Pub Date : 2019-02-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0002
L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro
Immaturity of the neonatal kidney predisposes to renal injury. Causes, treatment, and outcome are different to older children.
新生儿肾脏发育不成熟易致肾损伤。病因、治疗和结果与年龄较大的儿童不同。
{"title":"The neonate","authors":"L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Immaturity of the neonatal kidney predisposes to renal injury. Causes, treatment, and outcome are different to older children.","PeriodicalId":415366,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131797141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0016
L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro
In children, hypertension by definition affects <5% of the paediatric population. In contrast to adults, where hypertension is typically idiopathic, a primary cause is often identified, especially in young children. This chapter reviews the definition and diagnosis of hypertension and the work-up to identify a potentially underlying cause. The latter is critical to instigate appropriate treatment.
{"title":"Hypertension","authors":"L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"In children, hypertension by definition affects <5% of the paediatric population. In contrast to adults, where hypertension is typically idiopathic, a primary cause is often identified, especially in young children. This chapter reviews the definition and diagnosis of hypertension and the work-up to identify a potentially underlying cause. The latter is critical to instigate appropriate treatment.","PeriodicalId":415366,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130804816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0021
L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro
Kidney transplantation offers children with chronic kidney disease stage 5 the best chance of long-term survival and is associated with lower morbidity than long-term dialysis. However, transplantation surgery and the necessary long-term immunosuppressive therapy expose the child to an increased risk of a number of different complications, including infection, metabolic abnormalities, and malignancy. In the era of modern immunosuppressive therapy, acute rejection rates are low; however, there remain significant challenges regarding the management of recurrent disease and chronic antibody-mediated rejection.
{"title":"Transplantation","authors":"L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Kidney transplantation offers children with chronic kidney disease stage 5 the best chance of long-term survival and is associated with lower morbidity than long-term dialysis. However, transplantation surgery and the necessary long-term immunosuppressive therapy expose the child to an increased risk of a number of different complications, including infection, metabolic abnormalities, and malignancy. In the era of modern immunosuppressive therapy, acute rejection rates are low; however, there remain significant challenges regarding the management of recurrent disease and chronic antibody-mediated rejection.","PeriodicalId":415366,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128039772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0023
L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro
In common with many chronic disease populations, children with chronic kidney disease experience high rates of psychosocial problems. Non-adherence with prescribed therapy is a major issue, particularly during the teenage years, and is associated with reduced transplant survival and other adverse outcomes. Many children have multiple co-morbidities and complex ethical issues may arise relating to the commencement of invasive life-prolonging interventions, including dialysis and transplantation. Where a decision is made to discontinue life-sustaining therapy, it is essential that appropriate palliative care is provided.
{"title":"Psychosocial issues","authors":"L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"In common with many chronic disease populations, children with chronic kidney disease experience high rates of psychosocial problems. Non-adherence with prescribed therapy is a major issue, particularly during the teenage years, and is associated with reduced transplant survival and other adverse outcomes. Many children have multiple co-morbidities and complex ethical issues may arise relating to the commencement of invasive life-prolonging interventions, including dialysis and transplantation. Where a decision is made to discontinue life-sustaining therapy, it is essential that appropriate palliative care is provided.","PeriodicalId":415366,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125367828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0005
L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro
Enuresis is common and it is important to know whether the cause is benign or pathological.
遗尿是常见的，重要的是要知道是良性的还是病理性的原因。
{"title":"Enuresis","authors":"L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Enuresis is common and it is important to know whether the cause is benign or pathological.","PeriodicalId":415366,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125896506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198784272.003.0006
L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro
The kidneys are tasked with maintaining electrolyte and acid–base homeostasis. This means that the kidneys adjust urinary excretion, so that the concentrations of the various electrolytes in the plasma are maintained in the normal range. In this chapter, the various electrolyte and acid–base disorders are discussed with an emphasis on the underlying physiological principles. Recognition of these principles is critical, as correct identification of the underlying problem is key to adequate treatment.
{"title":"Electrolyte and acid–base disorders","authors":"L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198784272.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198784272.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The kidneys are tasked with maintaining electrolyte and acid–base homeostasis. This means that the kidneys adjust urinary excretion, so that the concentrations of the various electrolytes in the plasma are maintained in the normal range. In this chapter, the various electrolyte and acid–base disorders are discussed with an emphasis on the underlying physiological principles. Recognition of these principles is critical, as correct identification of the underlying problem is key to adequate treatment.","PeriodicalId":415366,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128643112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199601370.003.0084
L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro
Understanding of the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome is rapidly increasing and new treatments are evolving. However, these diseases remain difficult to manage, with little evidence to help decide on optimum treatment strategies.
{"title":"Glomerular disease","authors":"L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199601370.003.0084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199601370.003.0084","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding of the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome is rapidly increasing and new treatments are evolving. However, these diseases remain difficult to manage, with little evidence to help decide on optimum treatment strategies.","PeriodicalId":415366,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121566187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198784272.003.0014
L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro
Renal abnormalities can occur alone or as part of a syndrome. Many children with chromosomal defects have renal abnormalities.
肾脏异常可单独发生或作为综合征的一部分。许多有染色体缺陷的儿童有肾脏异常。
{"title":"Renal dysplasia and other manifestations in syndromic diseases","authors":"L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198784272.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198784272.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Renal abnormalities can occur alone or as part of a syndrome. Many children with chromosomal defects have renal abnormalities.","PeriodicalId":415366,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122296683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0007
L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro
Tubular function is critical for the maintenance of electrolyte and acid–base balance. Consequently, acid–base disorders typically manifest with alterations in plasma electrolyte concentrations and/or pH. Tubular handling of the various electrolytes is often linked on a molecular level. For example, secretion of potassium and protons in the collecting duct is dependent on sodium reabsorption. Consequently, tubular disorders typically present with characteristic patterns of electrolyte and acid–base abnormalities, which can serve as biochemical ‘fingerprints’ for the accurate diagnosis of the underlying disorder. Recognition of these ‘fingerprints’ is critical as correct identification of the underlying disorder is key for appropriate treatment.
{"title":"Tubular disorders","authors":"L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Tubular function is critical for the maintenance of electrolyte and acid–base balance. Consequently, acid–base disorders typically manifest with alterations in plasma electrolyte concentrations and/or pH. Tubular handling of the various electrolytes is often linked on a molecular level. For example, secretion of potassium and protons in the collecting duct is dependent on sodium reabsorption. Consequently, tubular disorders typically present with characteristic patterns of electrolyte and acid–base abnormalities, which can serve as biochemical ‘fingerprints’ for the accurate diagnosis of the underlying disorder. Recognition of these ‘fingerprints’ is critical as correct identification of the underlying disorder is key for appropriate treatment.","PeriodicalId":415366,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology","volume":"207 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120905285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0017
L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro
The causes of acute kidney injury, the assessment of the patient, and management of the different causes are discussed in this chapter.
本章讨论了急性肾损伤的原因、患者的评估和不同原因的处理。
{"title":"Acute kidney injury","authors":"L. Rees, N. Webb, D. Bockenhauer, M. Punaro","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784272.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"The causes of acute kidney injury, the assessment of the patient, and management of the different causes are discussed in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":415366,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133657413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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