft cabin the control equipment, signal processing and recording have been developed for research purposes to give flexibility in operation using microprocessor programming techniques.
{"title":"The RSRE/RAE Laser True Airspeed System (LATAS)","authors":"J. Cannel, R. Foord, J. Vaughan, A. Woodfield","doi":"10.1364/clr.1983.wa4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/clr.1983.wa4","url":null,"abstract":"For airborne use laser velocimetry provides a unique ability to measure airspeed relative to regions a long way ahead of the aircraft. Such a Laser True Airspeed System (LATAS) has been designed and built by the Optics Division (01) at RSRE, Malvern in collaboration with Flight Research Division (FS1) at RAE Bedford. Flight trials have been conducted in the HS125 executive jet aircraft at RAE. The optics equipment has been designed to be compact, rugged and lightweight, operable remotely in a hands-off manner and sited in an unpressurized part of the aircraft. In the aircraft cabin the control equipment, signal processing and recording have been developed for research purposes to give flexibility in operation using microprocessor programming techniques.","PeriodicalId":408663,"journal":{"name":"2nd Topical Meeting on Coherent Laser Radar: Technology and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130889392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Measurement of atmospheric winds by lidars is dependent upon receiving sufficient reflected laser radiation to allow reliable velocity estimates. The signal intensity is in turn dependent on the "reflectivity" of the atmosphere. However, this "reflectivity" (more properly termed atmospheric backscatter coefficient) is not constant, but rather varies with geographic location, season, altitude, etc. There are several ways that the reflectivity may be estimated - extrapolation from visible and near-ir backscatter, extinction measurements, and particle sizing and prediction based on Mie theory.
{"title":"Airborne and Ground-Based Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosol Backscatter at CO2 Laser Wavelengths","authors":"W. Jones","doi":"10.1364/clr.1983.thb5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/clr.1983.thb5","url":null,"abstract":"Measurement of atmospheric winds by lidars is dependent upon receiving sufficient reflected laser radiation to allow reliable velocity estimates. The signal intensity is in turn dependent on the \"reflectivity\" of the atmosphere. However, this \"reflectivity\" (more properly termed atmospheric backscatter coefficient) is not constant, but rather varies with geographic location, season, altitude, etc. There are several ways that the reflectivity may be estimated - extrapolation from visible and near-ir backscatter, extinction measurements, and particle sizing and prediction based on Mie theory.","PeriodicalId":408663,"journal":{"name":"2nd Topical Meeting on Coherent Laser Radar: Technology and Applications","volume":"37 3-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131653362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A review is given of the problems encountered in modeling atmospheric aerosol backscattering at infrared wavelengths,βIR. The region of the atmosphere discussed is the lowest 20 kilometers; the main emphasis of the review is on the scattering properties at CO2 laser wavelengths (9.1 to 11.1 μm) but scattering at the Nd-YAG laser wavelength (1.06 μm) will also be discussed together with the results of calculations carried out for intermediate wavelengths. The review contains a summary of the relevant aerosol characteristics and the different methods of calculating the aerosol backscattering function, both from measured aerosol characteristics and from optical measurements made at other wavelengths, are described and their accuracy assessed. Effects of changing atmospheric humidity and temperature on the backscatter are presented and related to the real atmosphere. Modeled values for aerosol backscatter for different geographical regions and at different heights above the earth's surface are given.
{"title":"Atmospheric Aerosol Backscatter Models in the Infrared","authors":"G. Kent, G. Yue, U. Farrukh, A. Deepak","doi":"10.1364/clr.1983.thb1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/clr.1983.thb1","url":null,"abstract":"A review is given of the problems encountered in modeling atmospheric aerosol backscattering at infrared wavelengths,βIR. The region of the atmosphere discussed is the lowest 20 kilometers; the main emphasis of the review is on the scattering properties at CO2 laser wavelengths (9.1 to 11.1 μm) but scattering at the Nd-YAG laser wavelength (1.06 μm) will also be discussed together with the results of calculations carried out for intermediate wavelengths. The review contains a summary of the relevant aerosol characteristics and the different methods of calculating the aerosol backscattering function, both from measured aerosol characteristics and from optical measurements made at other wavelengths, are described and their accuracy assessed. Effects of changing atmospheric humidity and temperature on the backscatter are presented and related to the real atmosphere. Modeled values for aerosol backscatter for different geographical regions and at different heights above the earth's surface are given.","PeriodicalId":408663,"journal":{"name":"2nd Topical Meeting on Coherent Laser Radar: Technology and Applications","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121611645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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