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Internet Access and U.S. - China Innovation Competition 互联网接入和中美创新竞赛
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.3386/W28231
Gerard Hoberg, Yuan Li, G. Phillips
Using new measures of expanded Internet access in China and internet-based search, we examine how competitive shocks from China impact U.S. innovation through the markets for innovation and existing products. We identify shocks to innovation competition using the geography of Chinese internet penetration and Chinese import data. Increases in the ability of Chinese industry peers to gather knowledge through the internet are followed by reductions in U.S. R&D investment and subsequent patents, and increased patenting by Chinese firms. The new Chinese patents also cite the U.S. firms patents at a high rate, consistent with increased intellectual property competition. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
利用中国扩大的互联网接入和基于互联网的搜索的新措施,我们研究了来自中国的竞争冲击如何通过创新市场和现有产品影响美国的创新。我们利用中国互联网普及率和中国进口数据的地理位置来确定对创新竞争的冲击。随着中国同行通过互联网收集知识的能力增强,美国研发投资和随后的专利减少,中国企业的专利申请增加。新的中国专利中引用美国公司专利的比例也很高,这与日益激烈的知识产权竞争相一致。国家经济研究局工作论文系列的机构订阅者和发展中国家的居民可以在www.nber.org免费下载本文。
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引用次数: 2
Centrino and the Restructuring of Wi-Fi Supply 迅驰与Wi-Fi供应重组
Pub Date : 2020-08-01 DOI: 10.3386/w27754
R. Fontana, S. Greenstein
In this paper we examine Intel’s launch of Centrino and interpret it as platform leader’s attempt to restructure a supply chain. We provide a narrative of key actions and how they coordinated changes and offer a framework of the predictable consequences for complementary markets. We then collect data and test these predictions on outcomes in several related complementary markets. The overall findings are consistent with our framework. We show that the launch of Centrino increased the likelihood of exit from internal and external Wi-Fi cards markets, and we find that the magnitude of the effect was largest for internal cards. We also show that the launch of Centrino’s stimulated product introduction in the markets for complements overall and find that the effect varied across type of routers. Finally, we show that experience with producing Wi-Fi cards shaped product introduction by router providers.
在本文中,我们研究英特尔推出迅驰,并将其解释为平台领导者试图重组供应链。我们提供了关键行动的叙述,以及它们如何协调变化,并提供了互补市场可预测后果的框架。然后,我们收集数据,并在几个相关的互补市场上测试这些预测的结果。总体结果与我们的框架是一致的。我们发现迅驰的推出增加了内部和外部Wi-Fi卡市场退出的可能性,并且我们发现内部卡的影响程度最大。我们还表明,迅驰的推出刺激了互补市场的产品引入,并发现不同类型的路由器的影响有所不同。最后,我们表明生产Wi-Fi卡的经验影响了路由器供应商的产品介绍。
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引用次数: 2
E-retailing Issues in Developing Countries Like India 印度等发展中国家的电子零售问题
Pub Date : 2019-08-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3436617
Dr Kamini Khanna
The developing countries like India, are going through a huge shift from old cultural and social era to 21stcentury new edge where the developed countries have already started taking the benefits of E-Retailing for their routine businesses. The citizens of developed countries have also accepted this transformation. But India is still far from this transformation. This paper focuses on various characteristics of social, cultural, economic and infrastructural issues which are becoming the hurdle for the acceptance of E-Retailing in a developing country like India. The findings identify the solutions required to accept the changes in retail to E-Retail for Indian customers. The paper also provides guidance businesses to implement the solution in business structures by understanding the demands of future market. It also helps to governments of developing countries to take concrete decisions for changing customer’s future needs to service them in competitive world.
像印度这样的发展中国家,正在经历从旧的文化和社会时代到21世纪新时代的巨大转变,发达国家已经开始将电子零售的好处用于他们的日常业务。发达国家的公民也接受了这种转变。但印度离这种转变还很遥远。本文着重于社会、文化、经济和基础设施问题的各种特点,这些问题正在成为印度这样的发展中国家接受电子零售的障碍。调查结果确定了为印度客户接受零售向电子零售转变所需的解决方案。通过对未来市场需求的了解,指导企业在业务结构中实施该解决方案。它还有助于发展中国家的政府为改变客户未来的需求做出具体的决定,以便在竞争激烈的世界中为他们提供服务。
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引用次数: 0
Sale of Goods and Supply of Digital Content and Digital Services – Overview of Directives 2019/770 and 2019/771 数字内容和数字服务的销售和供应-指令2019/770和2019/771概述
Pub Date : 2019-07-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3428550
Jorge Morais Carvalho
Directive (EU) 2019/770 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services and Directive (EU) 2019/771 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 concerning contracts for the sale of goods, amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 and Directive 2009/22/EC, and repealing Directive 1999/44/EC were published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 22 May 2019. They represent a major challenge for consumer law at European level. More and more areas of the law are being harmonised, coming closer to comprehensive regulation of consumer contracts at EU level. Even though Directive 2019/771 gives more freedom to Member States than Directive 2019/770, the similarities between the two Directives are clearly more significant than the differences. This could be an interesting opportunity for the Member States, which may decide to adopt a unified legal regime on conformity and lack of conformity for all consumer contracts.
欧洲议会和理事会2019年5月20日关于数字内容和数字服务供应合同某些方面的指令(EU) 2019/770,以及欧洲议会和理事会2019年5月20日关于货物销售合同的指令(EU) 2019/771,修订法规(EU) 2017/2394和指令2009/22/EC,并废除指令1999/44/EC于2019年5月22日在欧盟官方公报上发布。它们对欧洲层面的消费者法构成了重大挑战。越来越多的法律领域正在协调一致,越来越接近欧盟层面的消费者合同综合监管。尽管指令2019/771比指令2019/770给予成员国更多的自由,但两个指令之间的相似之处显然比差异更重要。这对会员国来说可能是一个有趣的机会,它们可能决定对所有消费者合同采用统一的法律制度,规定是否符合规定。
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引用次数: 3
The Economics of Telecommunications in Canada: A Backgrounder 加拿大电信经济:背景
Pub Date : 2018-12-10 DOI: 10.11575/SPPP.V11I0.43229
G. Fellows, Mukesh Khanal
We examine the role that the telecommunications sector plays in the Canadian Economy. This examination is predominantly based on an analysis of data from Canada’s system of National Accounts. Through examination of upstream and downstream value flows we itemize direct contributions of telecom in the form of upstream production generated by the sector, value added generated by the sector as well as downstream production. We also assess recent trends in telecom service levels, prices and the resulting labour income and investment behavior in the sector. Our assessment also includes projections of the relationship between telecom capital stock and overall Canadian GDP and GNP. We close with a discussion of the policy implications of the current regime of wholesale price regulation in the telecom sector and how this relates to investment incentives and by extension the overall health of the Canadian economy.
我们研究了电信部门在加拿大经济中所起的作用。这一审查主要基于对加拿大国民经济核算体系数据的分析。通过对上游和下游价值流的考察,我们逐项列出了电信行业的直接贡献,包括该行业产生的上游生产、该行业产生的附加值以及下游生产。我们还评估了电信服务水平、价格以及由此产生的劳动收入和该部门的投资行为的最新趋势。我们的评估还包括电信股本与加拿大整体GDP和国民生产总值之间关系的预测。最后,我们讨论了电信部门现行批发价格监管制度的政策影响,以及这与投资激励以及由此延伸到加拿大经济的整体健康状况之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
The Internet and the Grassroots Foundation of Civil Society in Indochina
Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3465089
Q. Vuong
It is widely believed that the social contract, credited to Magna Carta of Englandin the 13th century and subsequent thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes, JohnLocke, is the major factor that has empowered the concept of civil society in theworld, starting from the West. This perspective paper suggests that althoughthat still holds to a large extent, the case of Indochina shows a diametrical, andunnatural, difference as civic engagement in social matters of deep influence wasborn out of the state’s necessity to tolerate diverging voices, either bycontrolling, empowering or engaging, in order to cope with social conflicts. Thisobservation gives rise to the need for further studies on the nature of theinformation-power nexus in the age of big data and social networks.
人们普遍认为,由13世纪英国《大宪章》和后来的思想家如托马斯·霍布斯、约翰·洛克所确立的社会契约,是从西方开始赋予世界公民社会概念权力的主要因素。这一观察结果引发了对大数据和社交网络时代信息-权力关系本质的进一步研究的需要。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of Sponsored Data on Infrastructure Investments and Welfare 赞助数据对基础设施投资和福利的影响
Pub Date : 2017-12-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3042563
M. Kies
With increasing demand for wireless data and new requirements to uphold “net neutrality,” internet service providers try new methods to ensure their profits. Sponsored content, the archetype of “Zero-Rating,” allows the content provider to pay for the accrued traffic instead of the consumer. This paper shows, using a theoretical model, that allowing sponsored content has ambiguous results both on infrastructure investments and net welfare. Sponsored content may be used by the ISP to internalize additional profits of the content provider and thus motivate higher infrastructure investments, especially given very high network costs. However, given a sufficiently high profitability of the content provider, the internet service provider might be more interested in optimizing the income stream from the content provider than in the satisfaction of the consumer. This not only decreases effective network capacity but might also lead to a decrease in net welfare.
随着对无线数据需求的增加和维护“网络中立性”的新要求,互联网服务提供商尝试新的方法来确保他们的利润。赞助内容是“零评级”的原型,它允许内容提供商为累积的流量付费,而不是消费者。本文使用理论模型表明,允许赞助内容对基础设施投资和净福利都有模棱两可的结果。ISP可能会使用赞助内容来内化内容提供商的额外利润,从而激励更高的基础设施投资,特别是考虑到非常高的网络成本。然而,鉴于内容提供商的盈利能力足够高,互联网服务提供商可能对优化内容提供商的收入流更感兴趣,而不是消费者的满意度。这不仅降低了有效的网络容量,还可能导致净福利的减少。
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引用次数: 3
Speeding Up the Internet: Regulation and Investment in European Fiber Optic Infrastructure 加速互联网:欧洲光纤基础设施的监管和投资
Pub Date : 2017-05-03 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2962532
Wolfgang Briglauer, C. Cambini, M. Grajek
In this paper we study how the coexistence of access regulations for legacy (copper) and fiber networks shapes the incentives to invest in network infrastructure. To this end, we develop a theoretical model explaining investment incentives by incumbent telecom operators and heterogeneous entrants and test its main predictions using panel data from 27 EU member states over the last decade. Our theoretical model extends the existing literature by, among other things, allowing for heterogeneous entrants in internet access markets, as we consider both other telecom and cable TV operators as entrants. In the empirical part, we use a novel data set including information on physical fiber network investments, legacy network access regulation and recently imposed fiber access regulations. Our main finding is that more stringent access regulations for both the legacy and the fiber networks harm investments by incumbent telecom operators, but, in line with our theoretical model, do not affect cable TV operators.
在本文中,我们研究了传统(铜)和光纤网络的接入法规的共存如何影响对网络基础设施投资的激励。为此,我们开发了一个理论模型来解释现有电信运营商和异质进入者的投资激励,并使用过去十年来自27个欧盟成员国的面板数据来测试其主要预测。我们的理论模型扩展了现有文献,除其他外,允许互联网接入市场的异质进入者,因为我们将其他电信和有线电视运营商视为进入者。在实证部分,我们使用了一个新的数据集,包括物理光纤网络投资、传统网络接入法规和最近实施的光纤接入法规的信息。我们的主要发现是,对传统网络和光纤网络更严格的接入规定损害了现有电信运营商的投资,但与我们的理论模型一致,对有线电视运营商没有影响。
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引用次数: 35
Decentralisation in Togo: The Contribution of ICT-Based Participatory Development Approaches to Strengthening Local Governance 多哥的权力下放:基于信息通信技术的参与式发展方法对加强地方治理的贡献
Pub Date : 2017-02-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2915509
A. Breuer, Laura Blomenkemper, S. Kliesch, Franziska Salzer, M. Schädler, Valentin Schweinfurth, Stephen Virchow
This study adds to the debate on the contribution of digital Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) towards the improvement of local governance.Sub-Saharan Africa has been identified as a region where the achievement of development goals is hampered by a high degree of government centralisation. The recognition of decentralisation as a strategic imperative for development has contributed to the popularity of participatory development approaches (PDA) which aim at empowering local populations. Motivated by the rapid of mobile telephony in Africa, scholars and development practitioners have become increasingly interested in the possibility of utilising digital ICT in the context of PDA in the region. In the context of a decentralisation programme, the German KfW Development Bank is currently pilot testing an ICT-based citizen participation platform in several Togolese middle cities. The objective of the platform is two improve citizen participation, transparency, and accountability in local governance.This study presents a Social Network Analysis (SNA) that investigates the state of decentralisation in two of the Togolese cities in which KfW’s ICT-based citizen participation platform is being implemented.Based on the findings of the SNA, the authors discuss the potential of ICT-based participatory development approaches to strengthen local governance in general, and formulate specific recommendations for the further development of KfWs ICT-based citizen participation platform in Togo.
这项研究增加了关于数字信息和通信技术(ICT)对改善地方治理的贡献的辩论。撒哈拉以南非洲已被确定为一个发展目标的实现受到政府高度集权的阻碍的地区。由于认识到权力下放是发展的一项战略需要,因此促进了旨在赋予当地人口权力的参与性发展办法的普及。由于非洲移动电话的迅速发展,学者和发展实践者对在该地区PDA的背景下利用数字信息和通信技术的可能性越来越感兴趣。在权力下放项目的背景下,德国复兴信贷银行目前正在多哥几个中部城市试点测试一个基于信息通信技术的公民参与平台。该平台的目标是提高地方治理中的公民参与、透明度和问责制。本研究提出了一项社会网络分析(SNA),调查了正在实施KfW基于ict的公民参与平台的两个多哥城市的权力下放状况。根据SNA的研究结果,作者讨论了基于信息通信技术的参与式发展方法在总体上加强地方治理方面的潜力,并为KfWs在多哥进一步发展基于信息通信技术的公民参与平台提出了具体建议。
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引用次数: 16
Private Solutions to Broadband Adoption: An Economic Analysis 宽带采用的私人解决方案:经济分析
Pub Date : 2017-02-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2913113
T. Beard, George S. Ford, Michael L. Stern
TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 2 II. UNDERSTANDING THE BARRIERS TO BROADBAND ADOPTION 5 A. Demand-Side Barriers 5 B. Supply-Side Barriers 7 C. Social Value 8 D. Global Adoption Data 9 III. A MODEL OF BROADBAND ADOPTION 11 A. Choosing the Number of Quality Tiers 13 B. Awareness, Literacy, and Promotion 16 C. Summary 17 IV. ADDITIONAL WAYS "FREE-BUT-LIMITED" ACCESS ENCOURAGES ADOPTION 18 A. Increasing Adoption by Ensuring Continuous Access 18 B. Adoption Programs as Connectivity Insurance 19 V. CONCLUSION 22 I. INTRODUCTION Broadband Internet service is seen as critical to economic and social progress, yet broadband is not ubiquitously available and, even where available, the adoption rate is often seen as being too low. Consequently, expanding broadband deployment and adoption are top policy goals in nearly every industrialized nation as well as in many developing regions. (1) It is not proving to be an easy task. Faced with many impediments of both a public and private nature, progress on improving availability and adoption has proven unsatisfactory, resulting in what is often described as a "digital divide" separating the information "haves" from the "have nots." (2) In the United States, for example, broadband adoption appears to have plateaued even while systematic differences in adoption rates exist among subpopulations. The global digital divide is even more pronounced. (3) In less-developed economies, the hurdles to availability and adoption are especially high and Internet adoption rates remain very low. Despite differences in the economic fundamentals of nations, the barriers to deployment and adoption are categorically of the same underlying nature. On the supply side, the lack of access to broadband is mostly a financial issue driven by the high infrastructure costs of network deployment relative to the revenue potential. (4) On the demand side, research consistently points to the related concepts of awareness and digital literacy, as well as affordability. (5) An effective policy for expanding broadband adoption, therefore, seemingly must expose consumers to broadband service, do so at very low prices (or even free), and yet secure sufficient revenue for network deployment, maintenance, and upgrades. Thus far, despite much effort and discussion, no government has found an effective solution to this complex problem. Private companies have begun their own search for methods to increase adoption, perhaps driven in part by altruism and in part by the pursuit of income. In the United States, for instance, Comcast's Internet Essentials program provides a subsidized 10-Mbps connection and low-cost computers to qualified lower-income households. (6) While privately funded, the program is connecting more households to the Internet than multibillion dollars efforts by the U.S. federal government. (7) Similarly, Facebook's Free Basics program helps to address the awareness and affordability barriers to adoption by offering consumers free acces
目录1 .引言2了解宽带采用的障碍5a。需求侧障碍5 B.供给侧障碍7 C.社会价值8 D.全球采用数据9宽带采用的一个模型。选择质量等级的数量13 B.意识、读写能力和推广16 C.总结17 IV.“免费但有限制”的获取鼓励采用的其他方式18 A。通过确保持续访问来提高采用率18 B.作为连接保险的采用率计划19 V.宽带互联网服务被视为对经济和社会进步至关重要,但宽带并不是无处不在,即使在有宽带的地方,采用率也往往被认为太低。因此,扩大宽带的部署和采用是几乎每个工业化国家以及许多发展中地区的首要政策目标。事实证明这不是一件容易的事。面对许多公共和私人性质的障碍,在提高可用性和采用方面的进展被证明是不令人满意的,导致了通常被描述为“数字鸿沟”,将信息“拥有”与“没有”分开。(2)例如,在美国,宽带的采用似乎已经趋于平稳,尽管在不同的人群中存在着采用率的系统性差异。全球数字鸿沟更加明显。(3)在欠发达经济体,互联网的可用性和采用障碍特别大,互联网的采用率仍然很低。尽管各国的经济基础存在差异,但部署和采用的障碍显然具有相同的基本性质。在供应方面,宽带接入的缺乏主要是由网络部署的高基础设施成本(相对于收入潜力)造成的财务问题。(4)在需求方面,研究一致指出了意识和数字素养以及可负担性的相关概念。(5)因此,扩大宽带采用的有效政策似乎必须让消费者以极低的价格(甚至免费)获得宽带服务,同时确保足够的收入用于网络部署、维护和升级。到目前为止,尽管经过了许多努力和讨论,没有一个政府找到一个有效的解决这个复杂问题的办法。私营公司也开始寻找提高采用率的方法,可能部分是出于利他主义,部分是出于对收入的追求。例如,在美国,康卡斯特的“互联网必需品”计划为符合条件的低收入家庭提供10兆每秒的补贴连接和低成本电脑。(6)虽然该项目由私人资助,但与美国联邦政府耗资数十亿美元的项目相比,该项目将更多的家庭接入了互联网。(7)同样,Facebook的Free Basics计划通过向消费者提供免费的基本在线服务(如通信工具、医疗服务、教育信息和工作工具),帮助解决认知和负担能力障碍。(8)免费基础在50多个国家和城市(主要是发展中国家)提供,Facebook的连接努力,包括免费基础,已经成功地使2500多万人上网。(9)尽管这些项目在日益普及方面取得了明显的成功,但人们对这些项目提供的基本连接是否适当提出了一些问题。…
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引用次数: 2
期刊
PSN: Infrastructure & Communication (Topic)
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