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Syria Conflict and its Impact 叙利亚冲突及其影响
IF 0.9 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-12-03 DOI: 10.1163/18781527-bja10057
Mais Qandeel, Jamie Sommer
The Syrian war has caused catastrophic damage to the lives and livelihoods of millions of people. Chemical attacks in particular have been tremendously devastating to both humans and wildlife ecosystems. Building on previous research in international humanitarian law (ihl) and the protection of the environment, this article identifies the immediate and long-term impact that the use and storage of chemical weapons has on the environment as against the shortcomings in legal coverage for the same. This article further argues that existing ihl provisions addressing the consequences of environmental warfare are fragmented at best, even when applied to a current case that most would consider to be highly applicable to ihl.
叙利亚战争给千百万人的生命和生计造成了灾难性的破坏。特别是化学武器袭击对人类和野生动物生态系统造成了巨大的破坏。本文以以往在国际人道主义法和环境保护方面的研究为基础,确定了化学武器的使用和储存对环境造成的直接和长期影响,以及在这方面法律覆盖面的不足。本文进一步认为,处理环境战后果的现有国际人道法条款充其量是支离破碎的,即使适用于大多数人认为高度适用于国际人道法的当前案例也是如此。
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引用次数: 0
Might as Right? The Nature of Laws of War applicable to Targeting and Detention in International Armed Conflicts 可能是对的?国际武装冲突中适用于瞄准和拘留的战争法的性质
IF 0.9 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.1163/18781527-bja10056
Festus M. Kinoti
Do laws of war applicable to International Armed Conflicts (iac s) authorize targeting and detention or do they simply regulate targeting and detention as an exercise of power in war by belligerents without providing authorization? This question has been the subject of debate in the recent past. The traditional understanding of laws of war, simply as a protective regime has come under increasing challenge from claims laws of war authorize targeting and detention in International Armed Conflicts. While these claims have mainly been made to establish in laws of war satisfaction for the requirement of Human rights law for a legal basis for targeting and detention, the transmutation of what in the perspective of laws of war is simply an exercise of power into legal permission has consequences beyond that relationship. It also impacts the relationship between laws of war and jus ad bellum, and more gravely it cloaks what is an otherwise exercise of brute power in war with the garb of legal competence. It transmutes what is simply might into right. The transmutation, re characterizes an iac from the perspective of laws of war as simply a fact, into its legal construct. Therefore, this paper interrogates the nature of the laws of war, to show they simply regulate targeting and detention in iac s without providing legal permission.
适用于国际武装冲突的战争法是否授权针对目标和拘留,还是仅仅将针对目标和拘留作为交战各方在战争中未经授权行使权力的一种行为加以规范?这个问题最近一直是争论的主题。对战争法的传统理解,仅仅是作为一种保护制度,已经受到越来越多的索赔挑战,战争法授权在国际武装冲突中瞄准和拘留。虽然这些主张主要是为了在战争法中确立人权法对目标和拘留的法律基础的要求的满足,但从战争法的角度来看,将仅仅是行使权力的行为转变为法律许可的后果超出了这种关系。它还影响了战争法和战争法之间的关系,更严重的是,它给战争中的暴力行为披上了法律能力的外衣。它把可能变成了正确。这种转变,从战争法的角度,将iac重新定义为一个简单的事实,进入其法律结构。因此,本文对战争法的本质进行了质疑,以表明它们只是在没有提供法律许可的情况下,对战争中的目标和拘留进行了规范。
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引用次数: 0
The Law of Neutrality: Jus ad Bellum or Jus in Bello? 中立法则:正义在贝鲁还是正义在贝洛?
IF 0.9 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1163/18781527-bja10055
P. Clancy
This review essay aims to consider the law of neutrality, and whether it may be better situated within the jus ad bellum, the body of law governing the use of force, or the jus in bello, the body of law governing hostilities following the initial use of force. In doing so, the essay centres on the recent monograph by Constantine Antonopoulos on the subject of the law of neutrality, wherein the author assures us that despite the legal innovations of the last century, the law of neutrality has remained squarely within the modern jus in bello. The present writer takes a somewhat different approach, although appreciates the doctrinal allure of keeping the law of neutrality separate from jus ad bellum considerations, particularly in the context of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.
这篇评论文章的目的是考虑中立性法律,以及它是否可能更好地置于战争法(管辖使用武力的法律体系)或战争法(管辖最初使用武力后的敌对行为的法律体系)之中。在此过程中,本文以康斯坦丁·安东诺普洛斯(Constantine Antonopoulos)最近关于中立法主题的专著为中心,其中作者向我们保证,尽管上个世纪出现了法律创新,但中立法仍然完全属于现代的bello法。本文作者采取了一种不同的方法,尽管他很欣赏保持中立的法律与正当战争的考虑分开的理论吸引力,特别是在俄罗斯正在入侵乌克兰的背景下。
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引用次数: 0
Nuremberg’s Enduring Legacy to International Justice 纽伦堡对国际司法的持久遗产
IF 0.9 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-08-30 DOI: 10.1163/18781527-bja10054
I.M. Lobo de Souza
The historic Nuremberg trial represented a first step toward an adequate response by the international society to grave crimes under international law committed by individuals in position of governmental authority. This article discusses three particular ways in which the Nuremberg trial has advanced international justice. From a normative perspective, it has helped crystallise the principle of individual criminal responsibility for crimes under international law. Furthermore, the Nuremberg tribunal’s extraordinary jurisdiction paved the way for domestic and international courts’ jurisdiction over crimes under international law, while instigating the evolution of relevant law concerning immunity from jurisdiction. Finally, in associating international crimes with the maintenance of international peace and security, it allowed the UN system of collective security to consider situations involving the commission of those crimes as a threat to international peace and security, preventing impunity and promoting the efficacy of international humanitarian law.
纽伦堡的历史性审判标志着国际社会朝着对处于政府权力地位的个人根据国际法犯下的严重罪行作出适当反应迈出了第一步。本文讨论了纽伦堡审判促进国际正义的三种特殊方式。从规范的角度来看,它有助于明确国际法规定的个人对罪行的刑事责任原则。此外,纽伦堡法庭的特别管辖权为国内和国际法院对国际法规定的罪行行使管辖权铺平了道路,同时推动了有关管辖豁免的相关法律的发展。最后,在将国际罪行与维护国际和平与安全联系起来时,它使联合国集体安全系统能够将涉及犯下这些罪行的情况视为对国际和平与稳定的威胁,防止有罪不罚现象,并促进国际人道主义法的效力。
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引用次数: 1
The Legality of Weapons Transfers to Ukraine Under International Law 根据国际法向乌克兰转让武器的合法性
IF 0.9 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI: 10.1163/18781527-bja10053
K. Heller, Lena Trabucco
This article analyses the legality of Western states providing weapons to Ukraine. It focuses on five areas of international law: (1) the jus ad bellum; (2) the law of neutrality; (3) international humanitarian law; (4) state responsibility for complicity in internationally wrongful acts; and (5) international criminal law. It concludes that weapons transfers likely violate the law of neutrality, entitling Russia to respond with countermeasures; that Russia can lawfully target transferred weapons under ihl; and that weapons transfers could lead to state and individual responsibility if evidence comes to light that the Ukrainian military is using weapons previously supplied by the West to commit war crimes. By contrast, providing weapons to Ukraine does not violate the jus ad bellum because they are in service of Ukraine’s right of self-defence against Russia and does not make the supplying states co-belligerents in Russia’s international armed conflict with Ukraine.
本文分析了西方国家向乌克兰提供武器的合法性。它侧重于国际法的五个领域:(1)战时法;(2)中立原则;(3)国际人道主义法;(四)共谋国际不法行为的国家责任;(5)国际刑法。报告的结论是,武器转让可能违反了中立原则,俄罗斯有权采取反制措施;根据国际反恐法,俄罗斯可以合法地瞄准转移的武器;如果有证据表明乌克兰军方正在使用此前由西方提供的武器犯下战争罪,武器转让可能会导致国家和个人承担责任。相比之下,向乌克兰提供武器并不违反战时法,因为这些武器是为乌克兰针对俄罗斯的自卫权利服务的,也不会使供应国成为俄罗斯与乌克兰国际武装冲突的共犯。
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引用次数: 4
From Outlaws to Judges: Armed Groups and The Administration of Justice 从不法之徒到法官:武装团体与司法
IF 0.9 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.1163/18781527-bja10052
A. Spadaro
René Provost’s latest book, Rebel Courts: The Administration of Justice by Armed Insurgents, collects an impressive amount of practice of organized armed groups concerning the administration of justice in armed conflicts, and offers a detailed analysis of the legal issues surrounding the creation and functioning of insurgent courts. Drawing from field work and adopting a legal pluralistic methodology, Provost offers a comprehensive overview of how the rebel administration of justice functions in practice and of how international law regulates its different aspects, including the legality of rebel courts, due process guarantees, as well as international, transnational, and national recognition of the judicial practices of armed groups. In this review essay, I highlight the importance and novelty of Provost’s approach, exploring the book’s connections with other legal and non-legal literature on armed groups, and contextualize some of Provost’s arguments concerning rebel law and rebel courts.
勒内教务长的最新著作《叛乱法院:武装叛乱分子的司法》收集了大量有组织武装团体在武装冲突中司法的实践,并详细分析了叛乱法院的设立和运作所涉及的法律问题。根据实地工作并采用法律多元化方法,教务长全面概述了反叛分子司法在实践中的运作方式,以及国际法如何规范其不同方面,包括反叛分子法院的合法性、正当程序保障以及国际、跨国、,国家承认武装团体的司法做法。在这篇评论文章中,我强调了教务长方法的重要性和新颖性,探讨了这本书与其他关于武装团体的法律和非法律文献的联系,并将教务长关于叛乱法和叛乱法庭的一些论点置于背景中。
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引用次数: 0
Rules-Based International Disorder 基于规则的国际混乱
IF 0.9 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-06-22 DOI: 10.1163/18781527-bja10050
R. Buchan, E. Crawford, Rain Liivoja
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引用次数: 0
Natalia Jevglevskaja, International Law and Weapons Review: Emerging Military Technology under the Law of Armed Conflict 国际法与武器评论:武装冲突法下的新兴军事技术,Natalia Jevglevskaja著
IF 0.9 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1163/18781527-bja10051
Damian Copeland
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引用次数: 0
Improving Coherence between Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction through Formal and Informal International Lawmaking 通过正式和非正式的国际立法,提高适应气候变化与减少灾害风险之间的一致性
IF 0.9 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-05-13 DOI: 10.1163/18781527-bja10049
T. Natoli
Resolutions and other key documents adopted in the last few years by the international community provide that greater coherence and integration between law and policies on climate change adaptation (cca) and disaster risk reduction (drr) can lead to more efficient use of available resources, and more effective action in reducing human vulnerabilities and exposure to climate and disaster risks. Moving from the analytical background provided by the ‘informal international law’ theory (in-law), the purpose of this study is to evaluate how the combination of formal and informal law-making processes affects the coherent implementation of different normative instruments defining the current global agenda on climate risk governance. Normative developments in three different institutional contexts (the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction – ‘Sendai system’; and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement) will be assessed, in light of recent developments on the drafting, endorsement and implementation of relevant normative instruments. The analysis will be corroborated by references to the effects that greater synergies between these frameworks can generate at the regional and domestic levels, as demonstrated by evidence collected in three different countries (Fiji, the Philippines, and Dominica) between 2019 and 2021.
国际社会在过去几年中通过的决议和其他关键文件规定,在适应气候变化和减少灾害风险的法律和政策之间加强一致性和一体化,可以更有效地利用现有资源,并采取更有效的行动,减少人类的脆弱性和面临气候和灾害风险的风险。从“非正式国际法”理论(法律)提供的分析背景出发,本研究的目的是评估正式和非正式立法程序的结合如何影响定义当前全球气候风险治理议程的不同规范性文书的连贯实施。将根据起草、核准和执行相关规范性文书的最新进展,评估三个不同机构背景下的规范性发展情况(政府间气候变化专门委员会、联合国减少灾害风险办公室——“仙台系统”和国际红十字与红新月运动)。正如2019年至2021年在三个不同国家(斐济、菲律宾和多米尼克)收集的证据所表明的那样,这些框架之间更大的协同作用可以在区域和国内层面产生的影响将证实这一分析。
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引用次数: 0
The Case of M/S Józef Conrad and Law of Air Warfare During the Vietnam War M/S Józef康拉德案与越南战争期间的空战法
IF 0.9 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-05-13 DOI: 10.1163/18781527-bja10048
Mateusz Piątkowski
On the 20th of December 1972, the Polish-flagged merchant vessel M/S Józef Conrad, anchored in the North Vietnam port of Haiphong, was hit by an air-delivered projectile in the Linebacker ii air campaign, also referred to as the ‘Christmas bombing’. The attack caused both loss of life and health among Polish sailors, and destroyed the ship itself. In 2020, the Polish Commissioner for Human Rights submitted a formal petition to the executive branch of the Polish government, highlighting that despite the fact that the act was a violation of the iccpr and udhr, neither legal actions nor diplomatic efforts were later undertaken on behalf of the victims. The statement of the High Commisioner did not examine the bombardment from the perspective of the law of air warfare, which is a pivotal precondition to determine the wrongfulness of the act in the light of international law.
1972年12月20日,停泊在北越海防港的悬挂波兰国旗的商船M/S Józef Conrad在Linebacker ii空袭中被空投炮弹击中,也被称为“圣诞轰炸”。这次袭击造成了波兰船员的生命和健康损失,并摧毁了船只本身。2020年,波兰人权专员向波兰政府行政部门提交了一份正式请愿书,强调尽管该行为违反了国际刑事法院和联合国人权事务高级专员的规定,但后来没有代表受害者采取法律行动或外交努力。高级专员的声明没有从空战法的角度审查轰炸,这是根据国际法确定该行为不法性的关键先决条件。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies
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