Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1353/rss.2023.a904088
B. Russell
historical perspective to make sense of future conflicts and crises. This is not just abstract theory; a major international crisis is quite likely to occur in your lifetime. This course is guided by a concern for both theory and history. In the first half of the semester we survey the leading theories of the causes of war, using the “levels-of-analysis” framework to categorize these theories and organize our survey. We begin with the “system” level and focus on realist theories of conflict focusing on state power and interest, giving particular attention to balance of power theory and power transition theory. We also examine the “Prisoner’s dilemma” model, deterrence and spiral models, and the “bargaining model of war.” Each of these theories assumes that states’ foreign policies are rational responses to their external environments and designed to maximize the national interest. Other theories suggest that the causes of war derive from factors internal to the state, including the domestic political interests of decision-makers, the economic interests of private groups, public opinion, or organizational processes. We examine these “societal” and “governmental” level theories, along with “individual” level theories that emphasize the role of the belief systems, personalities, and idiosyncracies of political leaders. We illustrate each of the main theoretical arguments with examples from a wide range of historical cases. Among the questions the levels-of-analysis framework leads us to ask is whether the outbreak of wars is due more to states’ external competition for power and security or to their internal political dynamics or the psychological make-up of political leaders.
{"title":"Causes of War","authors":"B. Russell","doi":"10.1353/rss.2023.a904088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rss.2023.a904088","url":null,"abstract":"historical perspective to make sense of future conflicts and crises. This is not just abstract theory; a major international crisis is quite likely to occur in your lifetime. This course is guided by a concern for both theory and history. In the first half of the semester we survey the leading theories of the causes of war, using the “levels-of-analysis” framework to categorize these theories and organize our survey. We begin with the “system” level and focus on realist theories of conflict focusing on state power and interest, giving particular attention to balance of power theory and power transition theory. We also examine the “Prisoner’s dilemma” model, deterrence and spiral models, and the “bargaining model of war.” Each of these theories assumes that states’ foreign policies are rational responses to their external environments and designed to maximize the national interest. Other theories suggest that the causes of war derive from factors internal to the state, including the domestic political interests of decision-makers, the economic interests of private groups, public opinion, or organizational processes. We examine these “societal” and “governmental” level theories, along with “individual” level theories that emphasize the role of the belief systems, personalities, and idiosyncracies of political leaders. We illustrate each of the main theoretical arguments with examples from a wide range of historical cases. Among the questions the levels-of-analysis framework leads us to ask is whether the outbreak of wars is due more to states’ external competition for power and security or to their internal political dynamics or the psychological make-up of political leaders.","PeriodicalId":41601,"journal":{"name":"RUSSELL-THE JOURNAL OF THE BERTRAND RUSSELL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43437983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1353/rss.2023.a904089
Sheila Turcon
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Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1353/rss.2023.a904086
Landon D. C. Elkind
Abstract:Russell derived many of his logical symbols from the pioneering notation of Giuseppe Peano. Principia Mathematica (1910–13) made these “Peanese” symbols (and others) famous. Here I focus on one of the more peculiar notational derivatives from Peano, namely, Principia’s dual use of a squared dot or dots for both conjunction and scope. As Dirk Schlimm has noted, Peano always had circular dots and only used them to symbolize scope distinctions. In contrast, Principia has squared dots and conventions such that some dots mark scope distinctions while others symbolize conjunction. How did this come to pass? In this paper I trace a genealogy of Principia’s square dots back to Russell’s appropriation of Peano’s use of circular dots. Russell never explicitly justifies appropriating Peano’s notations to symbolize two distinct notions, but below I explain why Russell deployed Peano’s dot notations in this manner. Further, I argue that it was Cambridge University Press who squared the circular dots.
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Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1353/rss.2023.a904084
{"title":"Editors’ Notes","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/rss.2023.a904084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rss.2023.a904084","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41601,"journal":{"name":"RUSSELL-THE JOURNAL OF THE BERTRAND RUSSELL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135046175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1353/rss.2023.a904091
{"title":"References to Russell’s Works","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/rss.2023.a904091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rss.2023.a904091","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41601,"journal":{"name":"RUSSELL-THE JOURNAL OF THE BERTRAND RUSSELL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46804880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1353/rss.2023.a904090
Nicholas Griffin
F or many years now Consuelo Preti has been studying the life and work of G. E. Moore, especially in the period before the First World War when he and Russell were closest. In a series of important publications, she has transformed our knowledge of the early Moore, making full use of his papers, now in the Cambridge University Library after many years in private hands. Of these, the most important, at least for Russell scholars, was the publication of Moore’s two Fellowship dissertations, which she edited with Thomas Baldwin,1 for it was with the second of these that Moore broke free from neo-Hegelianism and took Russell with him. Preti now follows this up with an extensive and detailed account of the dissertations’ intellectual background. Moore submitted two dissertations—both called “The Metaphysical Basis of Ethics”—in an attempt to win a six-year Trinity College Prize Fellowship. The first, in 1897, like most first attempts at a Trinity Prize Fellowship, failed; but the second, the following year, was successful. In his autobiography Moore famously said that he didn’t think “the world or the sciences would ever have suggested to me any philosophical problems. What has suggested philosophical problems to me is things which other philosophers have said about the world
{"title":"Moore’s Beginnings (review)","authors":"Nicholas Griffin","doi":"10.1353/rss.2023.a904090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rss.2023.a904090","url":null,"abstract":"F or many years now Consuelo Preti has been studying the life and work of G. E. Moore, especially in the period before the First World War when he and Russell were closest. In a series of important publications, she has transformed our knowledge of the early Moore, making full use of his papers, now in the Cambridge University Library after many years in private hands. Of these, the most important, at least for Russell scholars, was the publication of Moore’s two Fellowship dissertations, which she edited with Thomas Baldwin,1 for it was with the second of these that Moore broke free from neo-Hegelianism and took Russell with him. Preti now follows this up with an extensive and detailed account of the dissertations’ intellectual background. Moore submitted two dissertations—both called “The Metaphysical Basis of Ethics”—in an attempt to win a six-year Trinity College Prize Fellowship. The first, in 1897, like most first attempts at a Trinity Prize Fellowship, failed; but the second, the following year, was successful. In his autobiography Moore famously said that he didn’t think “the world or the sciences would ever have suggested to me any philosophical problems. What has suggested philosophical problems to me is things which other philosophers have said about the world","PeriodicalId":41601,"journal":{"name":"RUSSELL-THE JOURNAL OF THE BERTRAND RUSSELL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44850423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1353/rss.2023.a904085
Alexander Klein
Abstract:While Russell famously rejected the pragmatist theory of truth, recent scholarship portrays his post-prison accounts of belief and knowledge as resembling James’s. But deeper divisions in fact persisted between Russell and James concerning the nature of mind. I argue 1) that Russell’s neutral monist approach to consciousness in The Analysis of Mind constitutes an early form of representationalism in that he took states to be phenomenally conscious partly in virtue of (truly) representing an antecedent (typically just-passed) sensation; 2) that although James also saw representation (typically of expected kinaesthetic sensation) as a crucial component of consciousness, he contended that representation is a matter of affording future-directed action control that aligns with the agent’s interests; and 3) that what divides these contrasting approaches to consciousness and representation is precisely what Russell would continue to reject in the pragmatist theory of truth, namely the productive role James assigned to an agent’s interests.
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Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1353/rss.2023.a904087
S. Gandon
Abstract:This article has two purposes: first, to describe some archival discoveries about Nicod’s family background, academic development and political life; and second, to publish and comment on a newly discovered article by Nicod about Russell. This article acclaims not only Russell’s achievements in logic and philosophy—as one might expect from such a devoted protégé as Nicod—but also (albeit only in glimpses permitted by France’s wartime censorship) his anti-war politics and writings. As the reader will realize, the two objectives are connected: what the archives reveal and what the article illustrates is a hitherto underappreciated level of political awareness and pacifist commitment in Nicod.
{"title":"Jean Nicod: Familial Background and Pacifist Commitment","authors":"S. Gandon","doi":"10.1353/rss.2023.a904087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rss.2023.a904087","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article has two purposes: first, to describe some archival discoveries about Nicod’s family background, academic development and political life; and second, to publish and comment on a newly discovered article by Nicod about Russell. This article acclaims not only Russell’s achievements in logic and philosophy—as one might expect from such a devoted protégé as Nicod—but also (albeit only in glimpses permitted by France’s wartime censorship) his anti-war politics and writings. As the reader will realize, the two objectives are connected: what the archives reveal and what the article illustrates is a hitherto underappreciated level of political awareness and pacifist commitment in Nicod.","PeriodicalId":41601,"journal":{"name":"RUSSELL-THE JOURNAL OF THE BERTRAND RUSSELL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46245265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.15173/russell.v0i1.1411
Vincent Buranelli, J. Booth
{"title":"Two recollections","authors":"Vincent Buranelli, J. Booth","doi":"10.15173/russell.v0i1.1411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/russell.v0i1.1411","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41601,"journal":{"name":"RUSSELL-THE JOURNAL OF THE BERTRAND RUSSELL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81838931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.15173/russell.v0i0.1335
Peter Weinrich
{"title":"Russelliana africana","authors":"Peter Weinrich","doi":"10.15173/russell.v0i0.1335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/russell.v0i0.1335","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41601,"journal":{"name":"RUSSELL-THE JOURNAL OF THE BERTRAND RUSSELL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87981625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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