Introducton: Celiac disease (CD) is diagnosed with serological tests and small bowel biopsy. There is a strong link between CD and human leukocyte antigens (HLA). In this study, we aimed to determine the role of HLA alleles DQ*02 and DQ*08 in the diagnosis of pediatric CD patients and to determine the prevalence of these alleles in the population. Materials and Methods: The study included 72 school-aged celiac patients diagnosed according to serology and small bowel biopsy results, and a control group consisting of 70 unrelated individuals with no systemic disease. HLA-DQ*02 and HLA-DQ*08 typing was done using the sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) method. Results: The mean age of the CD patients included in the study was 10.06±2.10 years. HLA-DQ*02 frequency was significantly higher in the CD group (67%) compared to the control group (17%) (p<0.001). HLA-DQ*08 frequencies did not differ significantly between the patient and control groups (26% and 24%, respectively; p>0.05). Conclusions: Genetic risk profiles in CD are helpful for predicting susceptibility to disease and disease progression. The results of our study showed that the prevalence of HLA-DQ*02 was higher among CD patients than healthy individuals, and it was higher than the prevalence of HLA-DQ*08. Our study further supports the link between HLADQ*02 and increased risk of disease.
{"title":"Prevalence of HLA-DQ*02 and HLA-DQ*08 in Patients with Celiac Disease in Eastern Anatolia and the Diagnostic Role of HLA-DQ*02 and HLA-DQ*08 Genotyping","authors":"E. Balkan, A. Islek, E. Yaşar, H. Doğan","doi":"10.25002/TJI.2019.862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25002/TJI.2019.862","url":null,"abstract":"Introducton: Celiac disease (CD) is diagnosed with serological tests and small bowel biopsy. There is a strong link between CD and human leukocyte antigens (HLA). In this study, we aimed to determine the role of HLA alleles DQ*02 and DQ*08 in the diagnosis of pediatric CD patients and to determine the prevalence of these alleles in the population. Materials and Methods: The study included 72 school-aged celiac patients diagnosed according to serology and small bowel biopsy results, and a control group consisting of 70 unrelated individuals with no systemic disease. HLA-DQ*02 and HLA-DQ*08 typing was done using the sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) method. Results: The mean age of the CD patients included in the study was 10.06±2.10 years. HLA-DQ*02 frequency was significantly higher in the CD group (67%) compared to the control group (17%) (p<0.001). HLA-DQ*08 frequencies did not differ significantly between the patient and control groups (26% and 24%, respectively; p>0.05). Conclusions: Genetic risk profiles in CD are helpful for predicting susceptibility to disease and disease progression. The results of our study showed that the prevalence of HLA-DQ*02 was higher among CD patients than healthy individuals, and it was higher than the prevalence of HLA-DQ*08. Our study further supports the link between HLADQ*02 and increased risk of disease.","PeriodicalId":41088,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Immunology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90446112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The immune system protects the inner ear from various infections. However, the fragile audiological and vestibular structures are damaged due to immune-related and inflammatory responses, thus resulting in sensorineural hearing loss. Immune-mediated sensorineural hearing loss (ISNHL) can either be of autoimmune or autoinflammatory origin, and studies have shown that ISNHL ultimately results from inflammatory responses in both the cases. Several disorders have been identified that either primarily cause hearing loss due to localized inflammation (such as Meniere’s disease) or as an additional manifestation resulting from systemic inflammation (as seen in Muckle-Well syndrome). Immune molecularand patho-mechanisms have been proposed to explain ISNHL, yet it has been an enigma. A crucial mechanism leading to immune activation and inflammation involves the increased levels of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated IL-1β and TNF-α, in resident macrophages of the inner ear. The presence of autoantibodies to inner ear antigens have been reported as a causative ISNHL and these antibodies also serve as diagnostic markers. Genetic-susceptibility to ISNHL in some individuals has been reported. ISNHL is reversible, where hearing and vestibular functions can be restored. Several studies have put forward therapeutic strategies to alleviate hearing impairment, by usage of immunosuppressive drugs, monoclonal antibodies, IL-1β and TNF-α antagonists, and NLRP3 inflammasome-inhibitors. Emerging approaches for treating autoimmune disease include altering gut microbiota, stem cell therapy and precision medicine. The present report reviews the various molecularand patho-mechanisms associated with ISNHL. It further focuses on possible therapeutic targets and the relevance in application of emerging therapeutic strategies to alleviate hearing loss.
{"title":"Immune-mediated Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Patho-Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies","authors":"S. ParidhyVanniya., K. Ramkumar, C. Srisailapathy","doi":"10.25002/tji.2019.1015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25002/tji.2019.1015","url":null,"abstract":"The immune system protects the inner ear from various infections. However, the fragile audiological and vestibular structures are damaged due to immune-related and inflammatory responses, thus resulting in sensorineural hearing loss. Immune-mediated sensorineural hearing loss (ISNHL) can either be of autoimmune or autoinflammatory origin, and studies have shown that ISNHL ultimately results from inflammatory responses in both the cases. Several disorders have been identified that either primarily cause hearing loss due to localized inflammation (such as Meniere’s disease) or as an additional manifestation resulting from systemic inflammation (as seen in Muckle-Well syndrome). Immune molecularand patho-mechanisms have been proposed to explain ISNHL, yet it has been an enigma. A crucial mechanism leading to immune activation and inflammation involves the increased levels of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated IL-1β and TNF-α, in resident macrophages of the inner ear. The presence of autoantibodies to inner ear antigens have been reported as a causative ISNHL and these antibodies also serve as diagnostic markers. Genetic-susceptibility to ISNHL in some individuals has been reported. ISNHL is reversible, where hearing and vestibular functions can be restored. Several studies have put forward therapeutic strategies to alleviate hearing impairment, by usage of immunosuppressive drugs, monoclonal antibodies, IL-1β and TNF-α antagonists, and NLRP3 inflammasome-inhibitors. Emerging approaches for treating autoimmune disease include altering gut microbiota, stem cell therapy and precision medicine. The present report reviews the various molecularand patho-mechanisms associated with ISNHL. It further focuses on possible therapeutic targets and the relevance in application of emerging therapeutic strategies to alleviate hearing loss.","PeriodicalId":41088,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Immunology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87598255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anti-inflammatory and Anti-atherogenic Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum in Hypercholesterolemic Mice","authors":"M. Selli, A. Bermúdez-Fajardo, E. Oviedo-Orta","doi":"10.25002/TJI.2019.955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25002/TJI.2019.955","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41088,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Immunology","volume":"361 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76884756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Rai, Akshaya Mahalakshmi Surendran, K. Nandakumar, S. Bose, Shairee Sanyal, Sumantra Mondal, Sayantanee Mukherjee, Koustav Sarkar
Introduction: Based on earlier observations on unique immunomodulatory and adjuvant functions of neem leaf glycoprotein (NLGP), investigations of this work were designed. NLGP was attempted to be used as an adjuvant for lung carcinoma-associated antigen (LCA) which not only activated macrophages but also induced macrophages to release nitric oxide (NO), a key tumoricidal agent known to regulate T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, cell signaling, and apoptosis. Materials and Methods: Macrophages, generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), were pulsed with LCA isolated from lung carcinoma cell line A549, in presence or absence of NLGP for antigen presentation. Intramacrophageal NO was estimated based on Griess reaction. Cytokine levels were estimated by ELISA. Lymphocytic proliferation was checked by MTT assay. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) generated cytotoxicity was tested by LDH assay. Results: NLGP potentiates immune responses during pulsation with LCA by specific lymphocytic proliferation (p<0.001) and generation of CTLs (p<0.001). LCA+NLGP treatment creates a type-1 immune environment by increasing secretion of type-1 cytokines IFN-g and IL-12 (p<0.001) and decrease in type-2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 (p<0.001). LCA+NLGP treatment increased the release of type-1 cytokine-dependent NO. In vitro neutralization of IFN-g/IL-12 results into drastic decrease in NO release from macrophages. Conclusion: Obtained results demonstrated the interdependence of three anti-tumor immune functions, namely, NO production, CTL generation and production of a type-1 immune response mediated through NLGP. NLGP-generated anti-LCA immune response would be an effective strategy to treat lung carcinomas.
{"title":"Neem Leaf Glycoprotein Facilitates Lung Carcinoma- Associated Antigen-Specific Anti-Cancer Immune Response Utilizing Macrophage-Mediated Antigen Presentation and Induction of Type 1 Cytokines Coupled with Nitric Oxide Production","authors":"A. Rai, Akshaya Mahalakshmi Surendran, K. Nandakumar, S. Bose, Shairee Sanyal, Sumantra Mondal, Sayantanee Mukherjee, Koustav Sarkar","doi":"10.25002/tji.2019.1012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25002/tji.2019.1012","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Based on earlier observations on unique immunomodulatory and adjuvant functions of neem leaf glycoprotein (NLGP), investigations of this work were designed. NLGP was attempted to be used as an adjuvant for lung carcinoma-associated antigen (LCA) which not only activated macrophages but also induced macrophages to release nitric oxide (NO), a key tumoricidal agent known to regulate T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, cell signaling, and apoptosis. Materials and Methods: Macrophages, generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), were pulsed with LCA isolated from lung carcinoma cell line A549, in presence or absence of NLGP for antigen presentation. Intramacrophageal NO was estimated based on Griess reaction. Cytokine levels were estimated by ELISA. Lymphocytic proliferation was checked by MTT assay. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) generated cytotoxicity was tested by LDH assay. Results: NLGP potentiates immune responses during pulsation with LCA by specific lymphocytic proliferation (p<0.001) and generation of CTLs (p<0.001). LCA+NLGP treatment creates a type-1 immune environment by increasing secretion of type-1 cytokines IFN-g and IL-12 (p<0.001) and decrease in type-2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 (p<0.001). LCA+NLGP treatment increased the release of type-1 cytokine-dependent NO. In vitro neutralization of IFN-g/IL-12 results into drastic decrease in NO release from macrophages. Conclusion: Obtained results demonstrated the interdependence of three anti-tumor immune functions, namely, NO production, CTL generation and production of a type-1 immune response mediated through NLGP. NLGP-generated anti-LCA immune response would be an effective strategy to treat lung carcinomas.","PeriodicalId":41088,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Immunology","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75159245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"İmmünomodülatör ve Antioksidan Bir Molekül Olarak D Vitamini: D Vitamini Eksikliği ve Sistemik Skleroz İlişkisi","authors":"Nazlı Ecem Dal, H. Işlekel","doi":"10.25002/tji.2019.945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25002/tji.2019.945","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41088,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76695441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Sedaghat, H. Motedayyen, F. Alsahebfosoul, M. Etemadifar, Vajiheh Ostadi, F. Kianpour, M. Akbari, Elettra Vestri, Seyed Hamid Zarkesh Esfahani
{"title":"Increased Expression of Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 by Regulatory T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Fingolimod Treatment","authors":"N. Sedaghat, H. Motedayyen, F. Alsahebfosoul, M. Etemadifar, Vajiheh Ostadi, F. Kianpour, M. Akbari, Elettra Vestri, Seyed Hamid Zarkesh Esfahani","doi":"10.25002/TJI.2019.1035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25002/TJI.2019.1035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41088,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83961331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ramasamy Vasantharekha, L. Hima, P. Thandapani, Sanjana Kumaraguru, R. Priya, P. Ananthasubramanian, S. Thyagarajan
Women are more prone to autoimmune diseases, hormone-dependent cancers, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative diseases with advancing age. The age-associated increase in the incidence and development of diseases and cancer is the result of a decline in immunocompetence facilitated by dysfunctions of nervous system and endocrine system. Reciprocal interactions between the brain and primary (bone marrow and thymus) and secondary (spleen and lymph nodes) lymphoid organs, via neurotransmitters and immune molecules determine an individual’s health or disease status. One of the major contributing factors for this imbalance in homeostatic functioning of the neuroendocrineimmune system is estradiol (E2) that exerts its effects through alterations in the production of neurochemicals and immune mediators. Estrogen’s reported beneficial effects such as anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective functions and deleterious effects of cancer progression are dependent upon age of women, type of cells and receptors, and the intracellular pathways and signaling molecules involved in mediating its effects. It is imperative that the diverse effects of estrogen on organ systems should be investigated via a longitudinal study beginning with early middle-aged rats to understand the long-term of exposure of estrogen on health and development of diseases. In this review, we present evidence for the biphasic effects of E2 on neural-immune interactions in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes and brain areas of early middle-aged female rats. These effects were dependent on pro/antioxidant status, and expression of growth factors and intracellular signaling molecules that are crucial to the neuronal plasticity influencing neuroprotection and inflammatory processes causing neurodegeneration.
{"title":"Regulation of Immunity by Estrogen Through Sympathetic Nervous System in Aging","authors":"Ramasamy Vasantharekha, L. Hima, P. Thandapani, Sanjana Kumaraguru, R. Priya, P. Ananthasubramanian, S. Thyagarajan","doi":"10.25002/TJI.2019.1013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25002/TJI.2019.1013","url":null,"abstract":"Women are more prone to autoimmune diseases, hormone-dependent cancers, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative diseases with advancing age. The age-associated increase in the incidence and development of diseases and cancer is the result of a decline in immunocompetence facilitated by dysfunctions of nervous system and endocrine system. Reciprocal interactions between the brain and primary (bone marrow and thymus) and secondary (spleen and lymph nodes) lymphoid organs, via neurotransmitters and immune molecules determine an individual’s health or disease status. One of the major contributing factors for this imbalance in homeostatic functioning of the neuroendocrineimmune system is estradiol (E2) that exerts its effects through alterations in the production of neurochemicals and immune mediators. Estrogen’s reported beneficial effects such as anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective functions and deleterious effects of cancer progression are dependent upon age of women, type of cells and receptors, and the intracellular pathways and signaling molecules involved in mediating its effects. It is imperative that the diverse effects of estrogen on organ systems should be investigated via a longitudinal study beginning with early middle-aged rats to understand the long-term of exposure of estrogen on health and development of diseases. In this review, we present evidence for the biphasic effects of E2 on neural-immune interactions in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes and brain areas of early middle-aged female rats. These effects were dependent on pro/antioxidant status, and expression of growth factors and intracellular signaling molecules that are crucial to the neuronal plasticity influencing neuroprotection and inflammatory processes causing neurodegeneration.","PeriodicalId":41088,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Immunology","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85259095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fahimeh Khadem, N. Esmaeil, A. Rezaei, Hossein Motadayen, B. Khani
Introduction: Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (URSA) is the most common immunological complication during pregnancy. It has been found that the cells such as human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) have the potency to modulate immune responses in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we assessed the immunomodulatory effect of hAECs on NK cells and T cells in women with URSA. Materials and Methods: Peripheral Blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from 14 URSA patients and co-cultured with isolated hAECs. NK cells and T cells were identified using anti-CD56 and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb). The expression of the activating receptor CD69 and the degranulation marker CD107a on NK cells and T cells were detected using specific mAb and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: We found that CD69 activating receptor expression on NK cells and T cells was significantly decreased by incubation with hAECs in a dose-dependent manner (p=0.049). Also, the degranulation marker CD107a was significantly downregulated on NK cells and T cells following incubation with hAEC (p=0.003). Conclusion: Our results suggest hAECs have immune regulatory effects on activation and cytotoxicity of NK and T cells. Potential therapeutic application of hAECs for dysregulated NK and T cells immunity should be investigated in the future.
{"title":"Immunoregulatory Effects of Human Amnion Epithelial Cells on Natural Killer and T Cells in Women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (RSA)","authors":"Fahimeh Khadem, N. Esmaeil, A. Rezaei, Hossein Motadayen, B. Khani","doi":"10.25002/TJI.2019.991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25002/TJI.2019.991","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (URSA) is the most common immunological complication during pregnancy. It has been found that the cells such as human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) have the potency to modulate immune responses in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we assessed the immunomodulatory effect of hAECs on NK cells and T cells in women with URSA. Materials and Methods: Peripheral Blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from 14 URSA patients and co-cultured with isolated hAECs. NK cells and T cells were identified using anti-CD56 and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb). The expression of the activating receptor CD69 and the degranulation marker CD107a on NK cells and T cells were detected using specific mAb and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: We found that CD69 activating receptor expression on NK cells and T cells was significantly decreased by incubation with hAECs in a dose-dependent manner (p=0.049). Also, the degranulation marker CD107a was significantly downregulated on NK cells and T cells following incubation with hAEC (p=0.003). Conclusion: Our results suggest hAECs have immune regulatory effects on activation and cytotoxicity of NK and T cells. Potential therapeutic application of hAECs for dysregulated NK and T cells immunity should be investigated in the future.","PeriodicalId":41088,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Immunology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87668605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Primer İmmün Yetersizliklerde Western Blot Yönteminin Önemi: İki Aile Olgusundan Örnekler","authors":"Sevil Oskay Halacli, Deniz Çağdaş, F. Tezcan","doi":"10.25002/tji.2019.1178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25002/tji.2019.1178","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41088,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Immunology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80721750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oxidative Biomarkers of Immuno-Oncology","authors":"S. Ekmekcioglu","doi":"10.25002/tji.2019.1137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25002/tji.2019.1137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41088,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Immunology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86854490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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