Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674367012.c6
F. Redi
{"title":"The concept of ego disturbances and ego support.","authors":"F. Redi","doi":"10.4159/harvard.9780674367012.c6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674367012.c6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":409666,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of orthopsychiatry","volume":"62 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128982471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research articles in this special issue edited by Zamboanga and Lui focus on sociocultural factors and processes that underlie ethnic disparities in alcohol use in the United States. Major ethnic minority groups such as African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanics are included. Contributors to this special issue present their research findings and draw implications for research, theory, and intervention. The focus is clearly needed. We know enough to say that serious alcohol-use disparities exist; finding effective solutions to these problems is vitally important, especially in our increasingly diverse society; and much more research is needed. Priority for ethnic minority research has increased because of the growing ethnic diversity of the nation; concerns over disparities, social justice, and the welfare of minority populations; and increasing political clout of different minority groups. Nevertheless, greater efforts are needed to address research inadequacies and those programs and policies that affect the mental health of various ethnic minority groups. What have we learned from these articles? To address this question, it is important to have a context for viewing the research. In this context, I make three major points. First, the social sciences in general and psychology in particular have not traditionally embraced the importance of culture. Consequently, conducting ethnic minority research has been difficult. Second, the significance of ethnicity and culture in alcohol use is undeniable. The real task is to understand the complexities in ethnic alcohol use. Third, in addition to culture, ethnic minority groups have minority status in our society that affects all facets of alcohol use and its consequences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Epilogue for the special issue on sociocultural factors and mechanisms in alcohol use: Epidemiology, prevention, and intervention among ethnic minority groups: Lessons learned.","authors":"S. Sue","doi":"10.1037/ort0000423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000423","url":null,"abstract":"The research articles in this special issue edited by Zamboanga and Lui focus on sociocultural factors and processes that underlie ethnic disparities in alcohol use in the United States. Major ethnic minority groups such as African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanics are included. Contributors to this special issue present their research findings and draw implications for research, theory, and intervention. The focus is clearly needed. We know enough to say that serious alcohol-use disparities exist; finding effective solutions to these problems is vitally important, especially in our increasingly diverse society; and much more research is needed. Priority for ethnic minority research has increased because of the growing ethnic diversity of the nation; concerns over disparities, social justice, and the welfare of minority populations; and increasing political clout of different minority groups. Nevertheless, greater efforts are needed to address research inadequacies and those programs and policies that affect the mental health of various ethnic minority groups. What have we learned from these articles? To address this question, it is important to have a context for viewing the research. In this context, I make three major points. First, the social sciences in general and psychology in particular have not traditionally embraced the importance of culture. Consequently, conducting ethnic minority research has been difficult. Second, the significance of ethnicity and culture in alcohol use is undeniable. The real task is to understand the complexities in ethnic alcohol use. Third, in addition to culture, ethnic minority groups have minority status in our society that affects all facets of alcohol use and its consequences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":409666,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of orthopsychiatry","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127323436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. H. Ellis, Saida M Abdi, Vanja Lazarevic, Matthew T. White, A. Lincoln, Jessica Stern, J. Horgan
Refugee studies have examined both resilience and adverse outcomes, but no research has examined how different outcomes co-occur or are distinct, and the social-contextual factors that give rise to these diverse outcomes. The current study begins to address this gap by using latent profile analysis to examine the ways in which delinquency, gang involvement, civic engagement, political engagement, and openness to violent extremism cluster among Somali refugees. We then use multivariable regression analyses to examine how adversity (e.g., discrimination, trauma, and marginalization) is associated with the identified latent classes. Data were collected from 374 Somali refugee young adults (Mage = 21.30 years, SD = 2.90, range 18-30, 38% female) from 4 different North American communities. Participants completed a structured survey assessing their experiences of adversity, delinquent and/or violent attitudes and behaviors (e.g., attitudes toward violent extremism, participation in delinquent behaviors, involvement in gangs), and positive outcomes (e.g., civic and political engagement). Our findings indicate that participants fall into 5 distinct groups, and that social-contextual and individual factors are uniquely related to those groups. Specifically, strong social bonds seem to be associated with positive outcomes. These findings point to the need to further examine both positive and negative outcomes, paying special attention to social-contextual factors. (PsycINFO Database Record
{"title":"Relation of psychosocial factors to diverse behaviors and attitudes among Somali refugees.","authors":"B. H. Ellis, Saida M Abdi, Vanja Lazarevic, Matthew T. White, A. Lincoln, Jessica Stern, J. Horgan","doi":"10.1037/ort0000121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000121","url":null,"abstract":"Refugee studies have examined both resilience and adverse outcomes, but no research has examined how different outcomes co-occur or are distinct, and the social-contextual factors that give rise to these diverse outcomes. The current study begins to address this gap by using latent profile analysis to examine the ways in which delinquency, gang involvement, civic engagement, political engagement, and openness to violent extremism cluster among Somali refugees. We then use multivariable regression analyses to examine how adversity (e.g., discrimination, trauma, and marginalization) is associated with the identified latent classes. Data were collected from 374 Somali refugee young adults (Mage = 21.30 years, SD = 2.90, range 18-30, 38% female) from 4 different North American communities. Participants completed a structured survey assessing their experiences of adversity, delinquent and/or violent attitudes and behaviors (e.g., attitudes toward violent extremism, participation in delinquent behaviors, involvement in gangs), and positive outcomes (e.g., civic and political engagement). Our findings indicate that participants fall into 5 distinct groups, and that social-contextual and individual factors are uniquely related to those groups. Specifically, strong social bonds seem to be associated with positive outcomes. These findings point to the need to further examine both positive and negative outcomes, paying special attention to social-contextual factors. (PsycINFO Database Record","PeriodicalId":409666,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of orthopsychiatry","volume":"273 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130633024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Psychosocial risk exposure in childhood is associated with a greater probability of emotional, behavioral, and academic problems. It is not surprising that children who experience homelessness, a marker of high cumulative risk, show significant emotional and behavioral problems and lower academic achievement than other children, including impoverished children who are not homeless. Nonetheless, some children manifest positive adjustment despite the hazards associated with homelessness, and it is important to identify protective influences that might be targeted for intervention. One potential factor is mastery motivation (MM), or the drive to control and master challenges, theoretically associated with resilience and empirically linked to adaptive cognitive outcomes in low-risk children. Currently, there is little research on MM in high-risk young children overall, and data are particularly limited on the key question of whether MM is associated with better outcomes in domains crucial for school readiness, including socioemotional adjustment, self-regulation, and academic competence. This study examined observed MM in 85 young children ages 3 to 5 living with their parents in an emergency shelter. Children completed behavioral tasks to assess MM, and measures linked with school readiness were assessed directly or by parent report. Higher MM was associated with better social and emotional functioning and emotion regulation but not math achievement or executive functioning. Follow-up analyses indicated that MM was indirectly associated with prosocial behavior through better emotion-regulation abilities. Implications are discussed for further research and for interventions designed to address educational disparities and promote school success for children experiencing homelessness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Mastery motivation and school readiness among young children experiencing homelessness.","authors":"Jyothi L. Ramakrishnan, A. Masten","doi":"10.1037/ort0000428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000428","url":null,"abstract":"Psychosocial risk exposure in childhood is associated with a greater probability of emotional, behavioral, and academic problems. It is not surprising that children who experience homelessness, a marker of high cumulative risk, show significant emotional and behavioral problems and lower academic achievement than other children, including impoverished children who are not homeless. Nonetheless, some children manifest positive adjustment despite the hazards associated with homelessness, and it is important to identify protective influences that might be targeted for intervention. One potential factor is mastery motivation (MM), or the drive to control and master challenges, theoretically associated with resilience and empirically linked to adaptive cognitive outcomes in low-risk children. Currently, there is little research on MM in high-risk young children overall, and data are particularly limited on the key question of whether MM is associated with better outcomes in domains crucial for school readiness, including socioemotional adjustment, self-regulation, and academic competence. This study examined observed MM in 85 young children ages 3 to 5 living with their parents in an emergency shelter. Children completed behavioral tasks to assess MM, and measures linked with school readiness were assessed directly or by parent report. Higher MM was associated with better social and emotional functioning and emotion regulation but not math achievement or executive functioning. Follow-up analyses indicated that MM was indirectly associated with prosocial behavior through better emotion-regulation abilities. Implications are discussed for further research and for interventions designed to address educational disparities and promote school success for children experiencing homelessness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":409666,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of orthopsychiatry","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134442706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elma I Lorenzo-Blanco, J. Unger, A. Oshri, L. Baezconde-Garbanati, D. Soto
Latino/a youth are at risk for symptoms of depression and cigarette smoking but this risk varies by acculturation and gender. To understand why some youth are at greater risk than others, we identified profiles of diverse community experiences (perceived discrimination, bullying victimization, social support, perceived school safety) and examined associations between profiles of community experience and depressive symptoms, cigarette smoking, acculturation, and gender. Data came from Project Red (Reteniendo y Entendiendo Diversidad para Salud), a school-based longitudinal study of acculturation among 1,919 Latino/a adolescents (52% female; 84% 14 years old; 87% U.S. born). Latent profile analysis (LPA) revealed 4 distinct profiles of community experience that varied by gender and acculturation. Boys were overrepresented in profile groups with high perceived discrimination, some bullying, and lack of positive experiences, while girls were overrepresented in groups with high bullying victimization in the absence and presence of other community experiences. Youth low on both U.S. and Latino/a cultural orientation described high perceived discrimination and lacked positive experiences, and were predominantly male. Profiles characterized by high perceived discrimination and /or high bullying victimization in the absence of positive experiences had higher levels of depressive symptoms and higher risk of smoking, relative to the other groups. Findings suggest that acculturation comes with diverse community experiences that vary by gender and relate to smoking and depression risk. Results from this research can inform the development of tailored intervention and prevention strategies to reduce depression and/or smoking for Latino/a youth.
拉丁裔/拉丁裔青年有出现抑郁和吸烟症状的风险，但这种风险因文化适应和性别而异。为了理解为什么有些年轻人比其他人面临更大的风险，我们确定了不同社区经历的概况(感知歧视、欺凌受害者、社会支持、感知学校安全)，并检查了社区经历概况与抑郁症状、吸烟、文化适应和性别之间的联系。数据来自“红色计划”(Reteniendo y Entendiendo Diversidad para Salud)，这是一项以学校为基础的对1919名拉丁裔青少年(52%为女性;14岁的占84%;87%在美国出生)。潜在剖面分析(LPA)揭示了不同性别和文化适应的4种不同的社区经验剖面。男孩在高度歧视、一些欺凌和缺乏积极经历的群体中比例过高，而女孩在缺乏和存在其他社区经历的情况下，在高度欺凌受害的群体中比例过高。低美国和拉丁/a文化取向的青年描述了高度感知的歧视，缺乏积极的经历，主要是男性。在没有积极经历的情况下，以高度感知歧视和/或高度欺凌受害为特征的概况，与其他群体相比，抑郁症状水平更高，吸烟风险更高。研究结果表明，文化适应伴随着不同的社区经历，这些经历因性别而异，并与吸烟和抑郁风险有关。这项研究的结果可以为制定针对性的干预和预防策略提供信息，以减少拉丁裔青少年的抑郁和/或吸烟。
{"title":"Profiles of bullying victimization, discrimination, social support, and school safety: Links with Latino/a youth acculturation, gender, depressive symptoms, and cigarette use.","authors":"Elma I Lorenzo-Blanco, J. Unger, A. Oshri, L. Baezconde-Garbanati, D. Soto","doi":"10.1037/ort0000113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000113","url":null,"abstract":"Latino/a youth are at risk for symptoms of depression and cigarette smoking but this risk varies by acculturation and gender. To understand why some youth are at greater risk than others, we identified profiles of diverse community experiences (perceived discrimination, bullying victimization, social support, perceived school safety) and examined associations between profiles of community experience and depressive symptoms, cigarette smoking, acculturation, and gender. Data came from Project Red (Reteniendo y Entendiendo Diversidad para Salud), a school-based longitudinal study of acculturation among 1,919 Latino/a adolescents (52% female; 84% 14 years old; 87% U.S. born). Latent profile analysis (LPA) revealed 4 distinct profiles of community experience that varied by gender and acculturation. Boys were overrepresented in profile groups with high perceived discrimination, some bullying, and lack of positive experiences, while girls were overrepresented in groups with high bullying victimization in the absence and presence of other community experiences. Youth low on both U.S. and Latino/a cultural orientation described high perceived discrimination and lacked positive experiences, and were predominantly male. Profiles characterized by high perceived discrimination and /or high bullying victimization in the absence of positive experiences had higher levels of depressive symptoms and higher risk of smoking, relative to the other groups. Findings suggest that acculturation comes with diverse community experiences that vary by gender and relate to smoking and depression risk. Results from this research can inform the development of tailored intervention and prevention strategies to reduce depression and/or smoking for Latino/a youth.","PeriodicalId":409666,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of orthopsychiatry","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127609844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1939-0025.1987.TB03506.X
M. Wierzbicki
Twenty child monozygotic twin-pairs were compared to 21 child dizygotic twin-pairs on similarity of level and lability of subclinically depressed mood. Mood was assessed by self, parent, and teacher ratings. Estimates of genetic variance were statistically significant for about half of the measures of both level and lability of depression.
{"title":"Similarity of monozygotic and dizygotic child twins in level and lability of subclinically depressed mood.","authors":"M. Wierzbicki","doi":"10.1111/J.1939-0025.1987.TB03506.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1939-0025.1987.TB03506.X","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty child monozygotic twin-pairs were compared to 21 child dizygotic twin-pairs on similarity of level and lability of subclinically depressed mood. Mood was assessed by self, parent, and teacher ratings. Estimates of genetic variance were statistically significant for about half of the measures of both level and lability of depression.","PeriodicalId":409666,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of orthopsychiatry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123979216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.72.1.39
E. Bassuk, K. Mickelson, Heidi D Bissell, J. Perloff
Data from the Worcester Family Research Project were analyzed to determine whether social support processes are altered by poverty and whether kin and nonkin support are differentially related to mental health in low-income mothers. The authors found that conflict with family and friends predicted adverse mental health and more strongly predicted these outcomes than emotional and instrumental support. Moreover, sibling conflict was a stronger predictor of mental health than parent conflict. Finally, only instrumental support from professionals predicted mental health.
研究人员分析了来自伍斯特家庭研究项目(Worcester Family Research Project)的数据，以确定社会支持过程是否会因贫困而改变，以及亲属和非亲属支持与低收入母亲的心理健康之间是否存在差异。作者发现，与家人和朋友的冲突预示着不良的心理健康，比情感和工具支持更能预测这些结果。此外，兄弟姐妹冲突比父母冲突更能预测心理健康。最后，只有专业人士的工具性支持才能预测心理健康。
{"title":"Role of kin and nonkin support in the mental health of low-income women.","authors":"E. Bassuk, K. Mickelson, Heidi D Bissell, J. Perloff","doi":"10.1037/0002-9432.72.1.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.72.1.39","url":null,"abstract":"Data from the Worcester Family Research Project were analyzed to determine whether social support processes are altered by poverty and whether kin and nonkin support are differentially related to mental health in low-income mothers. The authors found that conflict with family and friends predicted adverse mental health and more strongly predicted these outcomes than emotional and instrumental support. Moreover, sibling conflict was a stronger predictor of mental health than parent conflict. Finally, only instrumental support from professionals predicted mental health.","PeriodicalId":409666,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of orthopsychiatry","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118977330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.72.1.58
Briana S. Nelson, Scott Wangsgaard, J. Yorgason, M. Kessler, Elverta Carter-Vassol
Trauma survivors and their spouses/partners who seek therapy often present with unique dynamics owing to the ongoing effects of previous trauma. This article provides a clinical framework for understanding single-trauma (only 1 partner reports a trauma history) and dual-trauma (both partners report a trauma history) couples. The descriptions of single- and dual-trauma couples were developed through several focus group discussions. Interpersonal patterns characteristic of single- and dual-trauma couples are described. We emphasize the importance of using a "trauma lens" when working with couples and families to avoid overlooking important cues about the individual and systemic effects of traumatic stress.
{"title":"Single- and dual-trauma couples: clinical observations of relational characteristics and dynamics.","authors":"Briana S. Nelson, Scott Wangsgaard, J. Yorgason, M. Kessler, Elverta Carter-Vassol","doi":"10.1037/0002-9432.72.1.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.72.1.58","url":null,"abstract":"Trauma survivors and their spouses/partners who seek therapy often present with unique dynamics owing to the ongoing effects of previous trauma. This article provides a clinical framework for understanding single-trauma (only 1 partner reports a trauma history) and dual-trauma (both partners report a trauma history) couples. The descriptions of single- and dual-trauma couples were developed through several focus group discussions. Interpersonal patterns characteristic of single- and dual-trauma couples are described. We emphasize the importance of using a \"trauma lens\" when working with couples and families to avoid overlooking important cues about the individual and systemic effects of traumatic stress.","PeriodicalId":409666,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of orthopsychiatry","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120471669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Article 12 of the Convention for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities recognizes all persons with disabilities as having legal capacity in all areas of life. However, in adherence to the Israeli Legal Capacity and Guardianship Law (1962), many persons with intellectual disability (ID) or mental illness (MI) have these rights revoked because of the appointment of a guardian. Little is known about these persons' perceptions about guardianship and supported decision making (SDM). Using focus groups, we examined the perceptions of persons with ID, persons with MI, and parents regarding guardianship and SDM. Most participants expressed their desire to adopt a model of SDM in their daily decision making, though differences were found among the groups. Persons with MI emphasized their right to be independent in decisions regarding their lives, and parents of these persons aspired to support their children to reach independence, except in times of crisis. Persons with ID also desired more independence, but they were uncertain if this would be possible for them. Some individuals with ID preferred that decisions regarding their lives be made on their behalf. Parents of persons with ID felt that it was critical for them to serve as guardians of their children. Recommendations are provided on how to promote the legal capacity of individuals with disabilities. (PsycINFO Database Record
{"title":"Guardianship law versus supported decision-making policies: Perceptions of persons with intellectual or psychiatric disabilities and parents.","authors":"S. Werner, Rachel Chabany","doi":"10.1037/ort0000125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000125","url":null,"abstract":"Article 12 of the Convention for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities recognizes all persons with disabilities as having legal capacity in all areas of life. However, in adherence to the Israeli Legal Capacity and Guardianship Law (1962), many persons with intellectual disability (ID) or mental illness (MI) have these rights revoked because of the appointment of a guardian. Little is known about these persons' perceptions about guardianship and supported decision making (SDM). Using focus groups, we examined the perceptions of persons with ID, persons with MI, and parents regarding guardianship and SDM. Most participants expressed their desire to adopt a model of SDM in their daily decision making, though differences were found among the groups. Persons with MI emphasized their right to be independent in decisions regarding their lives, and parents of these persons aspired to support their children to reach independence, except in times of crisis. Persons with ID also desired more independence, but they were uncertain if this would be possible for them. Some individuals with ID preferred that decisions regarding their lives be made on their behalf. Parents of persons with ID felt that it was critical for them to serve as guardians of their children. Recommendations are provided on how to promote the legal capacity of individuals with disabilities. (PsycINFO Database Record","PeriodicalId":409666,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of orthopsychiatry","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114786680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marina Tolou-Shams, Emily F. Dauria, R. Rosen, M. Clark, J. Spetz, Andrew Levine, Brandon D L Marshall, J. Folk, Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, A. Nunn
Constitutional mandates require access to medical testing and treatment in correctional settings, including sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care services. These same mandates do not apply to youth supervised in the community, who represent the majority of justice-involved youth. Waiting until youth are in detention settings to provide access to SRH services misses an opportunity to improve health outcomes for youth who have earlier points of contact with the system. This mixed-methods study explored structural intervention development and policy geared toward increasing access to and uptake of SRH prevention, treatment, care, and support services for court-involved, nonincarcerated (CINI) youth. Data were collected from a nationwide survey (N = 226) and qualitative interviews (N = 18) with juvenile justice (JJ) and public health (PH) system stakeholders between December 2015 and January 2017. Results suggest both PH and JJ stakeholders perceive CINI youth as having substantial, largely unmet SRH care needs due to a lack of services, policies, or procedures to address these needs. Barriers to implementing programs and policies to improve SRH services for this population include limited resources (e.g., staffing, time); perceived irrelevance for juvenile court, probation, or other community supervision settings; and concerns about confidentiality, privacy, and information sharing. Recommendations for effective intervention included colocating services, justice-to-community referrals, and service linkages (e.g., through a community health navigator), and staff education around youth SRH confidentiality and information-sharing practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
宪法规定要求在教养设施中获得医疗检测和治疗，包括性健康和生殖健康护理服务。这些同样的规定并不适用于社区监管的青少年，他们代表了大多数涉及司法的青少年。等到青少年被拘留后才向其提供性健康和生殖健康服务，错失了改善较早接触该系统的青少年健康状况的机会。这项混合方法的研究探讨了结构性干预发展和政策，旨在增加参与法庭的非监禁(CINI)青少年获得和接受性生殖健康预防、治疗、护理和支持服务的机会。数据收集自2015年12月至2017年1月期间的全国调查(N = 226)和对少年司法(JJ)和公共卫生(PH)系统利益相关者的定性访谈(N = 18)。结果表明，PH和JJ利益相关者都认为CINI青年由于缺乏服务、政策或程序来满足这些需求，因此有大量未满足的性健康和生殖健康护理需求。实施旨在改善针对这一人群的性健康和生殖健康服务的规划和政策的障碍包括资源有限(如人员、时间);被认为与少年法庭、缓刑或其他社区监督环境无关;以及对保密、隐私和信息共享的担忧。关于有效干预措施的建议包括协调服务、司法向社区转诊和服务联系(例如，通过社区卫生导航员)，以及围绕青年性健康和生殖健康保密和信息共享做法对工作人员进行教育。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA，版权所有)。
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