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General Overview of the Three-dimensional Architectural Models as Acroteria in Medieval Georgia 中世纪格鲁吉亚作为卫城的三维建筑模型概述
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.18778/2084-140x.11.27
Natalia Chitishvili
Medieval architecture of the South Caucasus developed a unique tradition of making acroteria shaped as three-dimensional models of churches. Since the church-shaped acroteria have never been thoroughly explored in Georgia, this paper focuses on examples surviving in the region. Special attention is paid to analyzing the architectural and sculptural aspects of the acroteria, as well as their function. This paper aims at discussing both the formal and functional aspects of the church-shaped acroteria from Georgia. It is intended to explore what kind of church models were usually created in Georgia, how they were designed, and to what extent they resemble or differ from the real architecture. Typically, the model erected on the top of the gables of a church was made of stone, though glazed ceramic acroterion can be found as well, such as that of the Alaverdi Cathedral in Georgia. As the research has shown, the models do not replicate real architecture; they represent abridged images of actual buildings, repeating only their general layout (cross-domed or, rarely, single-nave structure) and a selected number of elements that were evidently considered essential or were typical elements of the architectural repertoire of the period in which the acroterion were created.
南高加索的中世纪建筑发展了一种独特的传统,即制作教堂的三维模型。由于教堂形状的洞穴从未在格鲁吉亚进行过彻底的探索,因此本文将重点放在该地区幸存的例子上。特别注意的是分析建筑和雕塑方面的acroteria,以及他们的功能。本文旨在讨论格鲁吉亚教堂形状的acroteria的形式和功能方面。它的目的是探索在格鲁吉亚通常创建什么样的教堂模型,它们是如何设计的,以及它们在多大程度上与真实的建筑相似或不同。通常,建在教堂山墙顶部的模型是由石头制成的,尽管也可以找到釉面陶瓷浮雕,例如格鲁吉亚的Alaverdi大教堂。正如研究表明的那样,这些模型并不能复制真实的建筑;它们代表了实际建筑的删节图像,只重复它们的总体布局(交叉圆顶或很少的单中殿结构)和一些被选中的元素,这些元素显然被认为是acroterion创建时期建筑曲目的重要或典型元素。
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引用次数: 0
Marcin Cyrulski, Teodora Prodromosa „Przygody Radante i Dosyklesa” [“The Adventures of Rhodanthe and Dosikles” by Theodore Prodromos], Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice 2020 [= Bibliotheca Byzantina], pp. 199
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.18778/2084-140x.11.41
Mirosław J. Leszka
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary Notes on the Physician Krateuas (2nd–1st Century BC). A New Collection of his T and F 关于Krateuas医生的初步注释(公元前2–1世纪)。他的T和F的新集合
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.18778/2084-140x.11.21
G. Squillace
The physician Krateuas lived in the first part of the 1st century BC, worked at the court of Mithridates and wrote a Rhizotomikon (Herbal) of which only a few fragments remain. More than a century ago, Max Wellmann studied this physician (1897; 1898) and collected his Testimonies (T) and Fragments (F) as an appendix of his edition of Dioscorides De materia medica (1914). After Wellmann, only short studies (mostly encyclopedia entries) have been carried on Krateuas, whose work influenced Dioscorides. This paper is a first step towards a monograph on this physician and a new edition of T and F with translation and historical commentary.
Krateuas医生生活在公元前1世纪上半叶,在Mithridates的宫廷工作,并写了一本Rhizotomikon(草药),只剩下一些碎片。一个多世纪前,马克斯·韦尔曼研究了这位医生(1897年;1898年),并收集了他的证词(T)和碎片(F),作为他出版的《本草薯蓣》(1914年)的附录。在韦尔曼之后,人们只对克拉图亚斯进行了简短的研究(主要是百科全书条目),他的工作影响了Dioscorides。这篇论文是迈向一本关于这位医生的专著的第一步,也是一本带有翻译和历史评论的新版《T和F》。
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引用次数: 0
Dietary Calendars in the Slavic Middle Ages: A Case Study 中世纪斯拉夫饮食日历:个案研究
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.18778/2084-140x.11.13
Irina Kuzidova-Karadžinova
Thе article attempts to delineate the boundaries of dissemination of dietary calendars in the Balkan Slavic cultural area through the evidence that can be obtained from the names, places, and very rarely patrons, found in the manuscripts that contain them. Special attention is paid to the most eminent men of letters who included dieteticons in their miscellanies – the Moldavian copyist Gavriil Urik, the Serbian monks Gavriil of Mount Athos and Gavrilo Trojičanin, and the Bulgarian priest Avram Dimitrievič. The analysis of the dissemination of dietary calendars in mediaeval South Slavic and Slavic-Moldavian literatures shows that the trajectory of this marginal genre started from royal codices, ran through manuscripts commissioned by rich patrons and produced in scriptoria, and ended in the miscellanies of ordinary priests and laypersons. Whatever their hierarchical dynamics may be in Slavic literatures, they, as a whole, remain outside the context of properly medical knowledge, gravitating around miscellanies of divinatory and astrological works, erotapokriseis and apocrypha.
这篇文章试图通过从包含饮食日历的手稿中发现的姓名、地点和极少数赞助人中获得的证据,来划定巴尔干斯拉夫文化区饮食日历传播的界限。书中特别关注的是那些最杰出的文学家,他们在自己的杂记中加入了饮食杂记——摩尔多瓦的抄写员加夫里尔·乌里克,阿索斯山的塞尔维亚僧侣加夫里尔和加夫里洛·特罗吉·阿宁,以及保加利亚的牧师阿夫拉姆·迪米特里耶维茨。对中世纪南斯拉夫和斯拉夫-摩尔达维亚文献中饮食日历传播的分析表明,这种边缘类型的轨迹始于皇家抄本,经过富有赞助人委托在scriptoria制作的手稿,最终以普通牧师和外行的杂记结束。无论他们在斯拉夫文学中的等级动态如何,作为一个整体,他们仍然在适当的医学知识的背景之外,被占卜和占星术作品的杂糅所吸引,erotapokriseis和apocrypha。
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引用次数: 0
Christian Heretical Participation in the Rebellion of Börklüce Mustafa and Sheikh Bedreddin – Reappraising the Evidence 基督教异端参与Börklüce穆斯塔法和谢赫贝德雷丁叛乱-重新评估证据
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.18778/2084-140x.11.22
Yuri Stoyanov
The outbreak and Balkan and Anatolian trajectories of the rebellions of Borkluce Mustafa and Sheikh Bedreddin in 1416 still pose a series of religio-historic problems which still do not allow a satisfactory and detailed reconstruction of their chronology. Widening the investigation of the source base for these uprisings and their following remains a crucial desideratum for a better understanding of the turbulent period of the Ottoman interregnum and the Ottoman-Byzantine transition in eastern Anatolia in the early fifteenth century. Apart from the social and political features of the rebellions (which have been treated in a variety of contrasting ideological and methodological frameworks, their striking religious dimension has been also increasingly attracting scholarly and general attention. Earlier and recent research on the Ottoman interregnum period have occasionally advanced arguments for the active participation of Christian heretical groups, whether Christian dualist (Bogomil or Paulician) or radical apocalyptic insurgents of Eastern or Western Christian provenance. Drawing on new advances in research on religious trends in the late Byzantine and Balkan Orthodox and early Ottoman religious life and inter-religious contacts, the paper will offer an reassessment of the evidence of such proposed Christian heretical presence in the uprisings, while also exploring other venues for the provenance of their religious and trans-confessional underpinnings.
1416年伯克卢斯·穆斯塔法(Borkluce Mustafa)和谢赫·贝德雷丁(Sheikh Bedreddin)叛乱的爆发以及巴尔干和安纳托利亚的轨迹仍然构成了一系列宗教历史问题,这些问题仍然无法对其年代进行令人满意和详细的重建。为了更好地理解15世纪早期东安纳托利亚的奥斯曼政权间歇期和奥斯曼-拜占庭过渡时期的动荡时期,扩大对这些起义及其后续行动的来源基础的调查仍然是一个至关重要的愿望。除了叛乱的社会和政治特征(已经在各种不同的意识形态和方法框架中进行了处理)之外,其引人注目的宗教维度也越来越吸引学者和一般人的注意。早期和最近对奥斯曼帝国间歇期的研究偶尔会提出基督教异端团体积极参与的论点,无论是基督教二元论(博戈米利或保利西亚)还是东方或西方基督教起源的激进启示录叛乱分子。根据对拜占庭晚期和巴尔干东正教以及早期奥斯曼宗教生活和宗教间接触的宗教趋势研究的新进展,本文将对这些在起义中提出的基督教异端存在的证据进行重新评估,同时还将探索其宗教和跨忏悔基础的其他来源。
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引用次数: 0
If not Bogomilism than What? The Origins of Catharism in the Light of the Sources  如果不是波哥大比什么?从源头看天主教的起源
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.18778/2084-140x.11.03
P. Czarnecki
Since the end of the twentieth Century the traditional interpretation of Catharism, assuming it’s Eastern roots and dualist character is the object of a harsh criticism, formulated by the deconstructionist scholars. The moderated version of their new interpretation assumes that dualism didn’t play an important role in Catharism, and that the Cathar “dissidence” was not influenced by the Eastern dualist heresies (especially Bogomilism), but appeared independently in the West. According to the radical version Catharism didn’t exist at all and contemporary scholars should accept a new paradigm – Middle-Ages without Catharism.The aim of this article is to examine the source arguments, which stand behind both interpretations – on one side the arguments concerning the contacts of the Cahars with the Eastern dualists, with special attention paid to the time of their emergence and character of these relations, and on the other the arguments concerning Cathar dualist doctrines, which according to the deconstructionists were constructed arbitrarily by the Catholic polemists, basing on the ancient anti-heretical works, especially anti-Manichaean writings of St. Augustine. The article will try to find the answer to the question if the Cathar doctrines described in the Catholic sources are indeed so closely similar to the Manichaean teachings known from St. Augustine and at the same time so different from the Bogomil dualism. The analysis of the sources will show if the new interpretation is based on the arguments that are strong enough to overthrow the traditional one and if it the theory assuming lack of Bogomil influence can be considered as a serious alternative.
自20世纪末以来,解构主义学者对天主教的传统解释,假定其具有东方根源和二元性,一直是一种严厉批评的对象。他们新解释的缓和版本假设二元论在卡察尔主义中没有发挥重要作用,卡察尔“异见”没有受到东方二元论异端(尤其是波哥大主义)的影响,而是在西方独立出现。根据激进的版本,卡撒主义根本不存在,当代学者应该接受一种新的范式——没有卡撒主义的中世纪。本文的目的是考察两种解释背后的根源论点——一方面是关于卡撒人与东方二元论者接触的论点,另一方面,根据解构主义者的说法,天主教辩论家根据古代反异端著作,特别是圣奥古斯丁的反摩尼教著作,任意构建了关于卡察尔二元论的论点。这篇文章将试图找到这个问题的答案,如果天主教文献中描述的卡察尔教义确实与圣奥古斯丁的摩尼教教义如此相似,同时又与波哥大二元论如此不同。对资料来源的分析将表明,新的解释是否基于足以推翻传统解释的论点,如果是这样,假设缺乏波哥大影响的理论可以被视为一个严重的替代方案。
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引用次数: 0
Tsvetomira Danova, “John of Damascus’ Marian Homilies in Mediaeval South Slavonic Literatures”, ed. Lora Taseva, Peter Lang, Berlin 2020 [= Studies on Language and Culture in Central and Eastern Europe, 36], pp. 542 Tsvetomira Danova,“中世纪南斯拉夫文学中大马士革的约翰的Marian Homilies”,编辑:Lora Taseva,Peter Lang,柏林2020[=中欧和东欧语言和文化研究,36],第542页
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.18778/2084-140x.11.44
Małgorzata Skowronek
T Danova’s monograph is important and interesting reading for several reasons. The publication originated as a revised and expanded variant of her doctoral dissertation, defended in 2014 at the Cyrillo-Methodian Research Centre at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in Sofia. Since then, Danova has published several studies on Byzantine-Slavonic textology and Slavonic translations of literature, mainly Byzantine homiletics (by John of Damascus and Andrew of Crete)1; their themes and nature are related to the present study. In preparing both the dissertation and the monograph, the author benefited from the support of outstanding scholars of Slavonic literary and cultural heritage2, to whom we owe
T Danova的专著是重要而有趣的阅读,原因如下。该出版物最初是她博士论文的修改和扩展版本,该论文于2014年在索非亚保加利亚科学院的西里尔-卫理研究中心进行了答辩。从那时起,达诺瓦发表了几篇关于拜占庭-斯拉夫文本学和斯拉夫文学翻译的研究,主要是拜占庭说教(由大马士革的约翰和克里特岛的安德鲁)1;它们的主题和性质与本研究有关。在撰写论文和专著的过程中,作者得到了研究斯拉夫文学和文化遗产的杰出学者的支持,我们感谢他们
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引用次数: 0
On the Prehistory of Bogomilism – the Historical and Religious Continuum of the Dualistic Groups in Early Medieval Bulgaria (8th–10th Century) 论波哥大主义的前史——中世纪早期保加利亚二元主义群体的历史和宗教连续体(8-10世纪)
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.18778/2084-140x.11.38
Hristo Saldzhiev
The aim of the present article is to shed light on the prehistory of Bogomilism, in particular on the existence of an initial Proto-Bogomilian group from the second half of the 8th century to the first decades of the 10th century, which subsequently gave rise to Bogomilism. For this purpose I will try to regard problems referring to the time and exact place of its emergence, the cultural and ethnical affiliation of its first adherents, its connection with previous dualistic teachings from the Near East and Anatolia. The final conclusions are: • The roots of Bogomilism must be sought among the Syriac migrants who settled in Thrace in the second half of the 8th century. • Groups which shared a different kind of dualistic ideas and notions existed among them. The group that can be identified as “Proto-Bogomilian” most likely inhabited the region of Philippopolis/ Plovdiv and followed some branch of Paulicianism different from this of Paulicians who in the mid-9th century built the “Paulician state” in Tephrice. • The dualism of the Proto-Bogomilian group stemmed from Marcion’s doctrine with some Manichean admixtures. It had experienced the influence of Masallianism long before the migration of this group towards the Balkans. This can explain the differences with Marcionists and Paulicians. The radical asceticism of the later Bogomils most probably must be attributed to the influence of Masallianism on the initial Proto-Bogomilian group too.
本文的目的是阐明波哥大主义的史前史,特别是从8世纪下半叶到10世纪前几十年存在的一个最初的波哥大人群体,该群体随后产生了波哥大主义。为此,我将努力考虑有关其出现的时间和确切地点、其最初信徒的文化和种族归属、其与近东和安纳托利亚以前的二元教义的联系等问题。最终结论是:•必须在8世纪下半叶定居色雷斯的叙利亚移民中寻找波哥大主义的根源。•他们之间存在着不同类型的二元思想和观念。可以被确定为“原始波哥大人”的群体最有可能居住在菲利波波利斯/普罗夫迪夫地区,并遵循了与9世纪中期在特弗丽斯建立“保利西亚国家”的保利西亚人不同的保利亚主义的一些分支。•原始波哥大学派的二元论源于马西翁的学说和一些摩尼教的混合物。早在这一群体向巴尔干半岛迁移之前,它就已经经历了马萨利主义的影响。这可以解释与马尔柯尼主义者和保利尼亚主义者之间的差异。后期波哥大人的激进禁欲主义很可能也归因于马萨利安主义对原始波哥大人群体的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Galen, Body and Soul in Vita Cyrilli XI, 13–20 盖伦,《XI的身体与灵魂》,13–20
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.18778/2084-140x.11.04
Thomas Daiber
The paper points to a hitherto not recognized quotation from Galen in the Old Church Slavonic Life of S. Cyril of the 9th century (chapter XI, 15) which demonstrates the Galenic maxim “contraria contrariis curentur”. The Galenic argument is brought forth by the Christian philosopher Cyril in a discussion with Jewish theologians. The paper firstly demonstrates that the author of VC does not only enrich Cyril’s speech with allusions to Biblical formulations but makes also the Jewish interlocutors use a direct quotation from Paul’s Epistle to the Colossians. The Christian and Jewish arguments complement each other leading to the ultimate Christian answer that Christ is the real physician to heal body and soul. In contextualizing the findings and pointing to another passage of Vita Cyrilli the paper shows, that the metaphor of “Christ, the physician” both times occurs in a context, where the Original sin is the main topic. Finally, the paper is concerned with the rhetoric of the metaphor and the limits of what can be possibly expressed by it. The ultimate healing in a Christian sense is expressed in the faith into bodily resurrection and thus transcends the comparison with concrete physical therapy. In contrast to concrete bodily health the qualities of a “body of the resurrection” cannot be positively named and thus are designated by the metaphor of “enjoying the fruit” in the heavens.
论文指出,盖伦在9世纪《西里尔的旧教会斯拉夫生活》(第十一章,第十五章)中引用了一段迄今为止尚未得到认可的引文,该引文证明了盖伦的格言“逆势而为”。盖伦的论点是由基督教哲学家西里尔在与犹太神学家的讨论中提出的。本文首先证明了VC的作者不仅在西里尔的演讲中引用了圣经的典故,而且使犹太人的对话者直接引用了保罗的歌罗西书。基督教和犹太教的观点相辅相成,最终得出基督教的答案:基督是医治身体和灵魂的真正医生。在将这些发现与《维塔·西利利》的另一段联系起来的过程中,论文表明,“基督,医生”的比喻两次都出现在原罪是主要主题的上下文中。最后,本文探讨了隐喻的修辞学以及隐喻所能表达的范围。基督教意义上的终极治愈在信仰中表现为身体的复活,因此超越了具体物理治疗的比较。与具体的身体健康相比,“复活的身体”的品质不能被肯定地命名,因此被比喻为“享受天堂的果实”。
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引用次数: 0
“The Church Histories of Theodore Lector and John Diakrinomenos”, ed. Rafał Kosiński, Kamilla Twardowska, trans. Aneta Zabrocka, Adrian Szopa, Peter Lang, Berlin–New York–Wien 2021 [= Studies in Classical Literature and Culture], pp. 6921
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.18778/2084-140x.11.40
Andrzej R. Hołasek
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引用次数: 0
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