During the intermediate Islamic period, the settlement of Safed was transformed from a small unknown village in Upper Galilee to an important stronghold and administrative center, aggravating the problem of the town’s water supply. Lacking natural springs, Safed depended on cisterns fed by gutters that channeled seasonal rainwater from the roofs and on distant springs in the Nahal Amud ravine. As the town’s population grew, its rulers were required to install public water systems. Our field study of the region reveals several Mamluk water systems whose outstanding features are an aqueduct that channeled water by force of gravity from 'Ayn Biriyya to the Crusader/Mamluk citadel in Safed, and a spring tunnel flowing beneath the town that was accessible via shafts in the houses. The composition of the water in the tunnel is similar to that of a famous ritual bath in one of these houses, indicating a probable connection. The water systems were dated using Uranium-Thorium analysis and by radiocarbon dating. An ancient spring tunnel at the nearby site of 'Ayn al-Zaytun that may have inspired the construction of Safed’s water systems is also discussed. The archaeological finds and dating are consistent with several historical sources describing the construction of water systems in Safed.
{"title":"Mitigating Water Scarcity in the Medieval and Islamic Periods","authors":"Yinon Shivtiel, A. Frumkin, M. Bar-Matthews","doi":"10.1558/jia.20244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.20244","url":null,"abstract":"During the intermediate Islamic period, the settlement of Safed was transformed from a small unknown village in Upper Galilee to an important stronghold and administrative center, aggravating the problem of the town’s water supply. Lacking natural springs, Safed depended on cisterns fed by gutters that channeled seasonal rainwater from the roofs and on distant springs in the Nahal Amud ravine. As the town’s population grew, its rulers were required to install public water systems. Our field study of the region reveals several Mamluk water systems whose outstanding features are an aqueduct that channeled water by force of gravity from 'Ayn Biriyya to the Crusader/Mamluk citadel in Safed, and a spring tunnel flowing beneath the town that was accessible via shafts in the houses. The composition of the water in the tunnel is similar to that of a famous ritual bath in one of these houses, indicating a probable connection. The water systems were dated using Uranium-Thorium analysis and by radiocarbon dating. An ancient spring tunnel at the nearby site of 'Ayn al-Zaytun that may have inspired the construction of Safed’s water systems is also discussed. The archaeological finds and dating are consistent with several historical sources describing the construction of water systems in Safed.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43196944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corisande Fenwick, M. Sterry, D. Mattingly, Louise Rayne, Y. Bokbot
Modern scholarship on the medieval Sahara has focused on a handful of famous entrepôt sites that have their origins in the 8th century or later, and as a result we still understand very poorly the nature and extent of Saharan oasis settlement and agriculture in the golden age of Saharan trade. This article presents the first securely dated chronology for oasis development in the north-west Sahara based on three seasons of archaeological survey and a comprehensive radiocarbon dating programme in the Wadi Draa, Morocco. The Draa Valley contains some of the largest, most populous and most productive oases in the Sahara, as well as serving as an important travel corridor for trading caravans coming from West Africa to access the Atlas passes and reach Marrakech. Focusing on evidence from a large zone of abandoned oases on the Kasr Bounou Plain, this article demonstrates that while oasis agriculture and settlement was taking place between the 4th–8th centuries—well before the Muslim conquest of Morocco—there was a significant increase in settlement and agricultural exploitation from the 9th century. This phenomenon is marked by the appearance of substantial mudbrick settlements, along with irrigation and field systems, and is coterminous with the development of the medieval trading entrepôt of Sijilmasa. A settlement boom and significant investment in irrigated oasis agriculture occurred between the 11th and 13th centuries, contemporary with Almoravid and Almohad rule of the Draa, followed by a retraction and abandonment of much of the oasis by the 16th century. The new evidence from the Draa challenges the long-held belief that sedentarization and irrigated oasis agriculture were unique to the medieval period in the north-west Sahara. OPEN ACCESS CC BY-NC-ND
{"title":"Medieval Boom in the North-west Sahara","authors":"Corisande Fenwick, M. Sterry, D. Mattingly, Louise Rayne, Y. Bokbot","doi":"10.1558/jia.20440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.20440","url":null,"abstract":"Modern scholarship on the medieval Sahara has focused on a handful of famous entrepôt sites that have their origins in the 8th century or later, and as a result we still understand very poorly the nature and extent of Saharan oasis settlement and agriculture in the golden age of Saharan trade. This article presents the first securely dated chronology for oasis development in the north-west Sahara based on three seasons of archaeological survey and a comprehensive radiocarbon dating programme in the Wadi Draa, Morocco. The Draa Valley contains some of the largest, most populous and most productive oases in the Sahara, as well as serving as an important travel corridor for trading caravans coming from West Africa to access the Atlas passes and reach Marrakech. Focusing on evidence from a large zone of abandoned oases on the Kasr Bounou Plain, this article demonstrates that while oasis agriculture and settlement was taking place between the 4th–8th centuries—well before the Muslim conquest of Morocco—there was a significant increase in settlement and agricultural exploitation from the 9th century. This phenomenon is marked by the appearance of substantial mudbrick settlements, along with irrigation and field systems, and is coterminous with the development of the medieval trading entrepôt of Sijilmasa. A settlement boom and significant investment in irrigated oasis agriculture occurred between the 11th and 13th centuries, contemporary with Almoravid and Almohad rule of the Draa, followed by a retraction and abandonment of much of the oasis by the 16th century. The new evidence from the Draa challenges the long-held belief that sedentarization and irrigated oasis agriculture were unique to the medieval period in the north-west Sahara.\u0000 \u0000OPEN ACCESS CC BY-NC-ND","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47016450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Al-Andalus desde el mar. Una aproximación al sistema portuario de la Almeria andalusí, by Marta Del Mastro Ochoa. BAR International Series S3012. BAR Publishing, 2020. 168 pp., 64 figures in colour or B&W, 22 tables. £42.00. ISBN-13: 9781407357737.
{"title":"Al-Andalus desde el mar. Una aproximación al sistema portuario de la Almeria andalusí, by Marta Del Mastro Ochoa.","authors":"J. Collazo","doi":"10.1558/jia.22046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.22046","url":null,"abstract":"Al-Andalus desde el mar. Una aproximación al sistema portuario de la Almeria andalusí, by Marta Del Mastro Ochoa. BAR International Series S3012. BAR Publishing, 2020. 168 pp., 64 figures in colour or B&W, 22 tables. £42.00. ISBN-13: 9781407357737.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46635330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Islamic material culture is often either discussed in terms of its typology or its technological characteristics, as defined by scientific analysis, sometimes leading to its provenance. Here these aspects will be discussed in terms of their contrasting social, political and ritual contexts along the Eurasian Silk Roads. The concept of the terrestrial and maritime “Silk Roads” as routes of interaction is considered in terms of its definitions and indeed whether it is a useful term to use. The political context in which production occurred is considered, especially during the Abbasid caliphate, when the political centre shifted from Damascus to Baghdad. This shift in the centre of power is discussed in terms of the way it affected the growth and mass production of ceramics and glass during the golden age of Islam. The use of scientific analysis to investigate glass feeds into this discussion by providing evidence for increasingly more precise provenances and for trade, recycling and for production of different decorative vessel types in specific cosmopolitan hubs and therefore specialization. Moreover, evidence for a decentralized production model for glass and ceramics is discussed. Although the emphasis here is on glass in western Asia, the paper considers Islamic ceramics and glass in eastern Asia, especially during the Tang Dynasty. The social provenance of “exotic” material culture is tied to trade, exchange and gift giving and, in turn, to the acculturation of foreign populations in China, including Arabs and Sogdians. All these activities and factors, and the use of scientific analysis feed into the social, ritual, and economic values of material culture that occurs along the Silk Roads.
{"title":"Politics of Production, Glass Provenance and Social Context on the Early Islamic Silk Roads","authors":"J. Henderson","doi":"10.1558/jia.20773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.20773","url":null,"abstract":"Islamic material culture is often either discussed in terms of its typology or its technological characteristics, as defined by scientific analysis, sometimes leading to its provenance. Here these aspects will be discussed in terms of their contrasting social, political and ritual contexts along the Eurasian Silk Roads. The concept of the terrestrial and maritime “Silk Roads” as routes of interaction is considered in terms of its definitions and indeed whether it is a useful term to use. The political context in which production occurred is considered, especially during the Abbasid caliphate, when the political centre shifted from Damascus to Baghdad. This shift in the centre of power is discussed in terms of the way it affected the growth and mass production of ceramics and glass during the golden age of Islam. The use of scientific analysis to investigate glass feeds into this discussion by providing evidence for increasingly more precise provenances and for trade, recycling and for production of different decorative vessel types in specific cosmopolitan hubs and therefore specialization. Moreover, evidence for a decentralized production model for glass and ceramics is discussed. Although the emphasis here is on glass in western Asia, the paper considers Islamic ceramics and glass in eastern Asia, especially during the Tang Dynasty. The social provenance of “exotic” material culture is tied to trade, exchange and gift giving and, in turn, to the acculturation of foreign populations in China, including Arabs and Sogdians. All these activities and factors, and the use of scientific analysis feed into the social, ritual, and economic values of material culture that occurs along the Silk Roads.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43433012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All Things Arabia: Arabian Identity and Material Culture, edited by Ileana Baird and Hülya Yagcioglu. Arts and Archaeology of the Islamic World, volume 16. Brill, 2020. xvi, 269 pp., 105 colour illus. €149.00/$179.00. Hb. ISBN-13: 9789004435919. e-book ISBN-13: 9789004435926.
{"title":"All Things Arabia: Arabian Identity and Material Culture, edited by Ileana Baird and Hülya Yagcioglu.","authors":"R. Carter","doi":"10.1558/jia.22045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.22045","url":null,"abstract":"All Things Arabia: Arabian Identity and Material Culture, edited by Ileana Baird and Hülya Yagcioglu. Arts and Archaeology of the Islamic World, volume 16. Brill, 2020. xvi, 269 pp., 105 colour illus. €149.00/$179.00. Hb. ISBN-13: 9789004435919. e-book ISBN-13: 9789004435926.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49000581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dariali: The “Caspian Gates” in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages, The Joint Georgian-British Dariali Gorge Excavations and Surveys, 2013–2016, edited by E. W. Sauer. 2 volumes. British Institute of Persian Studies Archaeological Monograph Series, volume 6. Oxbow Books, 2020. 1088pp., 700 black and white and colour images. Hb. 75.00. ISBN-13: 9781789251920.
{"title":"Dariali: The “Caspian Gates” in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages, The Joint Georgian-British Dariali Gorge Excavations and Surveys, 2013–2016, edited by E. W. Sauer.","authors":"T. Insoll","doi":"10.1558/jia.22044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.22044","url":null,"abstract":"Dariali: The “Caspian Gates” in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages, The Joint Georgian-British Dariali Gorge Excavations and Surveys, 2013–2016, edited by E. W. Sauer. 2 volumes. British Institute of Persian Studies Archaeological Monograph Series, volume 6. Oxbow Books, 2020. 1088pp., 700 black and white and colour images. Hb. 75.00. ISBN-13: 9781789251920.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48265672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to decipher an unpublished decree inscription from the late 15th century CE/late 9th century AH found in the Great Mosque of Ludd. This article explores the historic events linked to the decree’s inscription, which unveils some of the social and political systems that operated in the time of its creation. Deciphering the content of the decree is complemented by a study of the context of its placement. Furthermore, this article considers some of the recent history of the Ludd Decree inscription, from the time of its removal from the original location to its replacement with another inscription. This paper will also demonstrate that The Great Mosque of Ludd and the Mosque of al-'Umari are in fact two different mosques, as they have been mistakenly considered the same mosque due to the movement of inscriptions.
{"title":"From Baybars to Qaytbay","authors":"Gali Agnon","doi":"10.1558/jia.18720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.18720","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to decipher an unpublished decree inscription from the late 15th century CE/late 9th century AH found in the Great Mosque of Ludd. This article explores the historic events linked to the decree’s inscription, which unveils some of the social and political systems that operated in the time of its creation. Deciphering the content of the decree is complemented by a study of the context of its placement. Furthermore, this article considers some of the recent history of the Ludd Decree inscription, from the time of its removal from the original location to its replacement with another inscription. This paper will also demonstrate that The Great Mosque of Ludd and the Mosque of al-'Umari are in fact two different mosques, as they have been mistakenly considered the same mosque due to the movement of inscriptions.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41693165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corpus des monnaies almoravides by Daniel Eustache, Abdellatif Jouahri and Ahmed Ettahiri. Collection de Bank al-Maghrib et autres collections mondiales, publiques et privées. Bank al-Maghrib, Rabat, 2017. 381 pp. ISBN-13: 9789981873780.
{"title":"Corpus des monnaies almoravides by Daniel Eustache, Abdellatif Jouahri and Ahmed Ettahiri.","authors":"Mohamed El Hadri","doi":"10.1558/jia.22043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.22043","url":null,"abstract":"Corpus des monnaies almoravides by Daniel Eustache, Abdellatif Jouahri and Ahmed Ettahiri. Collection de Bank al-Maghrib et autres collections mondiales, publiques et privées. Bank al-Maghrib, Rabat, 2017. 381 pp. ISBN-13: 9789981873780.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43919522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Broken Cities: A Historical Sociology of Ruins, by Martin Devecka.","authors":"A. Petersen","doi":"10.1558/jia.21170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.21170","url":null,"abstract":"Broken Cities: A Historical Sociology of Ruins, by Martin Devecka. John Hopkins University Press, 2020. 184pp., $34.95. ISBN-13: 9781421438429.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41962716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dwelling Models of Umayyad Mada'in and Qusur in Greater Syria, by Giuseppe Labisi. BAR Publishing, 2020. 352pp., with 7 tables and 69 figures, Sc. £74.00. ISBN-13: 9781407357225.
{"title":"Dwelling Models of Umayyad Mada'in and Qusur in Greater Syria, by Giuseppe Labisi.","authors":"K. Mokranová","doi":"10.1558/jia.21168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.21168","url":null,"abstract":"Dwelling Models of Umayyad Mada'in and Qusur in Greater Syria, by Giuseppe Labisi. BAR Publishing, 2020. 352pp., with 7 tables and 69 figures, Sc. £74.00. ISBN-13: 9781407357225.","PeriodicalId":41225,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Islamic Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43305617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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