Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00094633.2023.2235218
Qu Jun
Abstract The writings of Wu Mi (吳宓) and other scholars of the Critical Review (Xueheng) group can be considered within the context of both their journal and beyond. In 1922, Wu Mi wrote an essay outside of Critical Review, entitled “A Response to the New Culture Movement.” Most people only know of the essay through Lu Xun’s 魯迅 criticism of it in “A Doctrine of Inclusiveness.” Because Wu Mi’s reputation has been overshadowed by Lu Xun’s prominence, the essay itself is actually relatively unknown. This article analyzes and discusses the impact of “A Response to the New Culture Movement” beyond Lu Xun’s reaction to it. Wu Mi’s understanding of the New Culture Movement as exhibited in the article, as well as the untimeliness of its publication, helps us understand Wu Mi and the Critical Review group through a wider lens.
{"title":"Beyond the Critical Review: Examining Wu Mi’s “A Response to the New Culture Movement”","authors":"Qu Jun","doi":"10.1080/00094633.2023.2235218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00094633.2023.2235218","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The writings of Wu Mi (吳宓) and other scholars of the Critical Review (Xueheng) group can be considered within the context of both their journal and beyond. In 1922, Wu Mi wrote an essay outside of Critical Review, entitled “A Response to the New Culture Movement.” Most people only know of the essay through Lu Xun’s 魯迅 criticism of it in “A Doctrine of Inclusiveness.” Because Wu Mi’s reputation has been overshadowed by Lu Xun’s prominence, the essay itself is actually relatively unknown. This article analyzes and discusses the impact of “A Response to the New Culture Movement” beyond Lu Xun’s reaction to it. Wu Mi’s understanding of the New Culture Movement as exhibited in the article, as well as the untimeliness of its publication, helps us understand Wu Mi and the Critical Review group through a wider lens.","PeriodicalId":41331,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE STUDIES IN HISTORY","volume":"56 1","pages":"166 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44062811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00094633.2023.2221606
Sun Jiang
Abstract When discussing modern Chinese thought, it is customary to place Critical Review and New Youth in a dichotomous relationship. This paper argues the opposite, emphasizing the “connection” between the two. Specifically, through the debate between Hu Shi and the key members of the Critical Review group—Mei Guangdi and Wu Mi—at a wedding banquet held at the YMCA in Nanjing on December 1, 1923, this paper points out that there was no lack of “friendship” between them despite their opposing views, for, with the exception of a few in the group who criticized the use of vernacular Chinese, Mei and Wu approved of cultural reform. That is, Hu Shi and the Critical Review members were highly complementary in their understanding of the “new” and the “old”; the latter was only disapproval of the radical form of New Culture. However, unlike Hu Shi who emphasized the equal importance of elites and non-elites in National Studies, the Critical Review scholars stressed the role of the elites and the connection between traditional Chinese thought and New Humanism.
{"title":"Hu Shi and the Critical Review group","authors":"Sun Jiang","doi":"10.1080/00094633.2023.2221606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00094633.2023.2221606","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract When discussing modern Chinese thought, it is customary to place Critical Review and New Youth in a dichotomous relationship. This paper argues the opposite, emphasizing the “connection” between the two. Specifically, through the debate between Hu Shi and the key members of the Critical Review group—Mei Guangdi and Wu Mi—at a wedding banquet held at the YMCA in Nanjing on December 1, 1923, this paper points out that there was no lack of “friendship” between them despite their opposing views, for, with the exception of a few in the group who criticized the use of vernacular Chinese, Mei and Wu approved of cultural reform. That is, Hu Shi and the Critical Review members were highly complementary in their understanding of the “new” and the “old”; the latter was only disapproval of the radical form of New Culture. However, unlike Hu Shi who emphasized the equal importance of elites and non-elites in National Studies, the Critical Review scholars stressed the role of the elites and the connection between traditional Chinese thought and New Humanism.","PeriodicalId":41331,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE STUDIES IN HISTORY","volume":"56 1","pages":"106 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48208613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00094633.2023.2221609
Yan Jiajia
Abstract Amidst the intellectual tides of the May Fourth Movement, Mei Guangdi (梅光迪, 1890–1945) believed that a “truly modern person” was someone who could maintain their intellectual independence and Confucian flexibility under immense cultural pressure. Because of this, Mei Guangdi took the advice of his mentor Irving Babbitt and supported the study and interpretation of the modernity within core Confucian philosophies to promote the Chinese national essence and absorb new knowledge. Mei Guangdi’s theoretical framework for “New Confucianism” included “exploring Europe’s cultural roots and its reasons for growth” rather than “ridiculously abandoning two thousand years of Chinese history.” With the aid of “folk literature,” he outlined a basic framework of modern cultural transition for “New Confucianism” and a “New Confucian Culture Movement.” In terms of core principles, Mei Guangdi emphasized the “eternal value of Confucianism” while offering new modern interpretations of “ritual.” The transformation of the “New Confucianism Movement” could be seen in how the concept of “gentleman” (junzi) affected societal transformation. More concretely, it influenced how new intellectuals understood citizenship, the responsibilities and roles of scholars, and the development of Confucianism. This article examines how Mei Guangdi used a holistic approach to Confucianism to create proposals for China’s modern cultural transition.
{"title":"“New Humanist” Confucianism: A study of Mei Guangdi of the Xueheng group","authors":"Yan Jiajia","doi":"10.1080/00094633.2023.2221609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00094633.2023.2221609","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Amidst the intellectual tides of the May Fourth Movement, Mei Guangdi (梅光迪, 1890–1945) believed that a “truly modern person” was someone who could maintain their intellectual independence and Confucian flexibility under immense cultural pressure. Because of this, Mei Guangdi took the advice of his mentor Irving Babbitt and supported the study and interpretation of the modernity within core Confucian philosophies to promote the Chinese national essence and absorb new knowledge. Mei Guangdi’s theoretical framework for “New Confucianism” included “exploring Europe’s cultural roots and its reasons for growth” rather than “ridiculously abandoning two thousand years of Chinese history.” With the aid of “folk literature,” he outlined a basic framework of modern cultural transition for “New Confucianism” and a “New Confucian Culture Movement.” In terms of core principles, Mei Guangdi emphasized the “eternal value of Confucianism” while offering new modern interpretations of “ritual.” The transformation of the “New Confucianism Movement” could be seen in how the concept of “gentleman” (junzi) affected societal transformation. More concretely, it influenced how new intellectuals understood citizenship, the responsibilities and roles of scholars, and the development of Confucianism. This article examines how Mei Guangdi used a holistic approach to Confucianism to create proposals for China’s modern cultural transition.","PeriodicalId":41331,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE STUDIES IN HISTORY","volume":"56 1","pages":"151 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45662656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00094633.2023.2227037
Q. Wang, Sun Jiang
One day in May 1930, Irving Babbitt (1865–1933), the Harvard professor in French literature and a leading advocate of New Humanism, traveled to New York city and had an open debate with his critics in the Carnegie Hall. According to his followers who attended the event, Babbitt did not do so well facing his critics on the occasion. But the debate nevertheless was a landmark event in the development of New Humanism in America. Here it perhaps not the place to give a detailed introduction to New Humanism. Suffice it to say that Babbitt and his friends and supporters were unhappy with the decline of classical culture in the advancement of modern social life in America. They argued the need for preserving and promoting the humanist ideals nurtured by and anchored on ancient Greek and Roman culture against the erosion of scientism on the one hand and utilitarianism and individualism on the other. To prove that ancient wisdom and morals remained a valuable model for guiding modern life, Babbitt also extended his interest from the Judeo-Christian world to early traditions of the East, such as the teachings of both Buddhism and Confucianism. It is worth noting that the debate Irving Babbitt had with his critics, such as John Dewey (1859– 1952), had a Chinese rehearsal a decade or so before. After Qing China suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Japan in the last days of the nineteenth century, the interest in studying abroad cascaded into a strong trend among young Chinese students. At the turn of the twentieth century, for example, the number of Chinese students enrolled in various levels of Japanese schools was estimated to be as high as 20,000. Animated by the rising tide of Chinese nationalism, some of these students took a heroic role in the revolutionary activities that eventually brought the Qing dynasty to an end in 1911. When the country’s political power shifted, the study-abroad trend shifted away from Japan and toward the United States and Europe. The fact that the US government decided to offer the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to talented Chinese students at the time (using the retribution paid by the Qing for the Boxer Rebellion of 1900) fueled the directional change. Among the students who received the scholarship and began their studies in the United States emerged a number of future Chinese leaders in a variety of fields. Hu Shi 胡適 (1891–1962), who attended Cornell and Columbia between 1910 and 1917, was a notable example. Hu, dubbed “the father of the Chinese renaissance,” advocated for the venacularization of written Chinese, or the “vernacular Chinese movement” (白話文運動). His hope was to foster a sense of citizenship among the populace for the young republic by facilitating social communication and closing the gap between the educated and uneducated classes. Hu’s advocacy was met with enthusiastic support from the faculty and students at Peking University, where he returned from the United States as a professor of philosophy. A disc
{"title":"Between the old and the new: Reevaluating the Critical Review and its legacy—Editors’ introduction","authors":"Q. Wang, Sun Jiang","doi":"10.1080/00094633.2023.2227037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00094633.2023.2227037","url":null,"abstract":"One day in May 1930, Irving Babbitt (1865–1933), the Harvard professor in French literature and a leading advocate of New Humanism, traveled to New York city and had an open debate with his critics in the Carnegie Hall. According to his followers who attended the event, Babbitt did not do so well facing his critics on the occasion. But the debate nevertheless was a landmark event in the development of New Humanism in America. Here it perhaps not the place to give a detailed introduction to New Humanism. Suffice it to say that Babbitt and his friends and supporters were unhappy with the decline of classical culture in the advancement of modern social life in America. They argued the need for preserving and promoting the humanist ideals nurtured by and anchored on ancient Greek and Roman culture against the erosion of scientism on the one hand and utilitarianism and individualism on the other. To prove that ancient wisdom and morals remained a valuable model for guiding modern life, Babbitt also extended his interest from the Judeo-Christian world to early traditions of the East, such as the teachings of both Buddhism and Confucianism. It is worth noting that the debate Irving Babbitt had with his critics, such as John Dewey (1859– 1952), had a Chinese rehearsal a decade or so before. After Qing China suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Japan in the last days of the nineteenth century, the interest in studying abroad cascaded into a strong trend among young Chinese students. At the turn of the twentieth century, for example, the number of Chinese students enrolled in various levels of Japanese schools was estimated to be as high as 20,000. Animated by the rising tide of Chinese nationalism, some of these students took a heroic role in the revolutionary activities that eventually brought the Qing dynasty to an end in 1911. When the country’s political power shifted, the study-abroad trend shifted away from Japan and toward the United States and Europe. The fact that the US government decided to offer the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to talented Chinese students at the time (using the retribution paid by the Qing for the Boxer Rebellion of 1900) fueled the directional change. Among the students who received the scholarship and began their studies in the United States emerged a number of future Chinese leaders in a variety of fields. Hu Shi 胡適 (1891–1962), who attended Cornell and Columbia between 1910 and 1917, was a notable example. Hu, dubbed “the father of the Chinese renaissance,” advocated for the venacularization of written Chinese, or the “vernacular Chinese movement” (白話文運動). His hope was to foster a sense of citizenship among the populace for the young republic by facilitating social communication and closing the gap between the educated and uneducated classes. Hu’s advocacy was met with enthusiastic support from the faculty and students at Peking University, where he returned from the United States as a professor of philosophy. A disc","PeriodicalId":41331,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE STUDIES IN HISTORY","volume":"56 1","pages":"101 - 105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44927321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00094633.2023.2221607
Xie Ren
Abstract “May Fourth” was a historical period of transitions, from individualism to socialism, and from “new youth” to “progressive youth.” Instructors and students at Peking University were leaders of these trends. In contrast with Peking University, Liu Boming 劉伯明, a leader at Nanjing Higher Normal School-National Southeastern University, experienced an intellectual shift “running counter to what contemporaries valued.” Soon after the May Fourth incident, Liu Boming supported and guided his students to establish social consciousness and concern for social affairs; however, starting in 1920, sensitive to the unexpected changes taking place among students and within intellectual circles, Liu Boming turned toward advocacy of spiritual development, focusing on creating a simple, reserved academic atmosphere at Nanjing Higher Normal School-National Southeastern University. Although Liu Boming’s ideas and practices could not change the direction in which trends were moving in that period, they represented another side of May Fourth, reflecting the complexity of society and culture during the May Fourth period.
{"title":"“Running counter to what contemporaries valued”—The intellectual shift of Liu Boming of the May Fourth period","authors":"Xie Ren","doi":"10.1080/00094633.2023.2221607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00094633.2023.2221607","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract “May Fourth” was a historical period of transitions, from individualism to socialism, and from “new youth” to “progressive youth.” Instructors and students at Peking University were leaders of these trends. In contrast with Peking University, Liu Boming 劉伯明, a leader at Nanjing Higher Normal School-National Southeastern University, experienced an intellectual shift “running counter to what contemporaries valued.” Soon after the May Fourth incident, Liu Boming supported and guided his students to establish social consciousness and concern for social affairs; however, starting in 1920, sensitive to the unexpected changes taking place among students and within intellectual circles, Liu Boming turned toward advocacy of spiritual development, focusing on creating a simple, reserved academic atmosphere at Nanjing Higher Normal School-National Southeastern University. Although Liu Boming’s ideas and practices could not change the direction in which trends were moving in that period, they represented another side of May Fourth, reflecting the complexity of society and culture during the May Fourth period.","PeriodicalId":41331,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE STUDIES IN HISTORY","volume":"56 1","pages":"136 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44477039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00094633.2023.2217666
Lin Chen
{"title":"Lawrence Wang-Chi Wong 王宏志, Long yu shi de duihua: Fanyi yu Maga’erni fanghua shituan 龍與獅的對話：翻譯與馬戛爾尼訪華使團 (Dialogue Between the Dragon and the Lion: Translation and the Macartney Mission)","authors":"Lin Chen","doi":"10.1080/00094633.2023.2217666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00094633.2023.2217666","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41331,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE STUDIES IN HISTORY","volume":"56 1","pages":"188 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44427562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00094633.2023.2221608
X. Jilin
Abstract From the late Qing to the May Fourth period, there were two lines of intellectuals when it came to thought, concepts, and spiritual nature. One was the literati of the romantic school from Kang Youwei 康有爲 and Liang Qichao 梁啓超 of the Hundred Days’ Reform to the New Youth of the May Fourth, while the other was the Neo-Confucian intellectuals from Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 and Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 to the Xueheng group 學衡派. The Xueheng group were figures within the New School who held classical sentiments and could be called the “old school within the new school.” During the May Fourth period, while Enlightenment School intellectuals were active in the arena of public opinion, the Xueheng group intellectuals held fast to the “new temple” of the academy. Within the Xueheng group, however, unlike academy intellectuals such as Chen Yinke 陳寅恪 and Liu Yizheng 柳詒徵, Wu Mi 吳宓, and Mei Guangdi 梅光迪 wanted to be public intellectuals influential in society who could compete with Hu Shi 胡適 and Chen Duxiu 陳獨秀 for the right of discourse in public space. In the end, they could not escape the fate of marginalization due to their misjudgment of both the time and space. Furthermore, the departure and misplacement of the actions and concepts of Wu Mi and Mei Guangdi also harmed the image of the character of the new classicists.
{"title":"The untimely Don Quixotes: “The old school within the new school” during the May Fourth period","authors":"X. Jilin","doi":"10.1080/00094633.2023.2221608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00094633.2023.2221608","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract From the late Qing to the May Fourth period, there were two lines of intellectuals when it came to thought, concepts, and spiritual nature. One was the literati of the romantic school from Kang Youwei 康有爲 and Liang Qichao 梁啓超 of the Hundred Days’ Reform to the New Youth of the May Fourth, while the other was the Neo-Confucian intellectuals from Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 and Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 to the Xueheng group 學衡派. The Xueheng group were figures within the New School who held classical sentiments and could be called the “old school within the new school.” During the May Fourth period, while Enlightenment School intellectuals were active in the arena of public opinion, the Xueheng group intellectuals held fast to the “new temple” of the academy. Within the Xueheng group, however, unlike academy intellectuals such as Chen Yinke 陳寅恪 and Liu Yizheng 柳詒徵, Wu Mi 吳宓, and Mei Guangdi 梅光迪 wanted to be public intellectuals influential in society who could compete with Hu Shi 胡適 and Chen Duxiu 陳獨秀 for the right of discourse in public space. In the end, they could not escape the fate of marginalization due to their misjudgment of both the time and space. Furthermore, the departure and misplacement of the actions and concepts of Wu Mi and Mei Guangdi also harmed the image of the character of the new classicists.","PeriodicalId":41331,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE STUDIES IN HISTORY","volume":"56 1","pages":"115 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47339813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.14378/kacs.2023.82.82.14
{"title":"The Coalition among Evil Women in Ancient Korean and Chinese Literature","authors":"","doi":"10.14378/kacs.2023.82.82.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14378/kacs.2023.82.82.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41331,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE STUDIES IN HISTORY","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82019021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.14378/kacs.2023.82.82.15
{"title":"A Study on the Collective Memory and Political Ideas of the Chinese People with focusing on Lyra song","authors":"","doi":"10.14378/kacs.2023.82.82.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14378/kacs.2023.82.82.15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41331,"journal":{"name":"CHINESE STUDIES IN HISTORY","volume":"299302 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77882178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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