Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0203
Alexander Rocklin
Abstract:Facing unrest after a global economic downturn, the British government in Trinidad arrested the labor organizer Tubal Uriah "Buzz" Butler in 1937. The colonial government charged him with sedition, claiming that his actions had led to revolts. While evidence in the king's court focused on Butler's supposedly seditious rhetoric, in the court of elite public opinion and in popular and official speech and writing Butler was repeatedly portrayed as a disabled madman, an unreasonable religious fanatic. Colonial regimes and their dependents in the Caribbean have used a racializing discourse of mental and physical disability purportedly caused by African superstition or fanaticism to contain the social formation of the colonized, including uprisings but also general community-building outside of colonial control. In this article, I use the history of such regulation to better understand the government crackdown on Butler's activism as well as his critique of colonialism and British sovereignty.
{"title":"Making the Chief Servant Mad: Disability, the Regulation of Afro-Caribbean Religions, and the Political Prophesy of Tubal Uriah Butler","authors":"Alexander Rocklin","doi":"10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0203","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Facing unrest after a global economic downturn, the British government in Trinidad arrested the labor organizer Tubal Uriah \"Buzz\" Butler in 1937. The colonial government charged him with sedition, claiming that his actions had led to revolts. While evidence in the king's court focused on Butler's supposedly seditious rhetoric, in the court of elite public opinion and in popular and official speech and writing Butler was repeatedly portrayed as a disabled madman, an unreasonable religious fanatic. Colonial regimes and their dependents in the Caribbean have used a racializing discourse of mental and physical disability purportedly caused by African superstition or fanaticism to contain the social formation of the colonized, including uprisings but also general community-building outside of colonial control. In this article, I use the history of such regulation to better understand the government crackdown on Butler's activism as well as his critique of colonialism and British sovereignty.","PeriodicalId":41877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Africana Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"203 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48173257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0268
Elisia Santos
Abstract:This essay describes the police invasion of Hunkpame Savalu Vodun Zo Kwe terreiro in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. It demonstrates how police "investigations" of Afro-Brazilian religious communities can become a form of violent intolerance and structural racism.
摘要：本文描述了警察在巴西巴伊亚州萨尔瓦多对Hunkpame Savalu Vodun Zo Kwe tereiro的入侵。它表明，警方对非裔巴西宗教社区的“调查”可能成为暴力不容忍和结构性种族主义的一种形式。
{"title":"And in the Beginning, the Word Should Be Love and Not Tolerance","authors":"Elisia Santos","doi":"10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0268","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay describes the police invasion of Hunkpame Savalu Vodun Zo Kwe terreiro in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. It demonstrates how police \"investigations\" of Afro-Brazilian religious communities can become a form of violent intolerance and structural racism.","PeriodicalId":41877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Africana Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"268 - 274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48636436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0165
A. R. Washington
Abstract:Comprehensively understanding religious repression requires a critical examination of discursive-linguistic practices, given that language is a semiotic resource for ritual practice and negotiations of religious identity. Language has also been weaponized within colonial domination and religious subjugation because of how religious and linguistic practices intersect. This article explores linguistic appropriation as part of the symbolic and material(ized) violence that represses African-matrix religions. Focusing on Salvador, Brazil, I analyze cases of linguistic-spiritual appropriation wherein commercial industries and evangelical Christians adopt Nagô/Yoruba expressions derived from African-matrix liturgical registers and reshape them to the detriment of their source communities. This investigation highlights how kindred ideological processes, like evangelicalism and the national projects of mestiçagem and democracia racial, become entextualized and reconstituted through discursive processes. It demonstrates the paradox of socially and politically dominant groups co-opting, commodifying, and capitalizing on the very ritual practices and institutions that they restrict, malign, and criminalize.
{"title":"Desecrating the Sacred: Linguistic Appropriation of Nagô Expressions and the Articulation of Religious Repression in Salvador, Brazil","authors":"A. R. Washington","doi":"10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0165","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Comprehensively understanding religious repression requires a critical examination of discursive-linguistic practices, given that language is a semiotic resource for ritual practice and negotiations of religious identity. Language has also been weaponized within colonial domination and religious subjugation because of how religious and linguistic practices intersect. This article explores linguistic appropriation as part of the symbolic and material(ized) violence that represses African-matrix religions. Focusing on Salvador, Brazil, I analyze cases of linguistic-spiritual appropriation wherein commercial industries and evangelical Christians adopt Nagô/Yoruba expressions derived from African-matrix liturgical registers and reshape them to the detriment of their source communities. This investigation highlights how kindred ideological processes, like evangelicalism and the national projects of mestiçagem and democracia racial, become entextualized and reconstituted through discursive processes. It demonstrates the paradox of socially and politically dominant groups co-opting, commodifying, and capitalizing on the very ritual practices and institutions that they restrict, malign, and criminalize.","PeriodicalId":41877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Africana Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"165 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46977548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0275
Rosiane Rodrigues
Abstract:In this essay, an iyalorixá describes how she temporarily lost legal custody of her son because of her affiliation with Candomblé. The author's ordeal represents a disturbing trend to limit or terminate the parental rights of devotees of Africana religions in Brazil and other parts of the world.
{"title":"Tell Me Who You Pray For, and Justice Will Guarantee Your Rights—Or Not","authors":"Rosiane Rodrigues","doi":"10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0275","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In this essay, an iyalorixá describes how she temporarily lost legal custody of her son because of her affiliation with Candomblé. The author's ordeal represents a disturbing trend to limit or terminate the parental rights of devotees of Africana religions in Brazil and other parts of the world.","PeriodicalId":41877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Africana Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"275 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46087759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0250
Gustavo Melo Cerqueira, Danielle N. Boaz
Abstract:The six essays in this roundtable provide firsthand accounts by devotees and activists in Brazil who experienced incidents of religious racism or sought to bring the assailants to justice. Many such incidents, which include harassment, physical violence, and destruction of property, among other things, are perpetrated by members of evangelical Christian churches.
{"title":"Religious Racism in Brazil: Introduction","authors":"Gustavo Melo Cerqueira, Danielle N. Boaz","doi":"10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0250","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The six essays in this roundtable provide firsthand accounts by devotees and activists in Brazil who experienced incidents of religious racism or sought to bring the assailants to justice. Many such incidents, which include harassment, physical violence, and destruction of property, among other things, are perpetrated by members of evangelical Christian churches.","PeriodicalId":41877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Africana Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"250 - 258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45814809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0227
Hilary Sparkes
Abstract:Language referencing illness and instability in regard to African-Jamaican religions was often used by anthropologists and ethnographers writing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It formed part of a wider discourse prevalent at the time that linked folk religions to hysteria and insanity. In Jamaica, this association contributed to social control as religious leaders, such as the prominent Revivalist Alexander Bedward, who were outspoken in challenging the socio-racial status quo, could be incarcerated in an asylum. Furthermore, it enabled the state to turn the populace away from African-derived religions and spiritual practices in order to impose cultural hegemony based on British bourgeois values. This article examines how the writings of ethnographers in the late postemancipation era reflected, reinforced, and occasionally challenged a correlation between mental illness and African-Jamaican folk religions.
{"title":"Minds Overwrought by \"Religious Orgies\": Narratives of African-Jamaican Folk Religion and Mental Illness in Late Nineteenth-Century and Early Twentieth-Century Ethnographies","authors":"Hilary Sparkes","doi":"10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0227","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Language referencing illness and instability in regard to African-Jamaican religions was often used by anthropologists and ethnographers writing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It formed part of a wider discourse prevalent at the time that linked folk religions to hysteria and insanity. In Jamaica, this association contributed to social control as religious leaders, such as the prominent Revivalist Alexander Bedward, who were outspoken in challenging the socio-racial status quo, could be incarcerated in an asylum. Furthermore, it enabled the state to turn the populace away from African-derived religions and spiritual practices in order to impose cultural hegemony based on British bourgeois values. This article examines how the writings of ethnographers in the late postemancipation era reflected, reinforced, and occasionally challenged a correlation between mental illness and African-Jamaican folk religions.","PeriodicalId":41877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Africana Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"227 - 249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45185448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0262
Vilson Caetano De Sousa
Abstract:This essay recounts how a Candomblé terreiro in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, was harassed by a neighbor. By lodging fictitious or exaggerated complaints to the authorities, neighbors harness the power of the state to support their intolerance against Afro-Brazilian religions.
{"title":"The Religious Persecution of Casa do Rei e Senhor das Alturas","authors":"Vilson Caetano De Sousa","doi":"10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0262","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay recounts how a Candomblé terreiro in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, was harassed by a neighbor. By lodging fictitious or exaggerated complaints to the authorities, neighbors harness the power of the state to support their intolerance against Afro-Brazilian religions.","PeriodicalId":41877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Africana Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"262 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47862262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0137
Alda Rodrigues
Abstract:This article analyzes the persecution of African religions in eighteenth-century Brazil focusing on two important yet largely unstudied dimensions. First, it explores the militarization of policing Vodun practicioners by capitães do mato ("bush captains"), whose main function was capturing runaway slaves, after the destruction of the great maroon state of Palmares. Second, it examines the demonization by colonial society of African and diasporic religions, focusing on the process of knowledge production about the liturgical languages used by West African priests and the visual culture of the cults dedicated to the ophidian Voduns (Dan).
摘要：本文分析了18世纪巴西对非洲宗教的迫害，主要集中在两个重要但尚未研究的方面。首先，它探讨了在大栗色的帕尔马雷斯州被摧毁后，capitães do mato（“丛林队长”）对沃顿实业家的军事化治安，其主要职能是抓捕逃跑的奴隶。其次，它考察了殖民社会对非洲宗教和流散宗教的妖魔化，重点关注西非牧师使用的礼拜语言的知识生产过程，以及致力于奥菲迪Voduns（Dan）的邪教的视觉文化。
{"title":"The Militarization of the Persecution of African Religions and the Demonization of Vodun Cults in Eighteenth-Century Minas Gerais, Brazil","authors":"Alda Rodrigues","doi":"10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0137","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article analyzes the persecution of African religions in eighteenth-century Brazil focusing on two important yet largely unstudied dimensions. First, it explores the militarization of policing Vodun practicioners by capitães do mato (\"bush captains\"), whose main function was capturing runaway slaves, after the destruction of the great maroon state of Palmares. Second, it examines the demonization by colonial society of African and diasporic religions, focusing on the process of knowledge production about the liturgical languages used by West African priests and the visual culture of the cults dedicated to the ophidian Voduns (Dan).","PeriodicalId":41877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Africana Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"137 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48028892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0283
M. A. Silva
Abstract:This essay explores an evangelical pastor's campaign against the city of Salvador's plans to name a public park after an orixá. The pastor claims that his opposition is based on the notion that Brazil, as a secular state, should not provide public funds or recognition of Afro-Brazilian religions. However, this essay argues that state-sponsored Christian parks and monuments have not faced similar opposition.
{"title":"Pedra de Xangô Park: An Act of Historical Repair","authors":"M. A. Silva","doi":"10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrireli.9.2.0283","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay explores an evangelical pastor's campaign against the city of Salvador's plans to name a public park after an orixá. The pastor claims that his opposition is based on the notion that Brazil, as a secular state, should not provide public funds or recognition of Afro-Brazilian religions. However, this essay argues that state-sponsored Christian parks and monuments have not faced similar opposition.","PeriodicalId":41877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Africana Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"283 - 292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41674212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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