Pub Date : 2017-10-30DOI: 10.1080/20742835.2017.1391467
Samuel N Cumber, K. Nchanji, J. Tsoka-Gwegweni
Abstract Breast cancer is the most common cause of death in women worldwide. The incidence of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has been rising and yet many cases remain undetected. Studies reveal that the prevalence of breast cancer in most SSA countries does not give the true picture as many of these countries lack national cancer registries. A number of risk factors such as alcoholism, age and hormones predispose women to breast cancer and several challenges are currently faced in detecting and managing breast cancer in SSA, especially in the domain of medical imaging technology and finances. The purpose of this review is to document the prevalence of breast cancer among women in SSA.
{"title":"Breast cancer among women in sub-Saharan Africa: prevalence and a situational analysis","authors":"Samuel N Cumber, K. Nchanji, J. Tsoka-Gwegweni","doi":"10.1080/20742835.2017.1391467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20742835.2017.1391467","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Breast cancer is the most common cause of death in women worldwide. The incidence of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has been rising and yet many cases remain undetected. Studies reveal that the prevalence of breast cancer in most SSA countries does not give the true picture as many of these countries lack national cancer registries. A number of risk factors such as alcoholism, age and hormones predispose women to breast cancer and several challenges are currently faced in detecting and managing breast cancer in SSA, especially in the domain of medical imaging technology and finances. The purpose of this review is to document the prevalence of breast cancer among women in SSA.","PeriodicalId":41638,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology","volume":"9 1","pages":"35 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20742835.2017.1391467","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45109513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-14DOI: 10.1080/20742835.2017.1370841
C. Solomon, M. Louw, Mc van Aardt, G. Dreyer
Background: Cervical carcinoma was the second leading malignancy in South African women (following breast carcinoma) in 2010. This study aimed to correlate histopathological criteria and immunohistochemical stains in terms of the grading of cervical intraepithelial precursor lesions and evaluate intra- and inter-observer variability with only histology and with additional immunohistochemical stains. Methods: Archival tissue from large-loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) was graded on two separate occasions by an independent observer in terms of lesional severity. The section with the highest grade precursor lesion was selected and submitted for immunohistochemical stains that included p16 and Ki-67. These stains were also evaluated on two separate occasions by an independent observer. Results: This study showed kappa values of 0.47 and 0.46 respectively for the separate histological evaluations of the observer and the original pathology report. The kappa value for the two evaluations of the observer was 0.57. Thus inter- and intra-observer variability is fair with the use of routinely stained histological slides. The two Ki-67 assessments had a kappa value of 0.85 and the p16 had a value of 0.80. Intra-observer agreement was markedly higher when using immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: Although in most cases of precursor lesions of the cervix the grading can be made on routinely stained sections, intra- and inter-observer variability remains high. Immunohistochemical markers reduce this variability and aid in deciding in which group to place ambiguous lesions.
{"title":"p16 and Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining reduces inter- and intra-observer variability in the grading of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions of South African women","authors":"C. Solomon, M. Louw, Mc van Aardt, G. Dreyer","doi":"10.1080/20742835.2017.1370841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20742835.2017.1370841","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cervical carcinoma was the second leading malignancy in South African women (following breast carcinoma) in 2010. This study aimed to correlate histopathological criteria and immunohistochemical stains in terms of the grading of cervical intraepithelial precursor lesions and evaluate intra- and inter-observer variability with only histology and with additional immunohistochemical stains. Methods: Archival tissue from large-loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) was graded on two separate occasions by an independent observer in terms of lesional severity. The section with the highest grade precursor lesion was selected and submitted for immunohistochemical stains that included p16 and Ki-67. These stains were also evaluated on two separate occasions by an independent observer. Results: This study showed kappa values of 0.47 and 0.46 respectively for the separate histological evaluations of the observer and the original pathology report. The kappa value for the two evaluations of the observer was 0.57. Thus inter- and intra-observer variability is fair with the use of routinely stained histological slides. The two Ki-67 assessments had a kappa value of 0.85 and the p16 had a value of 0.80. Intra-observer agreement was markedly higher when using immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: Although in most cases of precursor lesions of the cervix the grading can be made on routinely stained sections, intra- and inter-observer variability remains high. Immunohistochemical markers reduce this variability and aid in deciding in which group to place ambiguous lesions.","PeriodicalId":41638,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology","volume":"9 1","pages":"25 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20742835.2017.1370841","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44663325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-16DOI: 10.1080/20742835.2017.1361644
Rohini V. Kulkarni, R. Bhat, Vibhawari Dhakharia, A. Gangoli, K. Sharma
Abstract Mitotically active cellular fibroma (MACF) is a category of fibromatous tumours of the ovary described in the WHO classification of tumours of female reproductive organs. The case of a 54-year-old female who presented with lower limb swelling due to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is reported. On examination, she had a 5 x 8 cm fixed pelvic mass. She underwent optimal cytoreductive surgery. Grossly the tumour, which was found to occupy the left pelvic space, was hard and irregular in shape and was adherent to the surrounding structures. Histopathology revealed collagen-producing spindle cells showing mitotic activity of 6–8/10 HPF with minimal nuclear atypia and Ki 67 labelling index of 10%. A final diagnosis of MACF was made. In view of sparse evidence regarding its management and due to residual tumour (< 1 cm), she received adjuvant radiotherapy. She has remained disease free over a period of two years.
摘要有丝分裂活性细胞纤维瘤（MACF）是世界卫生组织女性生殖器官肿瘤分类中描述的一类卵巢纤维瘤性肿瘤。报告了一例54岁女性因深静脉血栓形成（DVT）而出现下肢肿胀的病例。在检查中，她有一个5 x 8厘米的固定骨盆肿块。她接受了最佳的细胞还原手术。大体上，肿瘤占据了左侧骨盆间隙，质地坚硬，形状不规则，与周围结构粘连。组织病理学显示，产生胶原的梭形细胞显示出6–8/10 HPF的有丝分裂活性，具有最小的核异型性，Ki 67标记指数为10%。最终诊断为MACF。鉴于其治疗证据稀少，且肿瘤残留（<1 cm），她接受了辅助放射治疗。她在两年的时间里一直没有生病。
{"title":"Mitotically active cellular fibroma of the ovary: a rare case and review of literature","authors":"Rohini V. Kulkarni, R. Bhat, Vibhawari Dhakharia, A. Gangoli, K. Sharma","doi":"10.1080/20742835.2017.1361644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20742835.2017.1361644","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Mitotically active cellular fibroma (MACF) is a category of fibromatous tumours of the ovary described in the WHO classification of tumours of female reproductive organs. The case of a 54-year-old female who presented with lower limb swelling due to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is reported. On examination, she had a 5 x 8 cm fixed pelvic mass. She underwent optimal cytoreductive surgery. Grossly the tumour, which was found to occupy the left pelvic space, was hard and irregular in shape and was adherent to the surrounding structures. Histopathology revealed collagen-producing spindle cells showing mitotic activity of 6–8/10 HPF with minimal nuclear atypia and Ki 67 labelling index of 10%. A final diagnosis of MACF was made. In view of sparse evidence regarding its management and due to residual tumour (< 1 cm), she received adjuvant radiotherapy. She has remained disease free over a period of two years.","PeriodicalId":41638,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology","volume":"9 1","pages":"19 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20742835.2017.1361644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44723206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective : To evaluate the adherence to American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guidelines for antiemetic prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and assess the outcomes of the prescribed antiemetic drugs. Methods : This prospective, observational study enrolled chemotherapy-naive cancer patients who were admitted to the National Cancer Institute between May and July 2015 for intravenous chemotherapy. Patient’s demographic data, chemotherapy protocols and types of antiemetic drugs were collected by reviewing patients’ files, chemotherapy prescription forms and interviewing the patients. Results : The data revealed that 90% of pre-chemotherapy antiemetic prescriptions did not adhere to antiemetic guidelines. The trends of non-adherence included an overuse of ondansetron (14%), under-prescribing of dexamethasone (16%) and corticosteroid duplication (14%). Regarding antiemetic use for the prevention of delayed emesis, the data showed that 90% of antiemetic prescriptions were non-adherent with ASCO guidelines, with overuse of ondansetron (20%) and metoclopramide (37%) and lack of dexamethasone prescriptions (80%) on days 2 and 3 being the most frequently reported trends. The percentage of patients with complete response (no emesis or rescue therapy) over 5 days post chemotherapy was 36%. Conclusion : The study indicated an extremely low adherence rate to ASCO guidelines for antiemetic prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Non-adherence included a trend of both underuse and overuse of indicated antiemetic medications.
{"title":"Adherence to guidelines on prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in the National Cancer Institute, Sudan","authors":"M. Elhassan, Arwa Ali, M. Elmustafa","doi":"10.4102/SAJO.V1I0.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/SAJO.V1I0.9","url":null,"abstract":"Objective : To evaluate the adherence to American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guidelines for antiemetic prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and assess the outcomes of the prescribed antiemetic drugs. Methods : This prospective, observational study enrolled chemotherapy-naive cancer patients who were admitted to the National Cancer Institute between May and July 2015 for intravenous chemotherapy. Patient’s demographic data, chemotherapy protocols and types of antiemetic drugs were collected by reviewing patients’ files, chemotherapy prescription forms and interviewing the patients. Results : The data revealed that 90% of pre-chemotherapy antiemetic prescriptions did not adhere to antiemetic guidelines. The trends of non-adherence included an overuse of ondansetron (14%), under-prescribing of dexamethasone (16%) and corticosteroid duplication (14%). Regarding antiemetic use for the prevention of delayed emesis, the data showed that 90% of antiemetic prescriptions were non-adherent with ASCO guidelines, with overuse of ondansetron (20%) and metoclopramide (37%) and lack of dexamethasone prescriptions (80%) on days 2 and 3 being the most frequently reported trends. The percentage of patients with complete response (no emesis or rescue therapy) over 5 days post chemotherapy was 36%. Conclusion : The study indicated an extremely low adherence rate to ASCO guidelines for antiemetic prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Non-adherence included a trend of both underuse and overuse of indicated antiemetic medications.","PeriodicalId":41638,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology","volume":"1 1","pages":"5-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4102/SAJO.V1I0.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43086167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/20742835.2017.1352644
M. V. van Aardt, J. van Aardt, A. Mouton
Objectives: South Africa women with cervical carcinoma present at younger ages and the majority with advanced-stage disease. Certain patients may have a favourable outcome after placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) for obstructive uropathy in cervical cancer. Methods: A retrospective audit was conducted at the Gynaecological Oncology Unit, University of Pretoria. All patients with primary untreated cervical cancer with renal impairment secondary to obstructive uropathy were included. Urea, creatinine and potassium were recorded for patients receiving PCN before insertion and after treatment. Results: In total, 54 patients were included. The mean age was 49.5 years. The number of patients receiving PCN was 28 (51.9%) and 26 (48.1%) women did not. Altogether, 25% of patients had improvement in renal function after insertion of PCN and in 10.3% renal function worsened. Some 50% of these patients received palliative radiotherapy, 7% started therapeutic chemo-radiation and 7% of patients completed treatment. Response to treatment was unknown for 21% of patients, 7% showed partial response and 10.7% died of their disease. In the control group, 15.4% of patients had severe renal failure; 7.7% of patients never started treatment and 7.7% received palliative radiotherapy; 11.5% died of their disease. Some 26.9% of patients without PCN fell in the renal failure group, of whom 19.2% received palliative radiotherapy. Conclusion: PCN in patients with cervical cancer and obstructive uropathy, even if HIV positive, is safe with minimal complications. An improvement in renal function was shown after insertion. PCN improved the number of patients qualifying for initiation and completion of treatment.
{"title":"Impact of percutaneous nephrostomy in South African women with advanced cervical cancer and obstructive uropathy","authors":"M. V. van Aardt, J. van Aardt, A. Mouton","doi":"10.1080/20742835.2017.1352644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20742835.2017.1352644","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: South Africa women with cervical carcinoma present at younger ages and the majority with advanced-stage disease. Certain patients may have a favourable outcome after placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) for obstructive uropathy in cervical cancer. Methods: A retrospective audit was conducted at the Gynaecological Oncology Unit, University of Pretoria. All patients with primary untreated cervical cancer with renal impairment secondary to obstructive uropathy were included. Urea, creatinine and potassium were recorded for patients receiving PCN before insertion and after treatment. Results: In total, 54 patients were included. The mean age was 49.5 years. The number of patients receiving PCN was 28 (51.9%) and 26 (48.1%) women did not. Altogether, 25% of patients had improvement in renal function after insertion of PCN and in 10.3% renal function worsened. Some 50% of these patients received palliative radiotherapy, 7% started therapeutic chemo-radiation and 7% of patients completed treatment. Response to treatment was unknown for 21% of patients, 7% showed partial response and 10.7% died of their disease. In the control group, 15.4% of patients had severe renal failure; 7.7% of patients never started treatment and 7.7% received palliative radiotherapy; 11.5% died of their disease. Some 26.9% of patients without PCN fell in the renal failure group, of whom 19.2% received palliative radiotherapy. Conclusion: PCN in patients with cervical cancer and obstructive uropathy, even if HIV positive, is safe with minimal complications. An improvement in renal function was shown after insertion. PCN improved the number of patients qualifying for initiation and completion of treatment.","PeriodicalId":41638,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology","volume":"9 1","pages":"10 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20742835.2017.1352644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49317745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/20742835.2017.1321219
G. Dreyer, A. Mostert, C. Visser, A. Mouton
Background: In patients with locally advanced cervical cancer who receive radiotherapy, outcomes correlate significantly with haemoglobin level before and during therapy. These patients often have severe anaemia and require repeated transfusions to achieve and maintain optimal haemoglobin levels. Methods: Women with anaemia and cervical cancer needing primary radiation treatment were randomised to two groups: the study group received limited transfusion with intravenous and oral iron therapy; the control group received transfusion and oral iron. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels, transfusion and markers of iron status were recorded initially and during follow up. Results: Forty-three participants were randomised; data for 39 were available for analysis: 19 received limited transfusion with parenteral and then oral iron (Fe group); 20 had allogenic transfusion and oral iron (Tf group). Average Hb levels in the Fe group displayed a steady rise over a 12-week follow-up while levels in the Tf group declined at about 0.5 g/dl per week. At week 12 pre-treatment levels were again reached despite intermittent transfusions. Conclusions: Anaemic patients with late-stage cervical cancer in this setting have severe iron deficiency that necessitates aggressive correction before radiation. While patients with severe or critical anaemia and those who require radiation without delay need immediate transfusion, sufficient iron is critical to help replenish stores and sustain Hb levels. Patients with longer waiting times before radiation or less severe anaemia should have parenteral iron supplementation at the time of diagnosis and transfusion can be delayed until the time of radiation treatment.
{"title":"The severity and optimal management of iron deficiency and anaemia before radiation for cervical cancer at the University of Pretoria Academic Hospitals","authors":"G. Dreyer, A. Mostert, C. Visser, A. Mouton","doi":"10.1080/20742835.2017.1321219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20742835.2017.1321219","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In patients with locally advanced cervical cancer who receive radiotherapy, outcomes correlate significantly with haemoglobin level before and during therapy. These patients often have severe anaemia and require repeated transfusions to achieve and maintain optimal haemoglobin levels. Methods: Women with anaemia and cervical cancer needing primary radiation treatment were randomised to two groups: the study group received limited transfusion with intravenous and oral iron therapy; the control group received transfusion and oral iron. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels, transfusion and markers of iron status were recorded initially and during follow up. Results: Forty-three participants were randomised; data for 39 were available for analysis: 19 received limited transfusion with parenteral and then oral iron (Fe group); 20 had allogenic transfusion and oral iron (Tf group). Average Hb levels in the Fe group displayed a steady rise over a 12-week follow-up while levels in the Tf group declined at about 0.5 g/dl per week. At week 12 pre-treatment levels were again reached despite intermittent transfusions. Conclusions: Anaemic patients with late-stage cervical cancer in this setting have severe iron deficiency that necessitates aggressive correction before radiation. While patients with severe or critical anaemia and those who require radiation without delay need immediate transfusion, sufficient iron is critical to help replenish stores and sustain Hb levels. Patients with longer waiting times before radiation or less severe anaemia should have parenteral iron supplementation at the time of diagnosis and transfusion can be delayed until the time of radiation treatment.","PeriodicalId":41638,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology","volume":"9 1","pages":"11 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20742835.2017.1321219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43938639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/20742835.2017.1333700
A. Diarra, H. Botha
Abstract Background: Despite the prevalence of HIV infection in women with pre-invasive and invasive cervical diseases managed at the Gynaecologic Oncology unit of Tygerberg Hospital, there is a lack of local data on the effect HIV/AIDS has on invasive cervical cancer cases managed at this large tertiary institution. Cervical cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy at Tygerberg Hospital.Objectives: To establish the following in the local cervical cancer population: (1) HIV prevalence; (2) demographics and clinical characteristics (i.e. stage, histology) in HIV seronegative and seropositive women.Methods: A retrospective, descriptive study. Study population: all cases of HIV/AIDS-affected women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer and managed at the combined gynaecological oncology clinic in Tygerberg Hospital (TBH) compared with HIV/AIDS-unaffected women with cervical cancer 2003–2007; with a follow-up period ending 31 December 2009.Results: In the period 2003–2007, 913 cases of invasive cervical cancer were seen at Tygerberg Academic Hospital (TBH). A total of 838 subjects were HIV seronegative and 75 were HIV seropositive. HIV seropositive subjects were 10 years younger compared with those who were HIV seronegative. The majority of patients in both cohorts never had cervical cytology documented prior to invasive cancer diagnosis. Most women presented with FIGO stages III–IV disease.Conclusion: HIV-affected women present 10 years younger with cervical cancer compared with their HIV-unaffected counterparts. Effective screening is still lacking in this population. The majority of women present with advanced cervical cancer.
{"title":"Invasive cervical cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at Tygerberg Academic Hospital in the period 2003–2007: demographics and characteristics","authors":"A. Diarra, H. Botha","doi":"10.1080/20742835.2017.1333700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20742835.2017.1333700","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background: Despite the prevalence of HIV infection in women with pre-invasive and invasive cervical diseases managed at the Gynaecologic Oncology unit of Tygerberg Hospital, there is a lack of local data on the effect HIV/AIDS has on invasive cervical cancer cases managed at this large tertiary institution. Cervical cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy at Tygerberg Hospital.Objectives: To establish the following in the local cervical cancer population: (1) HIV prevalence; (2) demographics and clinical characteristics (i.e. stage, histology) in HIV seronegative and seropositive women.Methods: A retrospective, descriptive study. Study population: all cases of HIV/AIDS-affected women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer and managed at the combined gynaecological oncology clinic in Tygerberg Hospital (TBH) compared with HIV/AIDS-unaffected women with cervical cancer 2003–2007; with a follow-up period ending 31 December 2009.Results: In the period 2003–2007, 913 cases of invasive cervical cancer were seen at Tygerberg Academic Hospital (TBH). A total of 838 subjects were HIV seronegative and 75 were HIV seropositive. HIV seropositive subjects were 10 years younger compared with those who were HIV seronegative. The majority of patients in both cohorts never had cervical cytology documented prior to invasive cancer diagnosis. Most women presented with FIGO stages III–IV disease.Conclusion: HIV-affected women present 10 years younger with cervical cancer compared with their HIV-unaffected counterparts. Effective screening is still lacking in this population. The majority of women present with advanced cervical cancer.","PeriodicalId":41638,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology","volume":"9 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20742835.2017.1333700","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46904153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/20742835.2017.1314630
E. I. Wethmar, Arnold D Mouton, G. Dreyer
Leiomyomas are classified as benign mesenchymal neoplasms and consist of smooth muscle cells with variable amounts of fibrous stroma. The tumours occur most frequently in the uterus, affecting 20–30% of women of reproductive age but vaginal leiomyomas are rare with only around 300 cases reported since the first case was described in 1733. These tumours are thought to arise from Müllerian smooth muscle cells in the sub-epithelium of the vagina. Vaginal leiomyomas are usually situated in the anterior vaginal wall. This article reports a case of primary leiomyoma arising from the left lateral vaginal wall, which presented with vaginal discharge and a lateral vaginal wall mass.
{"title":"Vaginal leiomyoma presenting as a lateral vaginal wall mass","authors":"E. I. Wethmar, Arnold D Mouton, G. Dreyer","doi":"10.1080/20742835.2017.1314630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20742835.2017.1314630","url":null,"abstract":"Leiomyomas are classified as benign mesenchymal neoplasms and consist of smooth muscle cells with variable amounts of fibrous stroma. The tumours occur most frequently in the uterus, affecting 20–30% of women of reproductive age but vaginal leiomyomas are rare with only around 300 cases reported since the first case was described in 1733. These tumours are thought to arise from Müllerian smooth muscle cells in the sub-epithelium of the vagina. Vaginal leiomyomas are usually situated in the anterior vaginal wall. This article reports a case of primary leiomyoma arising from the left lateral vaginal wall, which presented with vaginal discharge and a lateral vaginal wall mass.","PeriodicalId":41638,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology","volume":"9 1","pages":"16 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20742835.2017.1314630","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42189657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-14DOI: 10.1080/20742835.2016.1239355
T. Elumalai, A. Mukherji, D. Gochhait
Ovarian cancer patients presenting with breast metastasis are a rare phenomenon. Very few cases have been documented so far in the literature and have shown that long-term prognosis of these patients is poor despite intense chemotherapy schedules. This report discusses a case of high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary with metastases to the right breast and axilla in a 49-year-old female as the first case in the authors’ centre in South India. Additional immunohistochemistry markers were checked to confirm the diagnosis. The patient was on the third line of chemotherapy in December 2015. It is strongly emphasised that breast examination should be routine in all cases of ovary malignant tumours. IHC markers may differentiate between second primary versus metastatic secondaries in the breast. Further clinical trials using novel chemotherapy and systematic review of all case reports may help to form uniform consensus guidelines for these rare entities.
{"title":"Immunohistochemistry markers in diagnosing high-grade serous carcinoma of ovary with breast metastasis: a rare case report","authors":"T. Elumalai, A. Mukherji, D. Gochhait","doi":"10.1080/20742835.2016.1239355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20742835.2016.1239355","url":null,"abstract":"Ovarian cancer patients presenting with breast metastasis are a rare phenomenon. Very few cases have been documented so far in the literature and have shown that long-term prognosis of these patients is poor despite intense chemotherapy schedules. This report discusses a case of high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary with metastases to the right breast and axilla in a 49-year-old female as the first case in the authors’ centre in South India. Additional immunohistochemistry markers were checked to confirm the diagnosis. The patient was on the third line of chemotherapy in December 2015. It is strongly emphasised that breast examination should be routine in all cases of ovary malignant tumours. IHC markers may differentiate between second primary versus metastatic secondaries in the breast. Further clinical trials using novel chemotherapy and systematic review of all case reports may help to form uniform consensus guidelines for these rare entities.","PeriodicalId":41638,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology","volume":"8 1","pages":"34 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20742835.2016.1239355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60047096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-14DOI: 10.1080/20742835.2016.1257174
AD Dzaka, J. Maree
The objective of this study was to present a descriptive summary of the experiences of women treated with high dose rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer. A qualitative descriptive design was used and 16 women treated at an academic hospital in Gauteng were purposively selected. Qualitative interviews were conducted and thematic analysis was used to analyse the data, from which two themes arose: the treatment experience and experiencing emotional distress. Being treated with brachytherapy was a negative experience causing fear, pain and humiliation. The participants feared the procedure, before receiving the first treatment and even after having had one. Pain was a major problem, as the preventative medication participants received did not protect them from experiencing pain. Having to open and hang their legs was a humiliating experience aggravated by the presence of observers and the rotation of doctors. Their belief in God comforted them and gave them courage to endure the treatment, whilst caring staff comforted and supported them. In addition to individualised patient education, nurses should assess the level of pain women experience before, during and after receiving brachytherapy and advocate for the revision of pain management protocols.
{"title":"Experiences of women receiving high dose rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer at an academic hospital","authors":"AD Dzaka, J. Maree","doi":"10.1080/20742835.2016.1257174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20742835.2016.1257174","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to present a descriptive summary of the experiences of women treated with high dose rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer. A qualitative descriptive design was used and 16 women treated at an academic hospital in Gauteng were purposively selected. Qualitative interviews were conducted and thematic analysis was used to analyse the data, from which two themes arose: the treatment experience and experiencing emotional distress. Being treated with brachytherapy was a negative experience causing fear, pain and humiliation. The participants feared the procedure, before receiving the first treatment and even after having had one. Pain was a major problem, as the preventative medication participants received did not protect them from experiencing pain. Having to open and hang their legs was a humiliating experience aggravated by the presence of observers and the rotation of doctors. Their belief in God comforted them and gave them courage to endure the treatment, whilst caring staff comforted and supported them. In addition to individualised patient education, nurses should assess the level of pain women experience before, during and after receiving brachytherapy and advocate for the revision of pain management protocols.","PeriodicalId":41638,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology","volume":"8 1","pages":"42 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20742835.2016.1257174","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60047148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：