Semi-wild large herbivores have been present in the Latvian landscape now for just on 20 years. Nevertheless, the available information about the already implemented introduction projects is scattered and fragmentary. The aim of this paper is to outline and discuss the landscape of semi-wild animal grazing projects in the specially protected nature territories (SPNT) throughout Latvia, focusing on the project implementation contexts, locational factors and current management issues. The results of this study show that grazing areas of semi-wild herbivores are located mainly in nature parks and nature reserves. The typical location for the establishment of a grazing site is a former agricultural land area that has been abandoned by its previous users due to unsuitable conditions for profitable agricultural activity and which is located close to a natural waterbody. The main goal for all of the analyzed introduction projects was the restoration and protection of open landscape and grassland habitats. According to the research results, at APPRECIATING GEOGRAPHY: LOCAL AND GLOBAL SCALE 61 present, the main problem regarding grazing sites of semi-wild large herbivores, is the existing policy framework. This study raises many questions about the future of semi-wild herbivores in Latvia and these should be addressed in further in-depth studies.
{"title":"Landscape of semi-wild large herbivores in the specially protected nature territories of Latvia","authors":"Agnese Reķe, A. Zariņa, S. Rūsiņa","doi":"10.22364/fg.17.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.17.8","url":null,"abstract":"Semi-wild large herbivores have been present in the Latvian landscape now for just on 20 years. Nevertheless, the available information about the already implemented introduction projects is scattered and fragmentary. The aim of this paper is to outline and discuss the landscape of semi-wild animal grazing projects in the specially protected nature territories (SPNT) throughout Latvia, focusing on the project implementation contexts, locational factors and current management issues. The results of this study show that grazing areas of semi-wild herbivores are located mainly in nature parks and nature reserves. The typical location for the establishment of a grazing site is a former agricultural land area that has been abandoned by its previous users due to unsuitable conditions for profitable agricultural activity and which is located close to a natural waterbody. The main goal for all of the analyzed introduction projects was the restoration and protection of open landscape and grassland habitats. According to the research results, at APPRECIATING GEOGRAPHY: LOCAL AND GLOBAL SCALE 61 present, the main problem regarding grazing sites of semi-wild large herbivores, is the existing policy framework. This study raises many questions about the future of semi-wild herbivores in Latvia and these should be addressed in further in-depth studies.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87091450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cinema is essentially a geographic art, a way of “writing the world”. By bringing a geographic perspective to examining how cinema evokes a location, we gain a better understanding of the way we socially construct place/location in our geographical imaginations. Studies of films can inform us about new historio-graphical perspectives on space, architecture and urban imagery, and thus advance new critical insights into the geo-historical formation of urban modernity. The focus of this study is to describe the portrayal of Rīga’s urban space under Stalin’s regime. The mixed method approach is used to interpret the representation of Stalin’s Soviet occupied Rīga. This exposes different elements and processes about the formation of Soviet Rīga’s cinematic landscape. Spatial analysis of Stalin’s Rīga not only displays which sites were transformed in cinematic places but also acts as an archaeological tool that explores hidden residential settings during the Soviet period. This study sheds light on innovative methods in historical analyses of geographical thought and practice, where films have been considered as geographic practice for visual language with a goal to evoke viewer experiences of inhabiting Soviet urban space. This paper acknowledges both development and spatial organization of urban space in Stalin’s Rīga, and that politically restricted space uncovers gaps and contradictions in the official Soviet history by creating an alternative history of Soviet Rīga.
{"title":"Imposed Stalinism: narrating Rīga’s urban space through Soviet films from 1945 to 1953","authors":"Jānis Matvejs","doi":"10.22364/fg.16.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.16.20","url":null,"abstract":"Cinema is essentially a geographic art, a way of “writing the world”. By bringing a geographic perspective to examining how cinema evokes a location, we gain a better understanding of the way we socially construct place/location in our geographical imaginations. Studies of films can inform us about new historio-graphical perspectives on space, architecture and urban imagery, and thus advance new critical insights into the geo-historical formation of urban modernity. The focus of this study is to describe the portrayal of Rīga’s urban space under Stalin’s regime. The mixed method approach is used to interpret the representation of Stalin’s Soviet occupied Rīga. This exposes different elements and processes about the formation of Soviet Rīga’s cinematic landscape. Spatial analysis of Stalin’s Rīga not only displays which sites were transformed in cinematic places but also acts as an archaeological tool that explores hidden residential settings during the Soviet period. This study sheds light on innovative methods in historical analyses of geographical thought and practice, where films have been considered as geographic practice for visual language with a goal to evoke viewer experiences of inhabiting Soviet urban space. This paper acknowledges both development and spatial organization of urban space in Stalin’s Rīga, and that politically restricted space uncovers gaps and contradictions in the official Soviet history by creating an alternative history of Soviet Rīga.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81772972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The process of suburbanization in Babīte rural municipality after the year 2000","authors":"Ineta Grīne, I. Mieze","doi":"10.22364/fg.17.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.17.18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84128739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reinis Bitenieks, L. Kalniņa, Ingrīda Krīgere, J. Dreimanis
The degradation level and re-cultivation possibilities of extracted peat fields have usually been evaluated using data from vegetation studies, and partly from hydrological measurements. Very little attention has been paid to the remaining peat layer properties; however, this is important for the planning and choice of scenario for re-cultivation. The aim of this study has been to investigate the properties of the remaining peat section with special attention to the top layer. This research project included the following laboratory methods: loss – on ignition method, pH, degree of peat decomposition botanical composition and natural peat density analysis. The results of this study point to those peat properties that are changing due to extraction processes. The obtained results suggest that peat properties in the studied affected peatlands vary differently. The top layers of the peat section have a higher natural density and increased amount of mineral matter. The main changes observed were in the peat natural moisture, pH, mineral content, degradation rates, and ash content, which in the extracted peat field were associated with hydrological regime modification.
{"title":"Characteristics of peat properties from extracted peatlands in the context of sustainable management","authors":"Reinis Bitenieks, L. Kalniņa, Ingrīda Krīgere, J. Dreimanis","doi":"10.22364/fg.17.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.17.6","url":null,"abstract":"The degradation level and re-cultivation possibilities of extracted peat fields have usually been evaluated using data from vegetation studies, and partly from hydrological measurements. Very little attention has been paid to the remaining peat layer properties; however, this is important for the planning and choice of scenario for re-cultivation. The aim of this study has been to investigate the properties of the remaining peat section with special attention to the top layer. This research project included the following laboratory methods: loss – on ignition method, pH, degree of peat decomposition botanical composition and natural peat density analysis. The results of this study point to those peat properties that are changing due to extraction processes. The obtained results suggest that peat properties in the studied affected peatlands vary differently. The top layers of the peat section have a higher natural density and increased amount of mineral matter. The main changes observed were in the peat natural moisture, pH, mineral content, degradation rates, and ash content, which in the extracted peat field were associated with hydrological regime modification.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74171878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The decline in population is a significant problem for Latvia, the causes and consequences of which have been brought to the attention of many researchers. The aim of this study is to perform a mathematical analysis of the population and the main components of its changes at the national level to evaluate the use of these indicators in the estimation of population changes. The methods of this research are based on data regression analysis. The statistical analysis of this work uses the data of the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. The study also utilised Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) population projections at the national level. The results of this research are based on data regression analysis. Although linear regression models evaluate changes in the population of Latvia and show very strong correlation, they must be treated critically. The population migration balance is not predictable based on historical observations and/or by using mathematical models. In migration balance forecast models that are based on mathematical statistical methods, the uncertainty is so great that the practical value of such models is negligible.
{"title":"Projected changes in the number of inhabitants of Latvia in the event of the stabilization of emigration","authors":"Jānis Paiders","doi":"10.22364/fg.17.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.17.10","url":null,"abstract":"The decline in population is a significant problem for Latvia, the causes and consequences of which have been brought to the attention of many researchers. The aim of this study is to perform a mathematical analysis of the population and the main components of its changes at the national level to evaluate the use of these indicators in the estimation of population changes. The methods of this research are based on data regression analysis. The statistical analysis of this work uses the data of the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. The study also utilised Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) population projections at the national level. The results of this research are based on data regression analysis. Although linear regression models evaluate changes in the population of Latvia and show very strong correlation, they must be treated critically. The population migration balance is not predictable based on historical observations and/or by using mathematical models. In migration balance forecast models that are based on mathematical statistical methods, the uncertainty is so great that the practical value of such models is negligible.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86225492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most of the populace remains geographically immobile according to classical migration theories. An important consideration that limits change of place of residence is attachment to that place and its people, as well as some life-shaping circumstances such as job prospects, education, raising children and the buying of a residential property (Fischer et. al. 2000). More than half of the residents of Rīga (419146) in 2018 have lived in the same neighbourhood for at least 18 years (CSB 2018). This raises the question as to whether they also share common socio-economic circumstances. Geographically immobile residents are the core of the population. Study analyses on the socio-demographic background of geographically immobile residents of Rīga, who have not changed location since the 1990s, used data from a 2015 survey (n=867). The residential 'harbours' for long-term residents are Soviet socialist periodbuilt apartment-block housing neighbourhoods. Having a population of school-age children, people in retirement and/or on a low income might contribute to some of the reasons for staying at one place for longer periods of time in suburban Rīga. The sociodemographic characteristics of the geographically immobile population displays differences among respondents residing in different neighbourhoods. Among the neighbourhoods with the highest share of geographically immobile respondents, the areas located on the outskirts of the capital city are less attractive than those more central and with higher incomes and children.
{"title":"Socio-demographic composition of the geographically immobile urban population","authors":"B. Švāne","doi":"10.22364/fg.17.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.17.14","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the populace remains geographically immobile according to classical migration theories. An important consideration that limits change of place of residence is attachment to that place and its people, as well as some life-shaping circumstances such as job prospects, education, raising children and the buying of a residential property (Fischer et. al. 2000). More than half of the residents of Rīga (419146) in 2018 have lived in the same neighbourhood for at least 18 years (CSB 2018). This raises the question as to whether they also share common socio-economic circumstances. Geographically immobile residents are the core of the population. Study analyses on the socio-demographic background of geographically immobile residents of Rīga, who have not changed location since the 1990s, used data from a 2015 survey (n=867). The residential 'harbours' for long-term residents are Soviet socialist periodbuilt apartment-block housing neighbourhoods. Having a population of school-age children, people in retirement and/or on a low income might contribute to some of the reasons for staying at one place for longer periods of time in suburban Rīga. The sociodemographic characteristics of the geographically immobile population displays differences among respondents residing in different neighbourhoods. Among the neighbourhoods with the highest share of geographically immobile respondents, the areas located on the outskirts of the capital city are less attractive than those more central and with higher incomes and children.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90095475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses gentrification from two perspectives cultural consumption and changes in population composition as observed in two inner-city neighbourhoods that are gentrifying, Āgenskalns in Rīga and Holešovice in Prague. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed such as field study and observation, Census data analysis, interview, analysis of reviews on internet platforms, as well as the mapping of results. The study revealed that both neighbourhoods experienced an influx of young and educated residents. It was also concluded that both neighbourhoods experienced major changes in the APPRECIATING GEOGRAPHY: LOCAL AND GLOBAL SCALE 146 cultural scene over the past years, turning from being once neglected to now very hip areas. The study also showed that Holešovice is more popular among foreigners than Āgenskalns. The findings suggest that the location of newly opened places in both neighbourhoods follows concentrated patterns.
{"title":"Diversity of gentrification in the inner cities of Rīga and Prague – the case of Āgenskalns and Holešovice","authors":"Margarita Kairjaka","doi":"10.22364/fg.16.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.16.19","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses gentrification from two perspectives cultural consumption and changes in population composition as observed in two inner-city neighbourhoods that are gentrifying, Āgenskalns in Rīga and Holešovice in Prague. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed such as field study and observation, Census data analysis, interview, analysis of reviews on internet platforms, as well as the mapping of results. The study revealed that both neighbourhoods experienced an influx of young and educated residents. It was also concluded that both neighbourhoods experienced major changes in the APPRECIATING GEOGRAPHY: LOCAL AND GLOBAL SCALE 146 cultural scene over the past years, turning from being once neglected to now very hip areas. The study also showed that Holešovice is more popular among foreigners than Āgenskalns. The findings suggest that the location of newly opened places in both neighbourhoods follows concentrated patterns.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89521514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to explore labour migration geographies in order to reveal peculiar aspects of emigration spatial distributions between core and peripheral sending regions and destination country choices. In this study the term core is considered the capital of Latvia, Rīga, and the term periphery is considered as the remaining statistical regions in Latvia as well as the receiving countries which are identified as the UK, Ireland, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The study is based on a database derived from an online survey and analysed through statistical methods. The findings suggest that the profiles of labour migrants differ sharply in terms of geographic context in Latvia. Migrants from the core part of the country were more educated, skilled and had worked in the tertiary sector of the economy prior moving away from Latvia than their counterparts from peripheral regions. In addition, other findings show that migrants from the core are less likely to be circular migrants, but more often than not, migrants from the periphery use their own efforts to find a job in the destination country. In terms of destination country geographies, emigrants from the core more often choose Germany, Norway and Sweden, but emigrants with lower hierarchy in education and occupation levels engage more in circular movements by repeatedly going to Ireland and the UK. This paper was supported by the project 1.1.1.2/VIAA/1/16/184.
{"title":"Exploring labour migration from Latvia: geographies of origin","authors":"Elina Apsite-Berina, G. Burgmanis, Z. Krisjane","doi":"10.22364/fg.17.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.17.12","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to explore labour migration geographies in order to reveal peculiar aspects of emigration spatial distributions between core and peripheral sending regions and destination country choices. In this study the term core is considered the capital of Latvia, Rīga, and the term periphery is considered as the remaining statistical regions in Latvia as well as the receiving countries which are identified as the UK, Ireland, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The study is based on a database derived from an online survey and analysed through statistical methods. The findings suggest that the profiles of labour migrants differ sharply in terms of geographic context in Latvia. Migrants from the core part of the country were more educated, skilled and had worked in the tertiary sector of the economy prior moving away from Latvia than their counterparts from peripheral regions. In addition, other findings show that migrants from the core are less likely to be circular migrants, but more often than not, migrants from the periphery use their own efforts to find a job in the destination country. In terms of destination country geographies, emigrants from the core more often choose Germany, Norway and Sweden, but emigrants with lower hierarchy in education and occupation levels engage more in circular movements by repeatedly going to Ireland and the UK. This paper was supported by the project 1.1.1.2/VIAA/1/16/184.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86537587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Defining the commuting regions of Latvia","authors":"T. Skadins","doi":"10.22364/fg.17.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.17.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82849309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to analyse career migration of the highly skilled from Latvia in the context of post-accession migration since the EU enlargement of 2004. Based on secondary analysis of survey data, the study addresses three empirical questions: What are the motives of these highly skilled migrants, both for the initial migratory move and future mobility? What are the structural factors influencing the decisions of the highly skilled? What kinds of jobs do they actually obtain, and how do they get those jobs? The theoretical framework of the study is a synthesis of several theories, taking into account and testing the concept of liquid migration and its applicability to the career migration of the highly skilled from Latvia. The data analysis demonstrates that the concept of liquid migration does not characterise most typical migration patterns from Latvia, especially the migration patterns of the highly skilled in STEM areas. Contrary to the dominant characteristics of liquid migration, the highly skilled often choose long-term settlement and register abroad as employees.
{"title":"Mobility motivations and experiences of highly skilled Latvians abroad","authors":"Inese Šūpule","doi":"10.22364/fg.16.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/fg.16.13","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to analyse career migration of the highly skilled from Latvia in the context of post-accession migration since the EU enlargement of 2004. Based on secondary analysis of survey data, the study addresses three empirical questions: What are the motives of these highly skilled migrants, both for the initial migratory move and future mobility? What are the structural factors influencing the decisions of the highly skilled? What kinds of jobs do they actually obtain, and how do they get those jobs? The theoretical framework of the study is a synthesis of several theories, taking into account and testing the concept of liquid migration and its applicability to the career migration of the highly skilled from Latvia. The data analysis demonstrates that the concept of liquid migration does not characterise most typical migration patterns from Latvia, especially the migration patterns of the highly skilled in STEM areas. Contrary to the dominant characteristics of liquid migration, the highly skilled often choose long-term settlement and register abroad as employees.","PeriodicalId":41656,"journal":{"name":"Folia Geographica","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86905978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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