This paper is aimed to analyze the multiple forms and faces of corruption, its typology and levels. The analysis begins reviewing a tipology categorizing political corruption, economic corruption and public administration corruption and showing some examples of tipologies, stablishing the levels of corruption and indicating where can be encountered. It is concluded that corruption is just as multifaceted concept as there are societies and economic and political systems, embracing from the broad concept of corruption to the narrow legal concept of bribery. However, it is difficult to assess the overall levels of corruption phenomena based on empirical or perceived data which do not reflects the realities of corruption world.
{"title":"The Multiple Faces of Corruption: Typology, Forms and Levels","authors":"J. Vargas-Hérnandez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1413976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1413976","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is aimed to analyze the multiple forms and faces of corruption, its typology and levels. The analysis begins reviewing a tipology categorizing political corruption, economic corruption and public administration corruption and showing some examples of tipologies, stablishing the levels of corruption and indicating where can be encountered. It is concluded that corruption is just as multifaceted concept as there are societies and economic and political systems, embracing from the broad concept of corruption to the narrow legal concept of bribery. However, it is difficult to assess the overall levels of corruption phenomena based on empirical or perceived data which do not reflects the realities of corruption world.","PeriodicalId":416153,"journal":{"name":"CSN: Ethics","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122161762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to avoid reluctance on the part of subjects to discuss mental illness, this paper argues that a study of traits rather than symptoms or syndromes is not only less charged, but also more satisfactory for the scientific study of the relevant semiology. The relation of traits to the classification and etiology of bipolar illness is discussed in four vignettes, each from a distinct vantage. Two study methodologies are proposed that would confirm and expand upon that which anecdotal evidence already suggests, namely, that the role of stress remains grossly under-appreciated and that the bipolar "personality" is pretty much the DSM equivalent of the common cold, a possibility requiring intensified research.
{"title":"Bathing in Bipolar Semiology: The Anecdotal Evidence and the Need for Research","authors":"C. Herrman","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1311247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1311247","url":null,"abstract":"In order to avoid reluctance on the part of subjects to discuss mental illness, this paper argues that a study of traits rather than symptoms or syndromes is not only less charged, but also more satisfactory for the scientific study of the relevant semiology. The relation of traits to the classification and etiology of bipolar illness is discussed in four vignettes, each from a distinct vantage. Two study methodologies are proposed that would confirm and expand upon that which anecdotal evidence already suggests, namely, that the role of stress remains grossly under-appreciated and that the bipolar \"personality\" is pretty much the DSM equivalent of the common cold, a possibility requiring intensified research.","PeriodicalId":416153,"journal":{"name":"CSN: Ethics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129157831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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