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Role of the Baltic Republics in Soviet-French relations during the Non-recognition Period, 1919-1924 1919-1924年不承认期间波罗的海共和国在苏法关系中的作用
IF 0.1 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-02 DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-2-161-176
I. Magadeev
This article aims to define the role played by the Baltic Republics in the Soviet-French relations during the non-recognition period. The author tries to determine the place, which the Baltic Republics occupied in the French and Soviet conceptions of the “sanitary cordon,” to analyse the correlation between the ambitions and the capabilities of Paris and Moscow in Eastern Europe, to demonstrate the Soviet response to the interaction between the Baltic Republics and France. The article is based on the materials taken from the different French archives, as well as from the published French and Soviet diplomatic documents. The author emphasizes the ambiguity of the role played by the “Baltic factor” in the Soviet-French relations. The Baltic Republics (especially, Latvia and Estonia) were perceived by the French leadership as a part of the “sanitary cordon” aimed to separate Germany and the Soviet Russia from each other and to preclude their eventual “collusion” in the Eastern Europe. On the contrary, Moscow aimed to weaken the “sanitary cordon.” Paris didn’t exclude that the cooperation with future Russia performing the role of the counterbalance to Germany would be more important for France than full independence of the Baltic Republics. The Kremlin and the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs welcomed this point of view and tried to support those French political leaders that developed such an approach. The dynamics of the post-war international relations, as well as the priority given by the French government to the “German threat”, prompted Paris to recognize the USSR, which met the interests of Moscow. The considerations of the “big politics” were more important than the voices of the “small countries” which tried to influence the interaction between the more powerful actors.
本文旨在界定不承认时期波罗的海共和国在苏法关系中所扮演的角色。作者试图确定波罗的海共和国在法国和苏联的“卫生警戒线”概念中所占据的位置,分析巴黎和莫斯科在东欧的野心和能力之间的相关性,以展示苏联对波罗的海各共和国和法国之间互动的反应。这篇文章是根据法国不同档案馆以及已出版的法国和苏联外交文件中的材料撰写的。作者强调了“波罗的海因素”在苏法关系中所起作用的模糊性。波罗的海共和国(尤其是拉脱维亚和爱沙尼亚)被法国领导层视为“卫生警戒线”的一部分,旨在将德国和苏俄相互隔离,并防止它们最终在东欧“勾结”。相反,莫斯科旨在削弱“卫生警戒线”。巴黎并不排除与未来扮演制衡德国角色的俄罗斯的合作对法国来说比波罗的海共和国的完全独立更重要。克里姆林宫和人民外交委员会对这一观点表示欢迎,并试图支持那些制定这种做法的法国政治领导人。战后国际关系的动态,以及法国政府对“德国威胁”的优先考虑,促使巴黎承认符合莫斯科利益的苏联。“大政治”的考虑比“小国”的声音更重要,后者试图影响更强大的行为者之间的互动。
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引用次数: 1
Review of Lamazhaa, Ch.K., and Suvandii, N.D., eds. Dagylga: tuvinskie obriady osviashcheniia v XXI veke [Dagylga: Tuvan rites of consecration in the 21st century]. Kyzyl, 2021. 188 p. Lamazaa,Ch.K.和Suvandii,N.D.的评论。Dagylga:tuvinskie obriady osviashcheniia v XXI veke[Dagylga:21世纪的图万祝圣仪式]。克孜尔,2021年。188页。
IF 0.1 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-02 DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-2-300-304
Y. Popkov
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引用次数: 0
Political Theology of Baroque Ruler: The Case of the Coronation Book of Empress Elizabeth of Russia 巴洛克统治者的政治神学:以俄罗斯伊丽莎白皇后的加冕书为例
IF 0.1 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-02 DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-2-258-274
Deniss Hanovs, Valdis Teraudkalns
The study analyses the political theology and imagery of a female Russian ruler in the first half of the 18th century in the context of the European political discourses on feminine rulers during the baroque period. The coronation ritual of Empress Elizabeth (ruled 1741-1761, crowned 25 April 1742) reflected in the coronation book (1744) illustrates the transition of European images of a baroque feminine ruler into the semiotics of westernized Russian absolutism. Elizabeth appears in the court media (sermons, engravings in the coronation book, poems, etc.) as the natural, God-given mother of all Russians, saving Orthodoxy from the political chaos of the previous rule, combining both masculine and feminine images of a ruler. The image of Elizabeth in the sermon by Archbishop of Novgorod Ambrosii illustrates a Russian variation of the political liturgy of absolutist culture in the 18th century.
本研究以巴洛克时期欧洲关于女性统治者的政治话语为背景,分析了18世纪上半叶一位女性俄罗斯统治者的政治神学和形象。加冕书(1744年)中反映的伊丽莎白女王(1741-1761年在位,1742年4月25日加冕)的加冕仪式说明了巴洛克女性统治者的欧洲形象向西方化的俄罗斯专制主义的符号学的转变。伊丽莎白以所有俄罗斯人天生的、上帝赐予的母亲的身份出现在宫廷媒体上(布道、加冕书中的版画、诗歌等),将东正教从前一统治的政治混乱中拯救出来,将统治者的男性和女性形象结合在一起。诺夫哥罗德大主教安布罗西的布道中伊丽莎白的形象说明了俄罗斯对18世纪专制主义文化政治礼仪的变体。
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引用次数: 0
Phenomenon of Corruption in Legislation and Perception of the Russian Nobility of the Second Half of the 18th - First Quarter of the 19th Century 18世纪下半叶至19世纪上半叶俄罗斯贵族的立法腐败现象与认知
IF 0.1 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-02 DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-2-275-287
P. S. Muravlev
The article examines the attitude to the phenomenon of corruption by the state and its perception by the Russian nobility of the second half of the 18th - first quarter of the 19th centuries. Based on the phenomenological analysis of the corruption concept in legislative acts and regulatory documents, as well as sources of personal origin, the article reveals the contradictory attitude of the nobility to corruption, which has become widespread in the environment of the officials. It is emphasized that a certain ambivalence in its perception stemmed from the unclear definition of corruption in official documents as well as contradictory attitude of the state to offenses on the part of officials. As a result, the discrepancy between the criminal act and the measure of punishment often blurred the boundaries of what was permissible in the noble environment. In addition, the duality of the corruption perception in its deep basis was the collision result of the traditional tribal consciousness remnants with modernization processes, leading to the affirmation of the Enlightenment ideas and values, primarily the honor and dignity of the individual, in the noble community. The growing pragmatism of Russian society, which increasingly conflicted with the principle of honest service to the state, also played a role.
本文考察了18世纪下半叶至19世纪上半叶俄罗斯贵族对国家腐败现象的态度和看法。本文通过对立法行为和规范性文件中腐败观念的现象学分析,以及个人根源的分析,揭示了贵族对腐败的矛盾态度,这种态度在官员环境中已经普遍存在。文章强调,政府对公文腐败的定义不明确,以及国家对官员违法行为的矛盾态度,导致了政府在认识上的某种矛盾心理。因此,犯罪行为和惩罚措施之间的差异往往模糊了贵族环境中允许的界限。此外,腐败观念的二元性在其深层基础上是传统部落意识残余与现代化进程碰撞的结果,导致启蒙思想和价值观的肯定,主要是在贵族社区中个人的荣誉和尊严。俄罗斯社会日益增长的实用主义,与诚实为国家服务的原则日益冲突,也发挥了作用。
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引用次数: 0
The Chinese Population of Transbaikalia under the Conditions of the Stalinist System in the 1930s 20世纪30年代斯大林主义制度下的外贝加尔湖华人人口
IF 0.1 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-1-57-71
V. Datsyshen
The article is devoted to the history of the Chinese population in the East Siberian border region with China, Transbaikal, in the 1930s. The particular position of this border region determined the specific formation of this Chinese population. The transfer of the Transbaikal region from the Far Eastern region back to the administrative unit of Siberia in the 1930s strengthened the Siberian regional features of the development of the Chinese community, and meant that the Far Eastern nationality policy was not applied to this community. The development of this community was influenced by the fact that in the 1930s, the state border with Manchuria was completely closed. The Manchukuo state, along with the Republic of China, had its official representatives in Chita. In the early 1930s the size of the Chinese population in Transbaikal reached a maximum, and in the Chita region its share in relation to the total population was equal to that in the Far Eastern regions. In the 1930s the working and living conditions of the majority of Chinese workers were difficult: they faced discrimination and were poorly adapted to the socio-political realities of Stalin's system. Initially the Bolsheviks carried out an active policy towards the Chinese that was aimed at their ideological and political re-education and the improving of their living and working conditions. In the second half of the 1930s, however, this policy changed, and political education and the development of a Soviet Chinese culture were no longer prominent. The Chinese began to be perceived as a national community disloyal to the Soviet regime, as real or potential agents of Japan and Kuomintang China. In 1936 began the exposure of Chinese spies, and in 1937-1939 the Soviet Chinese were fully subjected to the tyranny of the Soviet secret services and punitive agencies, and suffered greatly from political repression. By the late 1930s the number of Chinese in Transbaikal had decreased by almost a third; however, the situation was different from that in the border regions of the Far East in so far as there was no mass eviction of Chinese from the Transbaikal area.
这篇文章专门介绍了20世纪30年代在东西伯利亚与中国接壤的外贝加尔地区的中国人的历史。这个边区的特殊位置决定了这个中国人口的特殊形成。20世纪30年代,外贝加尔地区从远东地区转移回西伯利亚行政单位,加强了华人社区发展的西伯利亚地域特征,意味着远东民族政策不再适用于该社区。20世纪30年代,中国与满洲的边界完全关闭,这一事实影响了这个社区的发展。满洲国和中华民国在中国都有官方代表。在20世纪30年代初,外贝加尔的中国人口规模达到了最大值,在奇塔地区,中国人口占总人口的比例与远东地区相当。在20世纪30年代,大多数中国工人的工作和生活条件都很艰苦:他们面临歧视,很难适应斯大林制度下的社会政治现实。最初,布尔什维克对中国人实行积极的政策,目的是对他们进行思想和政治再教育,改善他们的生活和工作条件。然而,在20世纪30年代下半叶,这一政策发生了变化,政治教育和苏维埃中国文化的发展不再突出。中国人开始被认为是一个不忠于苏联政权的民族团体,是日本和国民党中国的真实或潜在代理人。1936年开始揭露中国间谍,1937年至1939年,苏联华人完全受到苏联秘密服务和惩罚机构的暴政,并遭受了巨大的政治压迫。到20世纪30年代末,外贝加尔湖的中国人数量减少了近三分之一;然而,情况与远东边境地区的情况不同,因为外贝加尔地区没有大规模驱逐中国人。
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引用次数: 1
Review of Tatary-kazakivsostaveOrenburgskogokazach'egovoiska (1748-1917 gg.) by R.R. Aminov. Kazan': Institut istorii im. Sh. Mardzhani AN RT, 2017. 348 p. 审查Tatary-kazakivsostaveOrenburgskogokazach'egovoiska(1748-1917 gg)由R.R.Aminov。喀山:我的历史研究所。Sh.Mardzhani AN RT,2017。348页。
IF 0.1 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-1-130-133
E. Godovova, S. Lyubichankovskiy
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引用次数: 0
The Russian Commercial Fleet in the Treaty Ports of China in the Second Half of the 19th Century 19世纪下半叶在中国通商口岸的俄国商业舰队
IF 0.1 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-1-19-33
I. Hamzin
The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the activity of the Russian merchant fleet in China in the second half of the 19th century. This historical issue is particularly relevant in connection with the active development of modern foreign trade in China and the strengthening of Russian-Chinese trade and economic ties. The historical research is based on the materials of the central archives of Russian Federation (including the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and the Russian State Historical Archive). The methodology is based on a comparative analysis of Russian shipping in China and similar activities of other foreigners, and a system analysis that allows us to study the issue in the context of the overall development of Russian-Chinese trade. An important component of the article is the statistical analysis of data on the development of maritime Russian-Chinese trade, foreign shipping in China, and freight rates. The article considers the development of the organization of maritime Russian-Chinese trade in Odessa and the Far East directions. On the example of several treaty ports (Hankou, Shanghai, and Chifu), the features of the development of Russian commercial navigation in Chinese waters and the accompanying complexities of this process are shown. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that there is a direct correlation between the level of infrastructure development in the Russian Far East and the expansion of the presence of the Russian merchant fleet in the treaty ports of China at the end of the 19th century.
本文对19世纪下半叶俄罗斯商船队在中国的活动进行了全面分析。这一历史问题与中国现代对外贸易的积极发展和俄中经贸关系的加强尤为相关。历史研究以俄罗斯联邦中央档案馆(包括俄罗斯帝国外交政策档案馆和俄罗斯国家历史档案馆)的资料为基础。该方法基于对俄罗斯在华航运和其他外国人类似活动的比较分析,以及一种系统分析,使我们能够在俄中贸易整体发展的背景下研究问题。本文的一个重要组成部分是对俄中海上贸易发展、外国在华航运和运费的数据进行统计分析。文章对俄中海上贸易组织在敖德萨及远东地区的发展进行了思考。以几个通商口岸(汉口、上海和赤阜)为例,展示了俄罗斯商业航运在中国水域发展的特点及其伴随的复杂性。因此,作者得出结论,俄罗斯远东地区的基础设施发展水平与19世纪末俄罗斯商船队在中国通商口岸的扩张之间存在直接关联。
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引用次数: 0
Features of Political and Ideological Work among the Population of the Far East of the USSR in the 1930s 20世纪30年代苏联远东地区人民思想政治工作特点
IF 0.1 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-1-72-82
A. Isaev
The paper discusses the system of political and ideological work among the population of the Far East of the USSR in the 1930s. While various aspects have already been elucidated in the historical literature, many issues of a problematic nature have not yet received due attention from researchers. Archival documents reveal that the authorities sought to introduce certain political and ideological levers of influence and control in all spheres of society in order to achieve high labor productivity. The peculiarities of political and ideological work in the Far Eastern region were directly related to organizational, personnel and functional problems. They proceeded from the limited material and human resources, the frequent substitution of economic measures, as well as the formal attitude to it on the part of the party and economic leaders in the field. It is proved that many features of the development of this system in the Far Eastern region resulted from its neglect of the socio-economic, cultural and domestic needs and the demands of workers, and from the state tasks of socio-economic development. This, in turn, led to an underestimation of the importance of political and ideological work on the part of workers and employees, their weak coverage, a low degree of attendance at events of a political and ideological nature, and the development of an apolitical attitude.
本文论述了20世纪30年代苏联远东地区的思想政治工作制度。虽然在历史文献中已经阐明了各个方面,但许多具有问题性质的问题尚未得到研究者的应有重视。档案文件显示,当局试图在社会所有领域引入某些政治和意识形态的影响和控制手段,以实现高劳动生产率。远东地区思想政治工作的特殊性与组织、人员和职能问题直接相关。它们源于有限的物质和人力资源,频繁的替代经济措施,以及党和经济领导人在这方面的正式态度。事实证明,远东地区这一制度发展的许多特点是由于忽视了社会经济、文化和家庭需求以及工人的需求,以及社会经济发展的国家任务。这反过来又导致工人和雇员低估了政治和思想工作的重要性,他们的覆盖面很弱,参加政治和意识形态性质活动的程度很低,并形成了一种不关心政治的态度。
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引用次数: 0
The Activities of Foreign Entrepreneurs in the Amur Region as Reflected in the Regional Press of the 1860s 从19世纪60年代的地方报刊看外国企业家在黑龙江地区的活动
IF 0.1 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-1-8-18
Z. Petrunina, G. A. Shusharina
The article studies how the economic life of the Amur region in the first half of the 1860s is reflected in contributions to the newspapers Amur and Vostochnoe Pomorie, with a focus on the newspaper coverage of foreign entrepreneurs' activities in the region. The authors analyze how the journalists tried to attract foreign capital to Russia, and how they interpreted the legal and cultural conditions that foreign traders encountered in the Amur region. Equally taken into consideration are the features and prospects of intercultural communication in the region, the respective publications attitudes towards the Russian annexation of the Amur region, and their perceptions of the factors that stood in the way of the comprehensive development of the region and of the attraction of foreign entrepreneurs. The article analyzes the image that the newspaper authors drew of life in the Russian Far Eastern peripheries; in particular, a number of articles were very critical in their discussion of how to remove obstacles to attracting foreigners to the region. At the same time this contribution argues that by their description of the nature and living conditions in the Amur region, the regional newspapers also contributed to the inflow of domestic and foreign investments into the Far Eastern region. It seems that this experience can be useful for the economic development of remote Russian territories also today, after a necessary adjustment.
本文研究了19世纪60年代上半叶阿穆尔河地区的经济生活如何反映在《阿穆尔河》和《东方日报》的稿件中,重点研究了报纸对外国企业家在该地区活动的报道。作者分析了记者们如何试图吸引外国资本到俄罗斯,以及他们如何解释外国商人在阿穆尔河地区遇到的法律和文化条件。同样考虑到的是该区域跨文化交流的特点和前景,各自的出版物对俄罗斯吞并阿穆尔河地区的态度,以及他们对阻碍该区域全面发展和吸引外国企业家的因素的看法。文章分析了报纸作者所描绘的俄罗斯远东边缘地区的生活形象;特别是,有几篇文章在讨论如何消除吸引外国人到本区域的障碍时非常关键。与此同时,该报告认为,区域性报纸对阿穆尔河地区的性质和生活条件的描述也促进了国内外投资流入远东地区。看来这一经验在经过必要的调整后,对今天俄罗斯边远地区的经济发展也是有益的。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Rossiya na poroge informatsionnykh voin. Politika rossiiskogo pravitel'stva v sfere SMI v nachale XX veka by E.G. Kostrikova. St. Petersburg: Petroglif Publ., 2020. 352 p. Rossiya na porage信息回顾。E.G.Kostrikova的Politika rossiskogo pravitel-stva v Sphere SMI v nachale XX veka。圣彼得堡:Petroglif Publ。,2020.352页。
IF 0.1 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-1-134-137
M. Shpakovskaya
-
-
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Rudn Journal of Russian History
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