Islamic Inscriptions in Ferghana and Zhetysu: Arabic-written monuments of the 11th–17th centuries from Kyrgyzstan (Russian), by Vladimir Nastich. Publishing House of Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Saint Petersburg, 2019. 434pp. ISBN-13: 9785806426100.
{"title":"Islamic Inscriptions in Ferghana and Zhetysu: Arabic-written monuments of the 11th–17th centuries from Kyrgyzstan (Russian), by Vladimir Nastich.","authors":"P. Siméon","doi":"10.1558/jia.21173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.21173","url":null,"abstract":"Islamic Inscriptions in Ferghana and Zhetysu: Arabic-written monuments of the 11th–17th centuries from Kyrgyzstan (Russian), by Vladimir Nastich. Publishing House of Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Saint Petersburg, 2019. 434pp. ISBN-13: 9785806426100.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41771717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Lichtenberger, Alex Peterson, S. Polla, R. Raja, Andreas Springer, Heiko Stukenbrok, C. Ting
This article presents selected contextualized ceramic finds of the Middle Islamic period from the Northwest Quarter in Jerash, where a settlement of the same period has been investigated over the last years (2011–2016) within the framework of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project. Twenty-four sherds from various vessel types were selected for petrographic analysis, with 17 of these undergoing organic residue analysis as well. We bring together here the results of these analyses and present the sherds in their archaeological contexts together with the new information from the archaeo-scientific analyses. While on the basis of the results we cannot conclude much about specific vessels being assigned certain kinds of foods, we do present wide-ranging results of differing local and imported ceramics as well as a variety of animal and vegetal remains. The results bring to the forefront new knowledge about clay varieties and availability of different kinds of foodstuffs in Middle Islamic Jerash, a topic which is understudied.
{"title":"New Insights from Middle Islamic Ceramics from Jerash","authors":"A. Lichtenberger, Alex Peterson, S. Polla, R. Raja, Andreas Springer, Heiko Stukenbrok, C. Ting","doi":"10.1558/jia.17852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.17852","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents selected contextualized ceramic finds of the Middle Islamic period from the Northwest Quarter in Jerash, where a settlement of the same period has been investigated over the last years (2011–2016) within the framework of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project. Twenty-four sherds from various vessel types were selected for petrographic analysis, with 17 of these undergoing organic residue analysis as well. We bring together here the results of these analyses and present the sherds in their archaeological contexts together with the new information from the archaeo-scientific analyses. While on the basis of the results we cannot conclude much about specific vessels being assigned certain kinds of foods, we do present wide-ranging results of differing local and imported ceramics as well as a variety of animal and vegetal remains. The results bring to the forefront new knowledge about clay varieties and availability of different kinds of foodstuffs in Middle Islamic Jerash, a topic which is understudied.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47873550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to problematize the issue of reuse and reoccupation of architectures and building materials in the Near East. So far, the vast majority of research and published work dealing with this topic (not only in the field of Islamic Archaeology and Art History) have focused on the monumental complexes of urban centres. In this framework, the concept of spolia has been at the centre of a long and still heated transdisciplinary debate. Vernacular architecture and rural contexts have, for the most part, been neglected. Frequent episodes of reoccupation of earlier structures, even if thoroughly described in archaeological reports are almost automatically branded as the result of pragmatic behaviour of local communities benefitting from the availability of abundant building materials from ruined structures. However, the vast number of ways in which reuse and reoccupation might have occurred is often overlooked. Even conceding that most of the evidence is likely due to some form or other of “pragmatism,” the different ways in which these appear need to be more fully explained and interpreted. This paper, which builds on existing scholarship of reuse and reoccupation, argues for a rethinking of the methodology. Other experiences, most notably those investigating the late Antique and early Medieval western Mediterranean, provide a useful point of reference for where to start the discussion. This paper will demonstrate how extending the perspective from the single building to the broader context, including the surrounding landscape, is ultimately the only way to fully comprehend the archaeological evidence and possibly better understand and explain the different “fates” of architectures.
{"title":"Different Fates of Architectures","authors":"N. Pini","doi":"10.1558/jia.19909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.19909","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to problematize the issue of reuse and reoccupation of architectures and building materials in the Near East. So far, the vast majority of research and published work dealing with this topic (not only in the field of Islamic Archaeology and Art History) have focused on the monumental complexes of urban centres. In this framework, the concept of spolia has been at the centre of a long and still heated transdisciplinary debate. Vernacular architecture and rural contexts have, for the most part, been neglected. Frequent episodes of reoccupation of earlier structures, even if thoroughly described in archaeological reports are almost automatically branded as the result of pragmatic behaviour of local communities benefitting from the availability of abundant building materials from ruined structures. However, the vast number of ways in which reuse and reoccupation might have occurred is often overlooked. Even conceding that most of the evidence is likely due to some form or other of “pragmatism,” the different ways in which these appear need to be more fully explained and interpreted. This paper, which builds on existing scholarship of reuse and reoccupation, argues for a rethinking of the methodology. Other experiences, most notably those investigating the late Antique and early Medieval western Mediterranean, provide a useful point of reference for where to start the discussion. This paper will demonstrate how extending the perspective from the single building to the broader context, including the surrounding landscape, is ultimately the only way to fully comprehend the archaeological evidence and possibly better understand and explain the different “fates” of architectures.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47328489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mercaderes, artesanos y ulemas. Las ciudades de las Coras de Ilbira y Pechina en época Omeya, by Eneko López Martínez de Marigorta. Colección Arqueologías, Serie Medieval, 2020. 432pp., 23 maps, 32/39 figures. Pb. €50.00; eBook €17.00. ISBN-13: 9788491593560.
商人、工匠和乌莱马。欧米亚时代的伊尔比拉和佩奇纳中心城市，由Eneko López Martínez de Marigorta撰写。考古收藏，中世纪系列，2020年。432页。，23张地图，32/39个数字。铅。50.00欧元；电子书17.00欧元。ISBN-13:9788491593560。
{"title":"Mercaderes, artesanos y ulemas. Las ciudades de las Coras de Ilbira y Pechina en época Omeya, by Eneko López Martínez de Marigorta.","authors":"Elena Salinas","doi":"10.1558/jia.21172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.21172","url":null,"abstract":"Mercaderes, artesanos y ulemas. Las ciudades de las Coras de Ilbira y Pechina en época Omeya, by Eneko López Martínez de Marigorta. Colección Arqueologías, Serie Medieval, 2020. 432pp., 23 maps, 32/39 figures. Pb. €50.00; eBook €17.00. ISBN-13: 9788491593560.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46467168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The magnificent architectural complex known as Shahdezh Citadel is a defensive compound with an area of over 15 ha, sitting atop Soffeh Mountain, close to the city of Isfahan, Iran. It is a unique historical complex due to its majesty, impregnability, and strategic significance, however, studies on the Citadel are limited to a few historical documents and reports on its visible relics. It is for this reason that the present authors began archaeological investigations at this site in the summer of 2004. The main aim of the research was to determine the distribution and function of the architectural remains, as well as the construction and usage periods of the huge complex. To this end, topographic maps were prepared, followed by systematic surface survey and excavation of parts of the castle that were deemed most important. The findings of this research strongly suggest that the Shahdezh Castle was originally constructed in the Sassanid era (224–651 AD) and was later restored and reused by Saljuq rulers (1037–1194 AD) in the Islamic period. Its existence as a governmental citadel located near the Saljuq capital of Isfahan strengthens the authors’ proposition that Saljuq kings settled the royal family at the Shahdezh Citadel and ruled over the country from there.
{"title":"Uncovering the Islamic Governmental Citadel of Shahdezh in Isfahan, Iran","authors":"H. Karimian, A. Ahmadi","doi":"10.1558/jia.21166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.21166","url":null,"abstract":"The magnificent architectural complex known as Shahdezh Citadel is a defensive compound with an area of over 15 ha, sitting atop Soffeh Mountain, close to the city of Isfahan, Iran. It is a unique historical complex due to its majesty, impregnability, and strategic significance, however, studies on the Citadel are limited to a few historical documents and reports on its visible relics. It is for this reason that the present authors began archaeological investigations at this site in the summer of 2004. The main aim of the research was to determine the distribution and function of the architectural remains, as well as the construction and usage periods of the huge complex. To this end, topographic maps were prepared, followed by systematic surface survey and excavation of parts of the castle that were deemed most important. The findings of this research strongly suggest that the Shahdezh Castle was originally constructed in the Sassanid era (224–651 AD) and was later restored and reused by Saljuq rulers (1037–1194 AD) in the Islamic period. Its existence as a governmental citadel located near the Saljuq capital of Isfahan strengthens the authors’ proposition that Saljuq kings settled the royal family at the Shahdezh Citadel and ruled over the country from there.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45718987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Arqueología medieval en Guadalajara. Agua, paisaje y cultura material, edited by Guillermo García-Contreras Ruiz and Lauro Olmo Enciso.","authors":"Carlos Tejerizo-García","doi":"10.1558/JIA.19588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.19588","url":null,"abstract":"Arqueología medieval en Guadalajara. Agua, paisaje y cultura material, edited by Guillermo García-Contreras Ruiz and Lauro Olmo Enciso. Editorial Alhulia, 2018. 492pp., 133 figures, Hb. €24.04. ISBN-13: 9788494958885.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49416350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In different excavations in Ramla, fragmented Muslim tombstones were uncovered in secondary use, providing a terminus post quem in the mid or late 10th-century AD for their reuse. As showed by the ceramic evidence, the time elapsed between the last interments and the reusing of the tombstones stones as building material was at the most 70 years. Reusing of tombstones is a common archeological occurrence. In most cases, the reutilizing is carried out after a time enough to cut the emotional link between the burial and the builders, or when an ethnical replacement occurred, and new dwellers had no emotional relationship with the previous ones. The phenomenon in Ramla is then an exception. What were the circumstances that led to such an unusual comportment? One possible explanation is the occurrence of a traumatic event, such an earthquake. Following the dates on the stones, it is evident that the event could have occurred only after 961 AD. This could fit the tremor in 1033 AD, two generations after the erection of the tombstones. As for the lifespan of the reconstruction layers, the pottery assemblages related to them, show ceramic types diagnostic to the Fatimid period, not in use in the Crusader period. This, together with the simultaneous abandonment of sites in the city, suggest that the destruction of the reconstruction strata was caused by another catastrophic event, perhaps the 1068 AD tremor. If so, we have a hatch to a well-defined period, limited by two powerful natural catastrophes, that provide termini ante and post quem for the ephemeral reconstruction of the city.
{"title":"Islamic Tombstones Reused during the Early Islamic Period from Ramla, Capital of Jund Filastin","authors":"A. Gorzalczany, Hagit Torgë","doi":"10.1558/JIA.17751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.17751","url":null,"abstract":"In different excavations in Ramla, fragmented Muslim tombstones were uncovered in secondary use, providing a terminus post quem in the mid or late 10th-century AD for their reuse. As showed by the ceramic evidence, the time elapsed between the last interments and the reusing of the tombstones stones as building material was at the most 70 years. Reusing of tombstones is a common archeological occurrence. In most cases, the reutilizing is carried out after a time enough to cut the emotional link between the burial and the builders, or when an ethnical replacement occurred, and new dwellers had no emotional relationship with the previous ones. The phenomenon in Ramla is then an exception. What were the circumstances that led to such an unusual comportment? One possible explanation is the occurrence of a traumatic event, such an earthquake. Following the dates on the stones, it is evident that the event could have occurred only after 961 AD. This could fit the tremor in 1033 AD, two generations after the erection of the tombstones. As for the lifespan of the reconstruction layers, the pottery assemblages related to them, show ceramic types diagnostic to the Fatimid period, not in use in the Crusader period. This, together with the simultaneous abandonment of sites in the city, suggest that the destruction of the reconstruction strata was caused by another catastrophic event, perhaps the 1068 AD tremor. If so, we have a hatch to a well-defined period, limited by two powerful natural catastrophes, that provide termini ante and post quem for the ephemeral reconstruction of the city.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43515619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashkelon 8: The Islamic and Crusader Periods, by Tracy Hoffman. Final Reports of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon 8. Eisenbrauns, 2019. 800 pp., 1110 color and 191 BW illusttrations, index. Hb. $149.95. ISBN-13: 9781575067353.
{"title":"Ashkelon 8: The Islamic and Crusader Periods, by Tracy Hoffman.","authors":"Hagit Nol","doi":"10.1558/JIA.19590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.19590","url":null,"abstract":"Ashkelon 8: The Islamic and Crusader Periods, by Tracy Hoffman. Final Reports of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon 8. Eisenbrauns, 2019. 800 pp., 1110 color and 191 BW illusttrations, index. Hb. $149.95. ISBN-13: 9781575067353.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42420429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contrary to previous analysis that suggested a rapid deterioration and abandonment of settlements and their related agricultural fields in Early Islamic Palestine and Jordan, recent studies point to a continuity of agricultural landscapes, to the introduction of new water management technologies, and to the diffusion of new types of crops into the region between the 8th and the 11th centuries. Forty years after Andrew Watson published his paradigmatic study on an “Islamic Agricultural Revolution,” this article, based on recent archaeological studies and new dating methodologies, suggests a modified view of “continuity in change” of agricultural practices in the Early Islamic period. Along the continuity in traditional agricultural strategies, the introduction of new plant species and water management technologies into the region gradually changed the economic basis of the local populations. The evaluation of several case-studies from the hinterland of Jerusalem, the Negev highlands, the ?Arabah Valley, and southern Jordan, show that together with the continuity of existing agricultural practices in the Mediterranean area and in the Negev Highlands, new irrigation technologies, cultivation methodologies and plant species were introduced to the Jordan and ?Arabah Valleys following the Arab conquest. This process affected the patterns of consumption and distribution of agricultural goods and triggered a change in dietary and dining habits.
{"title":"Terraced Fields, Irrigation Systems and Agricultural Production in Early Islamic Palestine and Jordan","authors":"G. Avni","doi":"10.1558/JIA.17679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.17679","url":null,"abstract":"Contrary to previous analysis that suggested a rapid deterioration and abandonment of settlements and their related agricultural fields in Early Islamic Palestine and Jordan, recent studies point to a continuity of agricultural landscapes, to the introduction of new water management technologies, and to the diffusion of new types of crops into the region between the 8th and the 11th centuries. Forty years after Andrew Watson published his paradigmatic study on an “Islamic Agricultural Revolution,” this article, based on recent archaeological studies and new dating methodologies, suggests a modified view of “continuity in change” of agricultural practices in the Early Islamic period. Along the continuity in traditional agricultural strategies, the introduction of new plant species and water management technologies into the region gradually changed the economic basis of the local populations. The evaluation of several case-studies from the hinterland of Jerusalem, the Negev highlands, the ?Arabah Valley, and southern Jordan, show that together with the continuity of existing agricultural practices in the Mediterranean area and in the Negev Highlands, new irrigation technologies, cultivation methodologies and plant species were introduced to the Jordan and ?Arabah Valleys following the Arab conquest. This process affected the patterns of consumption and distribution of agricultural goods and triggered a change in dietary and dining habits.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44619016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to study whether the increase of agricultural settlements in the Sultanate of Oman during the Late Islamic period (c. 1500-1950) was related to pre-oil globalization, as attested in the wider Gulf region. This is done by analysing the archaeological dataset of the agricultural village of Sahlat, with a focus on the ceramic material, located in the Suhar region. The assemblages collected by the Wadi al-Jizzi Archaeological Project, point to its occupation from c. 1750 to 1930. During this time period, the coastal towns of southeastern Arabia were heavily influenced by globalization processes, but the effects and reach of trade on rural communities remains poorly known. In this paper, Sahlat is compared to two contemporary sites connected to the same falaj system, and two other sites in the Gulf region. The results indicate that pre-oil globalization did not only impact coastal towns, but that rural settlements such as Sahlat experienced similar transformations. It is suggested that pre-oil globalization was not only linked to the pearling trade, but that the export of dates should also be taken into consideration when studying this topic.
{"title":"Pre-oil Globalization in a Rural Community","authors":"Irini Biezeveld, B. Düring","doi":"10.1558/JIA.18167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.18167","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to study whether the increase of agricultural settlements in the Sultanate of Oman during the Late Islamic period (c. 1500-1950) was related to pre-oil globalization, as attested in the wider Gulf region. This is done by analysing the archaeological dataset of the agricultural village of Sahlat, with a focus on the ceramic material, located in the Suhar region. The assemblages collected by the Wadi al-Jizzi Archaeological Project, point to its occupation from c. 1750 to 1930. During this time period, the coastal towns of southeastern Arabia were heavily influenced by globalization processes, but the effects and reach of trade on rural communities remains poorly known. In this paper, Sahlat is compared to two contemporary sites connected to the same falaj system, and two other sites in the Gulf region. The results indicate that pre-oil globalization did not only impact coastal towns, but that rural settlements such as Sahlat experienced similar transformations. It is suggested that pre-oil globalization was not only linked to the pearling trade, but that the export of dates should also be taken into consideration when studying this topic.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43476379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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