Ashkelon 8: The Islamic and Crusader Periods, by Tracy Hoffman. Final Reports of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon 8. Eisenbrauns, 2019. 800 pp., 1110 color and 191 BW illusttrations, index. Hb. $149.95. ISBN-13: 9781575067353.
{"title":"Ashkelon 8: The Islamic and Crusader Periods, by Tracy Hoffman.","authors":"Hagit Nol","doi":"10.1558/JIA.19590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.19590","url":null,"abstract":"Ashkelon 8: The Islamic and Crusader Periods, by Tracy Hoffman. Final Reports of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon 8. Eisenbrauns, 2019. 800 pp., 1110 color and 191 BW illusttrations, index. Hb. $149.95. ISBN-13: 9781575067353.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42420429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contrary to previous analysis that suggested a rapid deterioration and abandonment of settlements and their related agricultural fields in Early Islamic Palestine and Jordan, recent studies point to a continuity of agricultural landscapes, to the introduction of new water management technologies, and to the diffusion of new types of crops into the region between the 8th and the 11th centuries. Forty years after Andrew Watson published his paradigmatic study on an “Islamic Agricultural Revolution,” this article, based on recent archaeological studies and new dating methodologies, suggests a modified view of “continuity in change” of agricultural practices in the Early Islamic period. Along the continuity in traditional agricultural strategies, the introduction of new plant species and water management technologies into the region gradually changed the economic basis of the local populations. The evaluation of several case-studies from the hinterland of Jerusalem, the Negev highlands, the ?Arabah Valley, and southern Jordan, show that together with the continuity of existing agricultural practices in the Mediterranean area and in the Negev Highlands, new irrigation technologies, cultivation methodologies and plant species were introduced to the Jordan and ?Arabah Valleys following the Arab conquest. This process affected the patterns of consumption and distribution of agricultural goods and triggered a change in dietary and dining habits.
{"title":"Terraced Fields, Irrigation Systems and Agricultural Production in Early Islamic Palestine and Jordan","authors":"G. Avni","doi":"10.1558/JIA.17679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.17679","url":null,"abstract":"Contrary to previous analysis that suggested a rapid deterioration and abandonment of settlements and their related agricultural fields in Early Islamic Palestine and Jordan, recent studies point to a continuity of agricultural landscapes, to the introduction of new water management technologies, and to the diffusion of new types of crops into the region between the 8th and the 11th centuries. Forty years after Andrew Watson published his paradigmatic study on an “Islamic Agricultural Revolution,” this article, based on recent archaeological studies and new dating methodologies, suggests a modified view of “continuity in change” of agricultural practices in the Early Islamic period. Along the continuity in traditional agricultural strategies, the introduction of new plant species and water management technologies into the region gradually changed the economic basis of the local populations. The evaluation of several case-studies from the hinterland of Jerusalem, the Negev highlands, the ?Arabah Valley, and southern Jordan, show that together with the continuity of existing agricultural practices in the Mediterranean area and in the Negev Highlands, new irrigation technologies, cultivation methodologies and plant species were introduced to the Jordan and ?Arabah Valleys following the Arab conquest. This process affected the patterns of consumption and distribution of agricultural goods and triggered a change in dietary and dining habits.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44619016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to study whether the increase of agricultural settlements in the Sultanate of Oman during the Late Islamic period (c. 1500-1950) was related to pre-oil globalization, as attested in the wider Gulf region. This is done by analysing the archaeological dataset of the agricultural village of Sahlat, with a focus on the ceramic material, located in the Suhar region. The assemblages collected by the Wadi al-Jizzi Archaeological Project, point to its occupation from c. 1750 to 1930. During this time period, the coastal towns of southeastern Arabia were heavily influenced by globalization processes, but the effects and reach of trade on rural communities remains poorly known. In this paper, Sahlat is compared to two contemporary sites connected to the same falaj system, and two other sites in the Gulf region. The results indicate that pre-oil globalization did not only impact coastal towns, but that rural settlements such as Sahlat experienced similar transformations. It is suggested that pre-oil globalization was not only linked to the pearling trade, but that the export of dates should also be taken into consideration when studying this topic.
{"title":"Pre-oil Globalization in a Rural Community","authors":"Irini Biezeveld, B. Düring","doi":"10.1558/JIA.18167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.18167","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to study whether the increase of agricultural settlements in the Sultanate of Oman during the Late Islamic period (c. 1500-1950) was related to pre-oil globalization, as attested in the wider Gulf region. This is done by analysing the archaeological dataset of the agricultural village of Sahlat, with a focus on the ceramic material, located in the Suhar region. The assemblages collected by the Wadi al-Jizzi Archaeological Project, point to its occupation from c. 1750 to 1930. During this time period, the coastal towns of southeastern Arabia were heavily influenced by globalization processes, but the effects and reach of trade on rural communities remains poorly known. In this paper, Sahlat is compared to two contemporary sites connected to the same falaj system, and two other sites in the Gulf region. The results indicate that pre-oil globalization did not only impact coastal towns, but that rural settlements such as Sahlat experienced similar transformations. It is suggested that pre-oil globalization was not only linked to the pearling trade, but that the export of dates should also be taken into consideration when studying this topic.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43476379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Aqaba Khans and the Origins of Khans in Jordan. An Archaeological Approach, by Reem Samed Al Shqour. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2019. 558 pp., $208.00 (hardback). ISBN-13: 9781463206512.
亚喀巴可汗和约旦可汗的起源。《考古方法》，Reem Samed Al Shqour著。新泽西州皮斯卡塔韦：高尔基亚斯出版社，2019。558页，208.00美元（精装本）。ISBN-13:9781463206512。
{"title":"The Aqaba Khans and the Origins of Khans in Jordan. An Archaeological Approach, by Reem Samed Al Shqour.","authors":"Raffaele Ranieri","doi":"10.1558/JIA.19587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.19587","url":null,"abstract":"The Aqaba Khans and the Origins of Khans in Jordan. An Archaeological Approach, by Reem Samed Al Shqour. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2019. 558 pp., $208.00 (hardback). ISBN-13: 9781463206512.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45221809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reviews the subject of early medieval fortifications in Catalonia. In particular, we focus on the free-standing round towers, a type of construction that presents many variants. Academic disputes abound as to their origins; some of them are ascribed to the Roman period, whereas others are thought to belong to the time of the Catalan Counts (from the middle of the 10th century until the middle of the 12th century). These towers are common in wide areas of al-Andalus, where their Islamic origin is usually not disputed. Here, we explore the oldest samples found in the territories of Catalonia, by cross-checking archaeological and monumental data with textual sources, in order to test the hypothesis of an Andalusi origin of these very early constructions. This study covers a large geographical area, more than 300 km straight along the Catalan coastline and neighbouring territories. On this stretch of land there were as many as three different frontiers in the period under study between the lands under Christian or Islamic rule. We discuss up to 50 towers, each one built with the purpose of surveillance and control of the territory. This mission reflects a strategy of defence, which makes sense in the Islamic era if the enemy is coming from the north. Furthermore, the successive borders are linked to different styles of towers, which show the transformation from the 8th to the 10th centuries. We identify some of their builders among the Arab governors of the period. Initially relatively low buildings, these towers took on a notably monumental character in the days of Sulayman al-A'rabi. During the 9th century, the Carolingian intrusions sparked a rapid change, with the construction of much higher towers with battlements on the roofs, such as the ones that are predominant in the area around the city of Tortosa at the beginning of the 10th century.
{"title":"Round Towers of the Andalusi-Catalan Borders (8th–10th centuries)","authors":"Ramon Martí, Mª Mercè Viladrich","doi":"10.1558/JIA.13425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.13425","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the subject of early medieval fortifications in Catalonia. In particular, we focus on the free-standing round towers, a type of construction that presents many variants. Academic disputes abound as to their origins; some of them are ascribed to the Roman period, whereas others are thought to belong to the time of the Catalan Counts (from the middle of the 10th century until the middle of the 12th century). These towers are common in wide areas of al-Andalus, where their Islamic origin is usually not disputed. Here, we explore the oldest samples found in the territories of Catalonia, by cross-checking archaeological and monumental data with textual sources, in order to test the hypothesis of an Andalusi origin of these very early constructions. This study covers a large geographical area, more than 300 km straight along the Catalan coastline and neighbouring territories. On this stretch of land there were as many as three different frontiers in the period under study between the lands under Christian or Islamic rule. We discuss up to 50 towers, each one built with the purpose of surveillance and control of the territory. This mission reflects a strategy of defence, which makes sense in the Islamic era if the enemy is coming from the north. Furthermore, the successive borders are linked to different styles of towers, which show the transformation from the 8th to the 10th centuries. We identify some of their builders among the Arab governors of the period. Initially relatively low buildings, these towers took on a notably monumental character in the days of Sulayman al-A'rabi. During the 9th century, the Carolingian intrusions sparked a rapid change, with the construction of much higher towers with battlements on the roofs, such as the ones that are predominant in the area around the city of Tortosa at the beginning of the 10th century.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44877693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Archaeology of Medieval Islamic Frontiers: From the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea, edited by A. Asa Eger. University of Colorado Press, 2019. 232pp., Hb. $58.00. ISBN-13: 9781607328780.
{"title":"The Archaeology of Medieval Islamic Frontiers: From the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea, edited by A. Asa Eger.","authors":"Loren V. Cowin","doi":"10.1558/JIA.19586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.19586","url":null,"abstract":"The Archaeology of Medieval Islamic Frontiers: From the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea, edited by A. Asa Eger. University of Colorado Press, 2019. 232pp., Hb. $58.00. ISBN-13: 9781607328780.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45839839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sacred Place and Sacred Time in the Medieval Islamic Middle East: A Historical Perspective, by Daniella Talmon-Heller. Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture, Edinburgh University Press, 2020. 279pp., 28 illustrations, 1 additional map, index. Hb. £80. ISBN-13: 9781474460965.
{"title":"Sacred Place and Sacred Time in the Medieval Islamic Middle East: A Historical Perspective, by Daniella Talmon-Heller.","authors":"Hagit Nol","doi":"10.1558/JIA.19589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.19589","url":null,"abstract":"Sacred Place and Sacred Time in the Medieval Islamic Middle East: A Historical Perspective, by Daniella Talmon-Heller. Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture, Edinburgh University Press, 2020. 279pp., 28 illustrations, 1 additional map, index. Hb. £80. ISBN-13: 9781474460965.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48147948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The application of Thermally (TL) and Optically (OSL) Stimulated Luminescence on bricks used as building material can answer questions regarding the chronology of historical buildings. The remarkable historical reports of the “largest ever made brick vault” known as the Arch of Ali Shah (14th century) invoke the image of a gigantic structure adjoining the u-shaped brick monument in Tabriz. However, there is new scientific data that has led us to consider an alternate hypothesis regarding this monument that contradicts the traditional views of scholars. The attribution of this controversial building to Ali Shah, the great vizier of the Ilkhanid court, has long been considered an historical fact by scholars. To better understand the evolution of this unique structure, thermoluminescence (TL) was used to propose a relative dating for its construction. Surprisingly, the results yielded dates of 512±20, 514±27 and 517±21 AD (TL age, equaling 17th century), indicating that the u-shaped structure was built some 200 years after the Ilkhanid era. These dates, supplemented with historical context and architectural evidence, leads to the conclusion that it was used as a separate building before being integrated into the older building, thereby converting the entire complex into a formidable fortification. The remains of the so called Arch of Ali Shah are clearly of a later date, characterizing a completely different architectural style than those of the Ilkhanid period.
{"title":"Thermoluminescence Analysis of Bricks from the so-called Arch of Ali Shah","authors":"A. Moradi, M. Brambilla, F. Kamali","doi":"10.1558/JIA.19031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JIA.19031","url":null,"abstract":"The application of Thermally (TL) and Optically (OSL) Stimulated Luminescence on bricks used as building material can answer questions regarding the chronology of historical buildings. The remarkable historical reports of the “largest ever made brick vault” known as the Arch of Ali Shah (14th century) invoke the image of a gigantic structure adjoining the u-shaped brick monument in Tabriz. However, there is new scientific data that has led us to consider an alternate hypothesis regarding this monument that contradicts the traditional views of scholars. The attribution of this controversial building to Ali Shah, the great vizier of the Ilkhanid court, has long been considered an historical fact by scholars. To better understand the evolution of this unique structure, thermoluminescence (TL) was used to propose a relative dating for its construction. Surprisingly, the results yielded dates of 512±20, 514±27 and 517±21 AD (TL age, equaling 17th century), indicating that the u-shaped structure was built some 200 years after the Ilkhanid era. These dates, supplemented with historical context and architectural evidence, leads to the conclusion that it was used as a separate building before being integrated into the older building, thereby converting the entire complex into a formidable fortification. The remains of the so called Arch of Ali Shah are clearly of a later date, characterizing a completely different architectural style than those of the Ilkhanid period.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67554617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sweet Waste: Medieval Sugar Production in the Mediterranean viewed from the 2002 Excavation at Tawahin es-Sukkar, Safi, Jordan, by Richard Jones. Potingair Press, 2017. 245pp. Pb. £45.00. ISBN-13: 9780956824035.
《甜蜜的废物：地中海中世纪的糖生产》，作者Richard Jones，2002年在约旦萨菲Tawahin es Sukkar的挖掘。波廷格尔出版社，2017年。245页。Pb。45.00英镑，13英镑：9780956824035英镑。
{"title":"Sweet Waste: Medieval Sugar Production in the Mediterranean viewed from the 2002 Excavation at Tawahin es-Sukkar, Safi, Jordan, by Richard Jones. 2017","authors":"B. Walker","doi":"10.1558/jia.40950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.40950","url":null,"abstract":"Sweet Waste: Medieval Sugar Production in the Mediterranean viewed from the 2002 Excavation at Tawahin es-Sukkar, Safi, Jordan, by Richard Jones. Potingair Press, 2017. 245pp. Pb. £45.00. ISBN-13: 9780956824035.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47611403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article first examines the early history of Mu??wiya and his monumental architectural achievements in Arabia. He was from a wealthy land-owning elite Arabian family of traders from the Meccan Qurayshi tribe. As Companion and scribe of the Prophet he was well-positioned to achieve the goals of tribal unification, agricultural development, initiating a period of architectural construction and state-building. Second the article’s major focus is his monumental architectural construction in Greater Syria evidenced in the archaeological and re-evaluated textual evidence, which support his creation of statehood infrastructure for the Umayyads in Bil?d al-Sh?m. As governor of Syria and later as the first Sufy?nid Am?r al-mu?min?n or Commander of the Faithful in the D?r al-Islam, he controlled the development of an architecture and bureaucratic infrastructure of state throughout the region. After arrival with the armies of conquest in 634, he became provincial governor of Syria in 638/639 and continued the process of tribal unification and state-building at the behest of the Rashidun caliphs ?Umar and ?Uthman. As Am?r al-mu?min?n he continued tribal consolidation, settling disputes by moving populations within the D?r al-Islam. He also engaged in monumental architectural development throughout the realm including mosques, palaces and fortresses, invented the mi?r?b–the stone or space (later the niche) indicating the direction of prayer toward Mecca, and established what was later known as the rib?? system along the Mediterranean coast. Though there are meager documentary survivals of texts and inscriptions, there is now sufficient archaeological and recent secondary scholarly evidence particularly in a revision textual usage to claim that Mu??wiya created the Umayyad state and monuments reflecting statehood during his reign as Commander of the Faithful in Syria with multiple capitals in Damascus, al-J?biya, al-?innabra and Jerusalem.
本文首先考察穆的早期历史？？维雅和他在阿拉伯取得的不朽建筑成就。他来自一个富裕的拥有土地的阿拉伯精英家庭，该家庭由Meccan Qurayshi部落的商人组成。作为先知的同伴和抄写员，他完全有能力实现部落统一、农业发展、开始一段建筑建设和国家建设的目标。其次，这篇文章的主要焦点是他在大叙利亚的纪念碑式建筑，考古和重新评估的文本证据证明了这一点，这些证据支持他在比尔为倭马亚王朝建立国家基础设施？d al-Sh？m.作为叙利亚总督，后来又成为第一任苏菲？nid Am？r al mu？分钟？还是D区忠诚者的指挥官？在伊斯兰统治下，他控制了整个地区国家架构和官僚基础设施的发展。634年随征服军队抵达后，他于638/639年成为叙利亚的省长，并在拉希登哈里发的授意下继续部落统一和国家建设的进程？乌玛尔和？乌斯曼。作为Am？r al mu？分钟？他继续巩固部落，通过在D？r al-Islam。他还参与了整个王国的纪念性建筑开发，包括清真寺、宫殿和堡垒，发明了mi？rb——指示麦加祈祷方向的石头或空间（后来的壁龛），并建立了后来被称为肋骨的东西？？地中海沿岸的系统。尽管文本和铭文的文献留存很少，但现在有足够的考古和最近的次要学术证据，特别是在修订文本用法中，声称穆？？维亚在担任叙利亚忠诚军指挥官期间创建了倭马亚王朝和反映国家地位的纪念碑，大马士革有多个首都，al-J？比亚，阿尔？innabra和耶路撒冷。
{"title":"From Arabia to Bilād al-Shām: Muʿāwiya’s Development of an Infrastructure and Monumental Architecture of Early Umayyad Statehood","authors":"B. Laurent","doi":"10.1558/jia.40700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.40700","url":null,"abstract":"This article first examines the early history of Mu??wiya and his monumental architectural achievements in Arabia. He was from a wealthy land-owning elite Arabian family of traders from the Meccan Qurayshi tribe. As Companion and scribe of the Prophet he was well-positioned to achieve the goals of tribal unification, agricultural development, initiating a period of architectural construction and state-building. Second the article’s major focus is his monumental architectural construction in Greater Syria evidenced in the archaeological and re-evaluated textual evidence, which support his creation of statehood infrastructure for the Umayyads in Bil?d al-Sh?m. As governor of Syria and later as the first Sufy?nid Am?r al-mu?min?n or Commander of the Faithful in the D?r al-Islam, he controlled the development of an architecture and bureaucratic infrastructure of state throughout the region. After arrival with the armies of conquest in 634, he became provincial governor of Syria in 638/639 and continued the process of tribal unification and state-building at the behest of the Rashidun caliphs ?Umar and ?Uthman. As Am?r al-mu?min?n he continued tribal consolidation, settling disputes by moving populations within the D?r al-Islam. He also engaged in monumental architectural development throughout the realm including mosques, palaces and fortresses, invented the mi?r?b–the stone or space (later the niche) indicating the direction of prayer toward Mecca, and established what was later known as the rib?? system along the Mediterranean coast. Though there are meager documentary survivals of texts and inscriptions, there is now sufficient archaeological and recent secondary scholarly evidence particularly in a revision textual usage to claim that Mu??wiya created the Umayyad state and monuments reflecting statehood during his reign as Commander of the Faithful in Syria with multiple capitals in Damascus, al-J?biya, al-?innabra and Jerusalem.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1558/jia.40700","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43975361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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