Elina Apsite-Berina, A. Klepers, Ieva Jegermane, Linards Lapa
The aim of the study is to examine how regular travellers’ behaviour and views regarding international travel have changed as a result of the Covid-19 pandemics and the war in Ukraine. The study includes three research questions 1) how much is travel missed and how do pandemics affect international travel behaviour? 2) how do regular travellers view the danger associated with pandemics and the war in Ukraine? 3) to what extent are future travels perceived as risky? The research is based on statistical data on outgoing tourism and domestic visitor monitoring data analysis, and interviews with 33 regular Latvian travellers. The interviews were conducted during the first quarter of 2022. According to the findings, regular travellers currently feel a lack of excitement about planning trips or international travel experiences. Those who frequently travel for business report a lower level of longing for this experience. The habit of travelling locally has increased due to the lack of international alternatives during the pandemic with restrictions on global mobility. Regular travellers accept the inconveniences caused by the Covid-19 restrictions, but they were afraid and applied self-protection strategies, or even refused to travel entirely, during the first month of the war in Ukraine. Finally, regular travellers are not going to refrain from taking multiple journeys overseas or to Western European countries in the next six months but will avoid travels to zones of military conflict.
{"title":"Is travelling currently a risk? The impact of COVID-19 and war in Ukraine","authors":"Elina Apsite-Berina, A. Klepers, Ieva Jegermane, Linards Lapa","doi":"10.22364/fg.19.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.19.5","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study is to examine how regular travellers’ behaviour and views regarding international travel have changed as a result of the Covid-19 pandemics and the war in Ukraine. The study includes three research questions 1) how much is travel missed and how do pandemics affect international travel behaviour? 2) how do regular travellers view the danger associated with pandemics and the war in Ukraine? 3) to what extent are future travels perceived as risky? The research is based on statistical data on outgoing tourism and domestic visitor monitoring data analysis, and interviews with 33 regular Latvian travellers. The interviews were conducted during the first quarter of 2022. According to the findings, regular travellers currently feel a lack of excitement about planning trips or international travel experiences. Those who frequently travel for business report a lower level of longing for this experience. The habit of travelling locally has increased due to the lack of international alternatives during the pandemic with restrictions on global mobility. Regular travellers accept the inconveniences caused by the Covid-19 restrictions, but they were afraid and applied self-protection strategies, or even refused to travel entirely, during the first month of the war in Ukraine. Finally, regular travellers are not going to refrain from taking multiple journeys overseas or to Western European countries in the next six months but will avoid travels to zones of military conflict.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72389299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the variability of gas and aerosol pollution levels in Riga (Latvia) over different periods associated with Covid-19 restrictions. The variability of atmospheric pollution levels is described from a relative point of view; the effects of meteorological parameters were assessed using Pearson's correlation factor and statistical significance. To assess whether changes were statistically relevant during the various assessment periods, the analysis was performed using the ANOVA dispersion test and the post-hoc Tukey test. Major changes have been identified in the case of gaseous atmospheric pollution.
{"title":"Does the COVID-19 pandemic help with identifying measures to reduce atmospheric pollution?","authors":"I. Šteinberga, Nauris Truhnevics","doi":"10.22364/fg.19.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.19.9","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the variability of gas and aerosol pollution levels in Riga (Latvia) over different periods associated with Covid-19 restrictions. The variability of atmospheric pollution levels is described from a relative point of view; the effects of meteorological parameters were assessed using Pearson's correlation factor and statistical significance. To assess whether changes were statistically relevant during the various assessment periods, the analysis was performed using the ANOVA dispersion test and the post-hoc Tukey test. Major changes have been identified in the case of gaseous atmospheric pollution.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90545305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Depopulation processes started to intensify in Lithuanian peripheral areas in 2004, when Lithuania joined the EU, and increasing emigration was the main factor behind these processes. This paper analyses the main differences between migration processes at LAU 2 level in 2001 and 2018 in relation to the changing demographic structure of the population inside the country. Analysis of data revealed that migration processes played little role in the redistribution of the population at the beginning of the century; however, the intensification of migration at the end of the 2010s resulted in redistribution of Lithuanian residents towards major metropolitan regions. A rapid increase in the share of residents in three metropolitan regions was followed by a decrease in the population in distant peripheries. A decrease in the size of the population was also followed by ageing processes in those areas.
{"title":"Demogaphic changes and migration in LAU 2 regions of Lithuania in 2001-2018","authors":"Viktorija Baranauskienė, D. Burneika","doi":"10.22364/fg.19.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.19.6","url":null,"abstract":"Depopulation processes started to intensify in Lithuanian peripheral areas in 2004, when Lithuania joined the EU, and increasing emigration was the main factor behind these processes. This paper analyses the main differences between migration processes at LAU 2 level in 2001 and 2018 in relation to the changing demographic structure of the population inside the country. Analysis of data revealed that migration processes played little role in the redistribution of the population at the beginning of the century; however, the intensification of migration at the end of the 2010s resulted in redistribution of Lithuanian residents towards major metropolitan regions. A rapid increase in the share of residents in three metropolitan regions was followed by a decrease in the population in distant peripheries. A decrease in the size of the population was also followed by ageing processes in those areas.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83189895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At present, 87.9% of all ash stands in Latvia are found on dry soils, where groundwater does not affect the root system of trees, and 94.3% of ash stands are distributed in eutrophic habitats, saturated with exchange bases and biologically active nitrogen. In Latvia, ash stands are found mainly on the loose sediments of sandy till and clayey till in highland and rise landscapes, as well as on silty glaciolymnic sediments in the lowlands. Sand sediments in the coastal lowlands and riverine landscapes, as well as peat sediments in both highland and lowland landscapes are not suitable for ash forest stands.
{"title":"Situation of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Latvia in the active phase of stand destruction. Forest site type and Quarternary deposits","authors":"M. Laiviņš, I. Krampis, G. Šņepsts","doi":"10.22364/fg.19.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.19.12","url":null,"abstract":"At present, 87.9% of all ash stands in Latvia are found on dry soils, where groundwater does not affect the root system of trees, and 94.3% of ash stands are distributed in eutrophic habitats, saturated with exchange bases and biologically active nitrogen. In Latvia, ash stands are found mainly on the loose sediments of sandy till and clayey till in highland and rise landscapes, as well as on silty glaciolymnic sediments in the lowlands. Sand sediments in the coastal lowlands and riverine landscapes, as well as peat sediments in both highland and lowland landscapes are not suitable for ash forest stands.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83189902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the beginning of the 19th century, common ash was a rare species in the forests of Latvia. Back then, the first ash plantations were cultivated in Western Latvia (Cīrava), but the attempt was not successful. After that, the ash spread gradually, with a particularly sharp increase during the second half of the 20th century. In 58 years (1940-1998), as a result of intensive natural regeneration and planting efforts, the area of ash stands in forests increased 9.2 times, reaching 0.79% of the forest area, a large proportion of which (62%) was covered by young stands (up to 40 years old). In the first twenty years (2001-2020) of the 21st century, with the onset of the pandemic of fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, the area of ash stands has decreased 1.9 times. During the pandemic, ash young stands and pure ash stands have suffered the greatest loss. Therefore, when growing future ash stands, it is necessary to maintain a balanced age structure of stands and to create ash mixed stands.
{"title":"Situation of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Latvia of the active phase of forest destruction. Forest stand dynamics and distribution in the last 80 years (1940 2020)","authors":"M. Laiviņš, I. Krampis, G. Šņepsts","doi":"10.22364/fg.19.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.19.13","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning of the 19th century, common ash was a rare species in the forests of Latvia. Back then, the first ash plantations were cultivated in Western Latvia (Cīrava), but the attempt was not successful. After that, the ash spread gradually, with a particularly sharp increase during the second half of the 20th century. In 58 years (1940-1998), as a result of intensive natural regeneration and planting efforts, the area of ash stands in forests increased 9.2 times, reaching 0.79% of the forest area, a large proportion of which (62%) was covered by young stands (up to 40 years old). In the first twenty years (2001-2020) of the 21st century, with the onset of the pandemic of fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, the area of ash stands has decreased 1.9 times. During the pandemic, ash young stands and pure ash stands have suffered the greatest loss. Therefore, when growing future ash stands, it is necessary to maintain a balanced age structure of stands and to create ash mixed stands.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82516881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies of residential satisfaction can help to investigate and improve the emotional state of society and overall satisfaction with life, which is especially important in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. This research is based on the population survey in one of the second-tier cities of Latvia, Jelgava, with the aim of investigating the main factors that impact residential satisfaction in a second-tier city. Based on the characteristics of the residential satisfaction assessment of the urban environment in the study, the factors of the urban environment that affect the residential satisfaction assessment by the city’s population are identified, of which the most important factor is the quality of the environment and personal safety. The study reveals that residential satisfaction is impacted by various demographic, socio-economic, housing and migration characteristics of the population.
{"title":"Residential satisfaction and the factors affecting it in a second-tier city","authors":"L. Feldmane","doi":"10.22364/fg.19.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.19.8","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of residential satisfaction can help to investigate and improve the emotional state of society and overall satisfaction with life, which is especially important in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. This research is based on the population survey in one of the second-tier cities of Latvia, Jelgava, with the aim of investigating the main factors that impact residential satisfaction in a second-tier city. Based on the characteristics of the residential satisfaction assessment of the urban environment in the study, the factors of the urban environment that affect the residential satisfaction assessment by the city’s population are identified, of which the most important factor is the quality of the environment and personal safety. The study reveals that residential satisfaction is impacted by various demographic, socio-economic, housing and migration characteristics of the population.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89828932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evidence of the climate changes are evident in all regions of the world. In this study we examine the air temperature variability in Latvia during the last climate normal (1991-2020) in comparison with the previous two climate normals (1971-2000; 1981-2010), as well reference period (1961.-1990) describing seasonal and regional changes. Over last 60-years (1961-2020), the annual mean temperature has increased by 1.2°C across Latvia, with largest increase (0.5°C) between the last two climate normals (1991-2020 and 1981-2010). Across Latvia, winter temperatures have risen more rapidly by around 2°C, while summer temperatures have risen by around 1°C. The study revealed a shift in climate types: in the western part of the country near Baltic Sea coast, climate zones have changed from boreal (Dfb zone) to temperate (Cfb zone) according to the classification of W. Koppen. In these areas, the coldest month (January or February) has an average air temperature above -3°C. The values of the continentality indices have also changed, with a decrease in the influence of the continentality effect, that is particularly strong in the eastern part of Latvia.
{"title":"Shifts of the air temperature in Latvia from 1991 to 2020","authors":"G. Kalvāne, A. Kalvāns, A. Briede","doi":"10.22364/fg.19.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.19.11","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence of the climate changes are evident in all regions of the world. In this study we examine the air temperature variability in Latvia during the last climate normal (1991-2020) in comparison with the previous two climate normals (1971-2000; 1981-2010), as well reference period (1961.-1990) describing seasonal and regional changes. Over last 60-years (1961-2020), the annual mean temperature has increased by 1.2°C across Latvia, with largest increase (0.5°C) between the last two climate normals (1991-2020 and 1981-2010). Across Latvia, winter temperatures have risen more rapidly by around 2°C, while summer temperatures have risen by around 1°C. The study revealed a shift in climate types: in the western part of the country near Baltic Sea coast, climate zones have changed from boreal (Dfb zone) to temperate (Cfb zone) according to the classification of W. Koppen. In these areas, the coldest month (January or February) has an average air temperature above -3°C. The values of the continentality indices have also changed, with a decrease in the influence of the continentality effect, that is particularly strong in the eastern part of Latvia.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82599773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly changed our daily lives in ways that might have far-reaching effects on societal norms and human behaviour. However, little research has yet been devoted to the pandemic's impact on internal migration. In this article, we analyse the interconnection between COVID-19 and internal migration in Latvia. This article aims to evaluate internal migration patterns during the first year of the COVID-19 outbreak in Latvia, using available data at the municipality level. We compare migration flow statistics from the 2011–2019 period and the single year of 2020, which marked the start of the COVID-19 outbreak in Latvia. The analysis identifies similar patterns regarding internal migration activity among observed geographical units. In both time periods, the highest migration levels around Riga have been witnessed and several other large cities. Comparing these time periods highlights slightly higher migration intensity in 2020 than before COVID-19.
{"title":"Patterns of internal migration during the first year of the COVID-19 outbreak in Latvia","authors":"J. Krūmiņš, M. Berzins, Z. Krisjane","doi":"10.22364/fg.19.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.19.3","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly changed our daily lives in ways that might have far-reaching effects on societal norms and human behaviour. However, little research has yet been devoted to the pandemic's impact on internal migration. In this article, we analyse the interconnection between COVID-19 and internal migration in Latvia. This article aims to evaluate internal migration patterns during the first year of the COVID-19 outbreak in Latvia, using available data at the municipality level. We compare migration flow statistics from the 2011–2019 period and the single year of 2020, which marked the start of the COVID-19 outbreak in Latvia. The analysis identifies similar patterns regarding internal migration activity among observed geographical units. In both time periods, the highest migration levels around Riga have been witnessed and several other large cities. Comparing these time periods highlights slightly higher migration intensity in 2020 than before COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78812686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent research trends related to the understanding of the meaning of philosophy and its use in interdisciplinary research in human geography. Therefore, the article aims to demonstrate a pilot model of an innovative methodology that forms the interface between human geography and philosophy. The terms “home experience” and “existential migration”, conceptualized by psychotherapist and philosopher Greg Madison, have been used to summarize interviews with migrants who have voluntarily chosen to integrate into another country, society, and culture in order to find a place to live in harmony with their individual being. Research on authenticity of life as a motive for migration has not developed so far, but it makes it possible to link the analysis of human experience, which is the focus of phenomenology, with empirical data sources. The mediation of human geography findings and axiological theory ensures that concepts of a philosophical nature form the architecture of a unified system of knowledge, in which empirical data are organically incorporated. In this case, they are the data from the many large-scale studies conducted in Latvia on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, particularly of the lockdown, on the population of Latvia. They all form a single text, which is examined by qualitative content analysis and cohort methods, revealing the nature of interpersonal relations in Latvian society, which are important in solving migration issues.
{"title":"Existential migration during the pandemic in Latvia: insight into solutions at the intersection of religious science and human geography","authors":"Māra Kiope","doi":"10.22364/fg.19.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.19.1","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research trends related to the understanding of the meaning of philosophy and its use in interdisciplinary research in human geography. Therefore, the article aims to demonstrate a pilot model of an innovative methodology that forms the interface between human geography and philosophy. The terms “home experience” and “existential migration”, conceptualized by psychotherapist and philosopher Greg Madison, have been used to summarize interviews with migrants who have voluntarily chosen to integrate into another country, society, and culture in order to find a place to live in harmony with their individual being. Research on authenticity of life as a motive for migration has not developed so far, but it makes it possible to link the analysis of human experience, which is the focus of phenomenology, with empirical data sources. The mediation of human geography findings and axiological theory ensures that concepts of a philosophical nature form the architecture of a unified system of knowledge, in which empirical data are organically incorporated. In this case, they are the data from the many large-scale studies conducted in Latvia on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, particularly of the lockdown, on the population of Latvia. They all form a single text, which is examined by qualitative content analysis and cohort methods, revealing the nature of interpersonal relations in Latvian society, which are important in solving migration issues.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76800017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spatial segregation of minority ethnic groups is a returning issue in public and political debates across many parts of the world. The degree of spatial concentration and segregation of ethnic minorities in European cities is well documented. However, despite Latvia's diverse migration history and relatively high minority population, particularly in the largest cities, these issues have received scant attention. This study examines the residential patterns of minority ethnic groups, presenting data on the levels and dynamics of urban residential segregation. The study includes five ethnic minorities: Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, and other ethnicities. We adopted a widely used methodology to examine changes in ethnic residential segregation between 2000 and 2019. The information comes from the 2000 census and the population register. We are confident in stating that overall ethnic residential segregation levels do not appear to be increasing. However, there are some differences not only between ethnic groups in the same city, but also between similar groups in different cities. Furthermore, demographic change reinforces both minority representation in established residential patterns and ethnic segregation in urban Latvia as a whole. Certain characteristics of the Latvian context, such as the dominance of owner-occupied dwellings and relatively low residential mobility, may explain the findings.
{"title":"Minority groups in the largest cities of Latvia","authors":"M. Berzins, Magnuss Spude","doi":"10.22364/fg.19.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.19.7","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial segregation of minority ethnic groups is a returning issue in public and political debates across many parts of the world. The degree of spatial concentration and segregation of ethnic minorities in European cities is well documented. However, despite Latvia's diverse migration history and relatively high minority population, particularly in the largest cities, these issues have received scant attention. This study examines the residential patterns of minority ethnic groups, presenting data on the levels and dynamics of urban residential segregation. The study includes five ethnic minorities: Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, and other ethnicities. We adopted a widely used methodology to examine changes in ethnic residential segregation between 2000 and 2019. The information comes from the 2000 census and the population register. We are confident in stating that overall ethnic residential segregation levels do not appear to be increasing. However, there are some differences not only between ethnic groups in the same city, but also between similar groups in different cities. Furthermore, demographic change reinforces both minority representation in established residential patterns and ethnic segregation in urban Latvia as a whole. Certain characteristics of the Latvian context, such as the dominance of owner-occupied dwellings and relatively low residential mobility, may explain the findings.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91109658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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