Pub Date : 2001-04-29DOI: 10.1109/CITCON.2001.934113
E. Kaplan, N. Nedder
Pulverized delayed petroleum coke imported from the USA is the prime energy source for both 5000 MTPD modern dry process clinker lines operating in the Nesher Israel Cement Enterprises' Ramla plant. Both the first line-RDL-1-operating since 1995 and the second one-RDL-2-operating since 1999, were designed and guaranteed for firing of eighty percent of energy as petroleum coke, the rest being bunker C heavy fuel oil. The article discusses the different points being taken care of at the design phase and outlines the parameters of the actual operating mode under which both lines practically fire hundred percent of energy as petroleum coke.
{"title":"Petroleum coke utilization for cement kiln firing","authors":"E. Kaplan, N. Nedder","doi":"10.1109/CITCON.2001.934113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CITCON.2001.934113","url":null,"abstract":"Pulverized delayed petroleum coke imported from the USA is the prime energy source for both 5000 MTPD modern dry process clinker lines operating in the Nesher Israel Cement Enterprises' Ramla plant. Both the first line-RDL-1-operating since 1995 and the second one-RDL-2-operating since 1999, were designed and guaranteed for firing of eighty percent of energy as petroleum coke, the rest being bunker C heavy fuel oil. The article discusses the different points being taken care of at the design phase and outlines the parameters of the actual operating mode under which both lines practically fire hundred percent of energy as petroleum coke.","PeriodicalId":412513,"journal":{"name":"IEEE-IAS/PCA 2001 Cement Industry Technical Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37150)","volume":"388 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131557550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-04-29DOI: 10.1109/CITCON.2001.934127
E. Sulzer, R. Steininger
Standardization in the area of automation has led to positive developments not only in functionality but also in minimizing initial installation costs. The introduction of standards has major advantages over systems based on proprietary solutions. One of the most important benefits is that enterprises are no longer reliant on (at the mercy of) single suppliers for their products. The integration of "best in class" has now become a reality. Nevertheless, one must not neglect potential dangers arising from these trends. Even though it seems attractive to use e.g. standard office products to reduce purchasing costs, one must not ignore the original purpose of the design. Commonly lamented situations in the office world, like sporadic paralysis of network access or the necessity to reset an e-mail server, are too frequently tolerated. This is unacceptable in business. This paper highlights examples from the world of automation, underlining the need for divergence from the standard office environment and the implementation of a new approach.
{"title":"NT then IT, integrating control system into business systems","authors":"E. Sulzer, R. Steininger","doi":"10.1109/CITCON.2001.934127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CITCON.2001.934127","url":null,"abstract":"Standardization in the area of automation has led to positive developments not only in functionality but also in minimizing initial installation costs. The introduction of standards has major advantages over systems based on proprietary solutions. One of the most important benefits is that enterprises are no longer reliant on (at the mercy of) single suppliers for their products. The integration of \"best in class\" has now become a reality. Nevertheless, one must not neglect potential dangers arising from these trends. Even though it seems attractive to use e.g. standard office products to reduce purchasing costs, one must not ignore the original purpose of the design. Commonly lamented situations in the office world, like sporadic paralysis of network access or the necessity to reset an e-mail server, are too frequently tolerated. This is unacceptable in business. This paper highlights examples from the world of automation, underlining the need for divergence from the standard office environment and the implementation of a new approach.","PeriodicalId":412513,"journal":{"name":"IEEE-IAS/PCA 2001 Cement Industry Technical Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37150)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114175563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-04-29DOI: 10.1109/CITCON.2001.934097
R. T. Wodrich
DC motor drive loads are often known to fluctuate extremely rapidly and consume large amounts of reactive power. These loads often create a high level of voltage flicker that frequently exceeds the IEEE recommended limits. Recent technological innovations now allow solid-state switching of capacitors to compensate for highly variable reactive power requirements thereby solving voltage flicker problems and vastly improving distribution system efficiency.
{"title":"High speed reactive compensation systems for industrial applications","authors":"R. T. Wodrich","doi":"10.1109/CITCON.2001.934097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CITCON.2001.934097","url":null,"abstract":"DC motor drive loads are often known to fluctuate extremely rapidly and consume large amounts of reactive power. These loads often create a high level of voltage flicker that frequently exceeds the IEEE recommended limits. Recent technological innovations now allow solid-state switching of capacitors to compensate for highly variable reactive power requirements thereby solving voltage flicker problems and vastly improving distribution system efficiency.","PeriodicalId":412513,"journal":{"name":"IEEE-IAS/PCA 2001 Cement Industry Technical Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37150)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126964895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-04-29DOI: 10.1109/CITCON.2001.934122
J. Price
Cement plants have hundreds of pieces of rotating machinery. Typical machinery will include fans, pumps, compressors, blowers and other equipment such as vertical and horizontal mills and, of course, a kiln. Each machine has several bearings, a gear reducer with several bearings and gear sets, a coupling arrangement and a motor with at least two sets of bearings. The combined effect of all of these moving parts gives off a vibration that is characteristic to that equipment and of which is made up of a combination of all of the parts of the equipment. All rotating equipment have some type of vibration associated with it that is typically very low in amplitude and is negligible under ideal operating conditions. In this paper, the author describes how the vibration analysis of such equipment can form part of a preventative maintenance strategy.
{"title":"Vibration analysis methods for preventative maintenance [of cement plants]","authors":"J. Price","doi":"10.1109/CITCON.2001.934122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CITCON.2001.934122","url":null,"abstract":"Cement plants have hundreds of pieces of rotating machinery. Typical machinery will include fans, pumps, compressors, blowers and other equipment such as vertical and horizontal mills and, of course, a kiln. Each machine has several bearings, a gear reducer with several bearings and gear sets, a coupling arrangement and a motor with at least two sets of bearings. The combined effect of all of these moving parts gives off a vibration that is characteristic to that equipment and of which is made up of a combination of all of the parts of the equipment. All rotating equipment have some type of vibration associated with it that is typically very low in amplitude and is negligible under ideal operating conditions. In this paper, the author describes how the vibration analysis of such equipment can form part of a preventative maintenance strategy.","PeriodicalId":412513,"journal":{"name":"IEEE-IAS/PCA 2001 Cement Industry Technical Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37150)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122238921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-04-29DOI: 10.1109/CITCON.2001.934104
C. Meckel
Subsynchronous cascade drives are typically used for large compressor and fan drives. As such drives are usually started by means of a liquid starter, subsynchronous cascade drives are normally considered to be unproblematic with respect to torsional behaviour during start-up. During commissioning of a 5500 HP exhaust fan drive with subsynchronous cascade, severe mechanical damage occurred on the shaft string. This paper presents the investigations and simulations carried out in order to find the cause of the damage and the possible solutions. The investigations showed that backfiring on the cascade during the start-up sequence has been the initial cause for an excitation of the shaft string. Due to the fact that the shaft string has been excited near its first torsional resonance, excessive mechanical torques were developed. These torques were so high that the coupling hub broke in two pieces and the shaft was twisted. The present study confirms that a torsional analysis must be carried out in an early project stage on all drive systems with higher power rating. This will reduce the risk for such type of damage and is the basis for a trouble-free commissioning and a safe operation of such drives.
{"title":"Mechanical damage of a subsynchronous cascade drive due to torsional resonance","authors":"C. Meckel","doi":"10.1109/CITCON.2001.934104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CITCON.2001.934104","url":null,"abstract":"Subsynchronous cascade drives are typically used for large compressor and fan drives. As such drives are usually started by means of a liquid starter, subsynchronous cascade drives are normally considered to be unproblematic with respect to torsional behaviour during start-up. During commissioning of a 5500 HP exhaust fan drive with subsynchronous cascade, severe mechanical damage occurred on the shaft string. This paper presents the investigations and simulations carried out in order to find the cause of the damage and the possible solutions. The investigations showed that backfiring on the cascade during the start-up sequence has been the initial cause for an excitation of the shaft string. Due to the fact that the shaft string has been excited near its first torsional resonance, excessive mechanical torques were developed. These torques were so high that the coupling hub broke in two pieces and the shaft was twisted. The present study confirms that a torsional analysis must be carried out in an early project stage on all drive systems with higher power rating. This will reduce the risk for such type of damage and is the basis for a trouble-free commissioning and a safe operation of such drives.","PeriodicalId":412513,"journal":{"name":"IEEE-IAS/PCA 2001 Cement Industry Technical Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37150)","volume":"29 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129925758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-04-29DOI: 10.1109/CITCON.2001.934120
F. Miller
The paper examines the phenomenon of detached plumes in cement plants. A discussion of reasons why such a plume forms is followed by a presentation of the various types of detached plumes (steam plumes, organic plumes, sulfuric acid mist, ammonium salts, etc.). A discussion of the chemistry occurring to cause these plumes is then offered, followed by a number of remediative measures that may be effective in ameliorating these plumes, offered on a site-specific basis. Emphasis is placed on the fact that to eliminate such plumes, one or more of the contributing chemical species must be controlled.
{"title":"Management of detached plumes in cement plants","authors":"F. Miller","doi":"10.1109/CITCON.2001.934120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CITCON.2001.934120","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the phenomenon of detached plumes in cement plants. A discussion of reasons why such a plume forms is followed by a presentation of the various types of detached plumes (steam plumes, organic plumes, sulfuric acid mist, ammonium salts, etc.). A discussion of the chemistry occurring to cause these plumes is then offered, followed by a number of remediative measures that may be effective in ameliorating these plumes, offered on a site-specific basis. Emphasis is placed on the fact that to eliminate such plumes, one or more of the contributing chemical species must be controlled.","PeriodicalId":412513,"journal":{"name":"IEEE-IAS/PCA 2001 Cement Industry Technical Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37150)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134450551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-04-29DOI: 10.1109/CITCON.2001.934108
C.O. Cohrs, Uwe Robitzsch
In 1994 Florida Rock Industries, Inc., a major producer of construction materials in the South Eastern USA, began evaluating the prospects of constructing their own Portland cement plant. With the Florida market for concrete on the rise and demand for cement increasing at a rapid rate, it was a natural fit for an organization consuming in excess of 600,000 tons of cement. After investigating several sites with high quality limestone, it was decided to pursue the location in Newberry, Florida, 13 miles due west of Gainesville, Florida.
{"title":"Florida Rock Industries, Inc. Greenfield plant a new generation in cement","authors":"C.O. Cohrs, Uwe Robitzsch","doi":"10.1109/CITCON.2001.934108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CITCON.2001.934108","url":null,"abstract":"In 1994 Florida Rock Industries, Inc., a major producer of construction materials in the South Eastern USA, began evaluating the prospects of constructing their own Portland cement plant. With the Florida market for concrete on the rise and demand for cement increasing at a rapid rate, it was a natural fit for an organization consuming in excess of 600,000 tons of cement. After investigating several sites with high quality limestone, it was decided to pursue the location in Newberry, Florida, 13 miles due west of Gainesville, Florida.","PeriodicalId":412513,"journal":{"name":"IEEE-IAS/PCA 2001 Cement Industry Technical Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37150)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121796451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-04-29DOI: 10.1109/CITCON.2001.934123
E. Jøns, M. Ostergård
The corrosion of 12 suspension calciner kilns with a tertiary air duct has been studied, and corrosion scales from the kiln transition zone examined. A common feature of the scales was the layered structure in which high-oxygen low-sulphur layers alternate in a variable manner with high-sulphur low-oxygen layers. Varying amounts of chlorides were present and distributed quite homogeneously. Oxygen-deficient layers were less frequent where larger quantities of alkalis were present. The scales were acidic, water extracts showing pH/spl sime/3.5. Water extracts from mechanically cleaned kiln shells contained iron and chloride and had similar pH. The observations collected indicate that kiln shell corrosion may be understood as the combination of ash-deposit corrosion and hot corrosion of the same type observed on the fireside of boiler walls. Thermodynamic calculations have been used to suggest why calciner kilns with tertiary air ducts are so vulnerable to this type of corrosion. There are two strategies for preventing the corrosion; either process changes to change the corrosion conditions or selection of corrosion resistant materials. Following strategy one, it is recommended to increase the kiln valve for chlorides by introducing a by-pass or significantly to reduce the burning zone temperature. Following strategy two, many companies are offering surface treatments of the kiln shell to improve the corrosion resistance. The authors believe the last strategy to be the most promising, and are currently engaged in field testing of a number of multi-component treatments.
{"title":"Kiln shell corrosion","authors":"E. Jøns, M. Ostergård","doi":"10.1109/CITCON.2001.934123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CITCON.2001.934123","url":null,"abstract":"The corrosion of 12 suspension calciner kilns with a tertiary air duct has been studied, and corrosion scales from the kiln transition zone examined. A common feature of the scales was the layered structure in which high-oxygen low-sulphur layers alternate in a variable manner with high-sulphur low-oxygen layers. Varying amounts of chlorides were present and distributed quite homogeneously. Oxygen-deficient layers were less frequent where larger quantities of alkalis were present. The scales were acidic, water extracts showing pH/spl sime/3.5. Water extracts from mechanically cleaned kiln shells contained iron and chloride and had similar pH. The observations collected indicate that kiln shell corrosion may be understood as the combination of ash-deposit corrosion and hot corrosion of the same type observed on the fireside of boiler walls. Thermodynamic calculations have been used to suggest why calciner kilns with tertiary air ducts are so vulnerable to this type of corrosion. There are two strategies for preventing the corrosion; either process changes to change the corrosion conditions or selection of corrosion resistant materials. Following strategy one, it is recommended to increase the kiln valve for chlorides by introducing a by-pass or significantly to reduce the burning zone temperature. Following strategy two, many companies are offering surface treatments of the kiln shell to improve the corrosion resistance. The authors believe the last strategy to be the most promising, and are currently engaged in field testing of a number of multi-component treatments.","PeriodicalId":412513,"journal":{"name":"IEEE-IAS/PCA 2001 Cement Industry Technical Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37150)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115753603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-04-29DOI: 10.1109/CITCON.2001.934100
M. Holland
The developments in drive technology enable us to consider the use of AC drives also for the kiln main drive. Although a lot of applications with AC kiln drives are running throughout the world successfully since 1987, a lot of people feel that the kiln main drive should be equipped in DC technology. The paper compares the AC and DC drives. The advantages and disadvantages of both drives are addressed. Besides investment costs, major characteristics and also operation and maintenance costs are listed.
{"title":"AC DC kilns [drives, cement plant]","authors":"M. Holland","doi":"10.1109/CITCON.2001.934100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CITCON.2001.934100","url":null,"abstract":"The developments in drive technology enable us to consider the use of AC drives also for the kiln main drive. Although a lot of applications with AC kiln drives are running throughout the world successfully since 1987, a lot of people feel that the kiln main drive should be equipped in DC technology. The paper compares the AC and DC drives. The advantages and disadvantages of both drives are addressed. Besides investment costs, major characteristics and also operation and maintenance costs are listed.","PeriodicalId":412513,"journal":{"name":"IEEE-IAS/PCA 2001 Cement Industry Technical Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37150)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124969069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-04-29DOI: 10.1109/CITCON.2001.934095
T. Mulholland
Disruptions in electricity supply in California have resulted in chaos in the market there and extreme increases in the price for power, both short and long-term. This has implications for customers situated within California, but also for customers located in throughout the western United States. Moreover, it points out issues with regard to energy policy that need to be addressed by energy users in all commodity markets.
{"title":"Deregulation, the California experience, and implications for western markets","authors":"T. Mulholland","doi":"10.1109/CITCON.2001.934095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CITCON.2001.934095","url":null,"abstract":"Disruptions in electricity supply in California have resulted in chaos in the market there and extreme increases in the price for power, both short and long-term. This has implications for customers situated within California, but also for customers located in throughout the western United States. Moreover, it points out issues with regard to energy policy that need to be addressed by energy users in all commodity markets.","PeriodicalId":412513,"journal":{"name":"IEEE-IAS/PCA 2001 Cement Industry Technical Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37150)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115936717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：