{"title":"Spain","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/02167730-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/02167730-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413673,"journal":{"name":"OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 2019 Issue 1","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130894411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the early 1990s the German hospital sector has been in an ongoing process of restructuring. The most obvious signs for this are a continuing decline in the number of hospitals and hospital beds and a growing number of hospital privatisations. Concerning the latter there have been two waves of privatisations so far. The first wave started in the early 1990s and following German unification was very much concentrated on eastern Germany. A second wave started after 2000 and now covers the whole of Germany. The current wave hit its temporary peak with the first privatisation of a university hospital, involving the universities of Marburg and Gießen at the beginning of 2006.
{"title":"Germany","authors":"T. Schulten","doi":"10.1787/b47f60c8-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/b47f60c8-en","url":null,"abstract":"Since the early 1990s the German hospital sector has been in an ongoing process of restructuring. The most obvious signs for this are a continuing decline in the number of hospitals and hospital beds and a growing number of hospital privatisations. Concerning the latter there have been two waves of privatisations so far. The first wave started in the early 1990s and following German unification was very much concentrated on eastern Germany. A second wave started after 2000 and now covers the whole of Germany. The current wave hit its temporary peak with the first privatisation of a university hospital, involving the universities of Marburg and Gießen at the beginning of 2006.","PeriodicalId":413673,"journal":{"name":"OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 2019 Issue 1","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114911821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-19DOI: 10.1787/int_trade-v2018-3-table88-en
{"title":"Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/int_trade-v2018-3-table88-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/int_trade-v2018-3-table88-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413673,"journal":{"name":"OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 2019 Issue 1","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132283873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-19DOI: 10.1787/int_trade-v2017-3-table95-en
{"title":"Other business services","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/int_trade-v2017-3-table95-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/int_trade-v2017-3-table95-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413673,"journal":{"name":"OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 2019 Issue 1","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116816668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-19DOI: 10.1787/int_trade-v2016-3-table97-en
{"title":"Government goods and services n.i.e.","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/int_trade-v2016-3-table97-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/int_trade-v2016-3-table97-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413673,"journal":{"name":"OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 2019 Issue 1","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117158050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-19DOI: 10.1787/sits-v2016-1-table3-en
{"title":"Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/sits-v2016-1-table3-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/sits-v2016-1-table3-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413673,"journal":{"name":"OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 2019 Issue 1","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128605145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-19DOI: 10.1787/sits-v2017-1-table7-en
{"title":"Other modes of transport","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/sits-v2017-1-table7-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/sits-v2017-1-table7-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413673,"journal":{"name":"OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 2019 Issue 1","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114756156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-11DOI: 10.1787/mei-v2018-12-table78-en
I. Matonytė
Since early 1990s, the electoral campaigns in Lithuania take place within the framework of long-term parliamentary party agreements on Euro-Atlantic integration (more specifically, in the context of fear of pernicious geo-political interference from Russia) and free market reforms (or, in other words, eagerness to integrate into the European market and to be part of the euro-zone). The overall distance between parties on the socioeconomic scale is fairly small and, among political elites, the pro-Western consensus is apparent. There are no real outcast parties in Lithuania. The Lithuanian society itself is not ravaged by deep socio-political cleavages and its ethnic, religious, or corporate divides are not sharp. Yet, electoral volatility is high and political parties are numerous. However, governments in Lithuania are relatively stable. The ministerial government model entrenches itself in Lithuania. Since 2000 the increasingly unstable multi-party system necessitates that the coalition governments are based on inter-party bargaining. The tendency is towards ‘oversized’ cabinets and surplus coalitions. As a rule, publicly available coalition agreements resemble rather memorandums of understanding than seriously thought-through documents of partnership for a particular policy agenda. Coalitions in Lithuania accommodate office-seeking parties and politicians. Commitment of the parties to the coalition in question is routinely maintained via the distribution of ministerial portfolios. The coalition management machinery produces personified accommodations, dubious compromises, delays, and postponements as typical modes of conflict resolution. These deficiencies in turn lead to erosion of political accountability, which further breeds frustration and political protest.
{"title":"Lithuania","authors":"I. Matonytė","doi":"10.1787/mei-v2018-12-table78-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/mei-v2018-12-table78-en","url":null,"abstract":"Since early 1990s, the electoral campaigns in Lithuania take place within the framework of long-term parliamentary party agreements on Euro-Atlantic integration (more specifically, in the context of fear of pernicious geo-political interference from Russia) and free market reforms (or, in other words, eagerness to integrate into the European market and to be part of the euro-zone). The overall distance between parties on the socioeconomic scale is fairly small and, among political elites, the pro-Western consensus is apparent. There are no real outcast parties in Lithuania. The Lithuanian society itself is not ravaged by deep socio-political cleavages and its ethnic, religious, or corporate divides are not sharp. Yet, electoral volatility is high and political parties are numerous. However, governments in Lithuania are relatively stable. The ministerial government model entrenches itself in Lithuania. Since 2000 the increasingly unstable multi-party system necessitates that the coalition governments are based on inter-party bargaining. The tendency is towards ‘oversized’ cabinets and surplus coalitions. As a rule, publicly available coalition agreements resemble rather memorandums of understanding than seriously thought-through documents of partnership for a particular policy agenda. Coalitions in Lithuania accommodate office-seeking parties and politicians. Commitment of the parties to the coalition in question is routinely maintained via the distribution of ministerial portfolios. The coalition management machinery produces personified accommodations, dubious compromises, delays, and postponements as typical modes of conflict resolution. These deficiencies in turn lead to erosion of political accountability, which further breeds frustration and political protest.","PeriodicalId":413673,"journal":{"name":"OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 2019 Issue 1","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124515281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.1787/sits-v2017-2-35-en
{"title":"European Union (28)","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/sits-v2017-2-35-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/sits-v2017-2-35-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413673,"journal":{"name":"OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 2019 Issue 1","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133196033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-21DOI: 10.1787/mei-v2018-12-table90-en
N. L. Feuvre, M. Avramito, Valérie Hugentobler
This chapter explores the situation of older workers in Switzerland and reflects on the gender implications of extending working life policies and practices. Firstly, we describe the current employment patterns of older workers in the Swiss context, paying particular attention to gender differences over the life-course. In a second section, we present the three-pillar Swiss pension system, before going on to analyse the nature and the origins of the gender pension gap. In a final section, we summarize the most important extended working life policy initiatives that have taken place in recent years and discuss the mismatch between these reforms and the conservative gender regime that has influenced the life-course of current generations of older workers.
{"title":"Switzerland","authors":"N. L. Feuvre, M. Avramito, Valérie Hugentobler","doi":"10.1787/mei-v2018-12-table90-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/mei-v2018-12-table90-en","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the situation of older workers in Switzerland and reflects on the gender implications of extending working life policies and practices. Firstly, we describe the current employment patterns of older workers in the Swiss context, paying particular attention to gender differences over the life-course. In a second section, we present the three-pillar Swiss pension system, before going on to analyse the nature and the origins of the gender pension gap. In a final section, we summarize the most important extended working life policy initiatives that have taken place in recent years and discuss the mismatch between these reforms and the conservative gender regime that has influenced the life-course of current generations of older workers.","PeriodicalId":413673,"journal":{"name":"OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 2019 Issue 1","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123093963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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