Pub Date : 2019-07-26DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88393
Ahmed Ammar
Medical care is a dynamic process to implement and use the most recent tech-nologies, skills, and knowledge to either maintain the good health of people or to treat sick patients. Patients have the right to receive the best possible available treatment. During the course of treatment, the patient’s dignity and rights should be respected and never be compromised. A patient’s right to be properly treated is one of the fundamental human rights. The healthcare system is responsible for providing efficient and sufficient healthcare facilities and training and continuously educating able medical and paramedical teams. Evidence-based medicine has been popularized in the last 40–50 years in order to raise the standard of medical practice. Medical ethics and values have been associated with medical practice for thousands of years since patients felt the need for treatment. There is no conflict between evidence-based medicine and values-based medicine, as the medical practice should be always preformed within a frame of ethics and respect of patient’s values. Observing the principles of values-based medicine became very relevant as multicultural societies are dominant in some countries and hospitals in different corners of the world.
{"title":"Values-Based Medicine (VsBM) and Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)","authors":"Ahmed Ammar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.88393","url":null,"abstract":"Medical care is a dynamic process to implement and use the most recent tech-nologies, skills, and knowledge to either maintain the good health of people or to treat sick patients. Patients have the right to receive the best possible available treatment. During the course of treatment, the patient’s dignity and rights should be respected and never be compromised. A patient’s right to be properly treated is one of the fundamental human rights. The healthcare system is responsible for providing efficient and sufficient healthcare facilities and training and continuously educating able medical and paramedical teams. Evidence-based medicine has been popularized in the last 40–50 years in order to raise the standard of medical practice. Medical ethics and values have been associated with medical practice for thousands of years since patients felt the need for treatment. There is no conflict between evidence-based medicine and values-based medicine, as the medical practice should be always preformed within a frame of ethics and respect of patient’s values. Observing the principles of values-based medicine became very relevant as multicultural societies are dominant in some countries and hospitals in different corners of the world.","PeriodicalId":421156,"journal":{"name":"Neuroethics in Principle and Praxis - Conceptual Foundations","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115353241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85914
Jacqueline Resende Boaventura, Juliana Dias Reis Pessalacia, Ana Paula Da Silva, Luciana Ferreira Da Silva, L. D. S. Barcelos, Carlos Eduardo Pereira Furlani, A. M. Ferreira
Advance directives (ADs) are understood as the act of deciding what care the patient wants to receive in the period before death. Preserving the patient’s autonomy by choosing his care guarantees human dignity during the process of dying. In Brazil, life expectancy and supportive technologies have increased, leading to growth of the number of terminally ill patients. However, there is still no legislation regulating ADs causing legal uncertainty in health professionals. Nursing professionals have the support of the Federal Nursing Council to respect the ADs, but, because it is an issue little explored, nursing professionals do not feel safe in the use of ADs, and changes in the curricula of the undergraduate courses in nursing are extremely needed, ensuring that patients have their wishes met during the dying process. Thus, this chapter deals with bioethical and legal issues involving ADs and nursing in the Brazilian context, proposing to deepen reflection and criticism on the issue and subsidies for decision-making.
{"title":"Terminality Advance Directives and Nursing Practice in Brazil: Bioethical Issues","authors":"Jacqueline Resende Boaventura, Juliana Dias Reis Pessalacia, Ana Paula Da Silva, Luciana Ferreira Da Silva, L. D. S. Barcelos, Carlos Eduardo Pereira Furlani, A. M. Ferreira","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85914","url":null,"abstract":"Advance directives (ADs) are understood as the act of deciding what care the patient wants to receive in the period before death. Preserving the patient’s autonomy by choosing his care guarantees human dignity during the process of dying. In Brazil, life expectancy and supportive technologies have increased, leading to growth of the number of terminally ill patients. However, there is still no legislation regulating ADs causing legal uncertainty in health professionals. Nursing professionals have the support of the Federal Nursing Council to respect the ADs, but, because it is an issue little explored, nursing professionals do not feel safe in the use of ADs, and changes in the curricula of the undergraduate courses in nursing are extremely needed, ensuring that patients have their wishes met during the dying process. Thus, this chapter deals with bioethical and legal issues involving ADs and nursing in the Brazilian context, proposing to deepen reflection and criticism on the issue and subsidies for decision-making.","PeriodicalId":421156,"journal":{"name":"Neuroethics in Principle and Praxis - Conceptual Foundations","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116878045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-30DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82837
Simon Smith
A significant and worrying lacuna lies at the heart of neuroethics: viz., a coherent conception of personal identity. Philosophically, the consequences are serious; morally, they are disastrous. The entire discourse is constrained by a narrow empiricism, oblivious to its own metaphysical and epistemological presuppositions; worse still, it remains hostage to a latent Cartesianism, which logically and ontologically isolates neuroethicists from their subjects. Little wonder neuroethics lacks an anchor for its normative judgements. This chapter aims to supply that anchor. The key lies in action: action as essentially personal; acts owned; acts intended; and acts that embody those intentions that embody meaning . Such acts are the primary manifestation of ‘personhood’; they are also socially oriented, therefore morally interesting. Action locates persons in a world of objects and, most importantly, others. Crucially, relocating neuroethics within this context of personal activity supplies the logical and ontological foundations for both its judgements and its participants.
{"title":"Doing and Being: A Metaphysic of Persons from an Ontology of Action","authors":"Simon Smith","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82837","url":null,"abstract":"A significant and worrying lacuna lies at the heart of neuroethics: viz., a coherent conception of personal identity. Philosophically, the consequences are serious; morally, they are disastrous. The entire discourse is constrained by a narrow empiricism, oblivious to its own metaphysical and epistemological presuppositions; worse still, it remains hostage to a latent Cartesianism, which logically and ontologically isolates neuroethicists from their subjects. Little wonder neuroethics lacks an anchor for its normative judgements. This chapter aims to supply that anchor. The key lies in action: action as essentially personal; acts owned; acts intended; and acts that embody those intentions that embody meaning . Such acts are the primary manifestation of ‘personhood’; they are also socially oriented, therefore morally interesting. Action locates persons in a world of objects and, most importantly, others. Crucially, relocating neuroethics within this context of personal activity supplies the logical and ontological foundations for both its judgements and its participants.","PeriodicalId":421156,"journal":{"name":"Neuroethics in Principle and Praxis - Conceptual Foundations","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114812246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81829
J. Shook, J. Giordano
Neuroethics is uniquely situated to socially interpret what brain sciences are learning about social and moral cognition while helping society hold neuroscientific research and neurotechnological applications to firm moral standards. Both tasks, if they are to be pursued successfully, must find ways to closely relate the “neuro” with the “ethical.” Keeping them apart has been the objective of nonnaturalist worldviews worried about scientism and reductionism, and now they complain about “neuroessentialism” and similar labels for dissolutions of agency and responsibility into mere brain activity. A nonnaturalistic neuroethics, on whatever metaphysical basis, insists that the biology of brains could not explain moral decisions or ground moral norms. We agree on that much, since the methodology of brain sciences presumes, and cannot replace, behavioral and psychological attributions of moral capacity and conduct. But the social and the neurological are always related through the anthropological; and that common basis is, not coincidentally, also where the ethical is grounded, as humanity upholds persons as bearers of moral worth and moral capacity. Neuroethics, by focusing on persons, need never resort to nonnaturalism to uphold what ulti-mately matters for ethics, and “naturalizing” neuroethics is also unnecessary for a humanity-centered neurobioethics.
{"title":"Naturalizing Neuroethics? A Syncretic Approach","authors":"J. Shook, J. Giordano","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81829","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroethics is uniquely situated to socially interpret what brain sciences are learning about social and moral cognition while helping society hold neuroscientific research and neurotechnological applications to firm moral standards. Both tasks, if they are to be pursued successfully, must find ways to closely relate the “neuro” with the “ethical.” Keeping them apart has been the objective of nonnaturalist worldviews worried about scientism and reductionism, and now they complain about “neuroessentialism” and similar labels for dissolutions of agency and responsibility into mere brain activity. A nonnaturalistic neuroethics, on whatever metaphysical basis, insists that the biology of brains could not explain moral decisions or ground moral norms. We agree on that much, since the methodology of brain sciences presumes, and cannot replace, behavioral and psychological attributions of moral capacity and conduct. But the social and the neurological are always related through the anthropological; and that common basis is, not coincidentally, also where the ethical is grounded, as humanity upholds persons as bearers of moral worth and moral capacity. Neuroethics, by focusing on persons, need never resort to nonnaturalism to uphold what ulti-mately matters for ethics, and “naturalizing” neuroethics is also unnecessary for a humanity-centered neurobioethics.","PeriodicalId":421156,"journal":{"name":"Neuroethics in Principle and Praxis - Conceptual Foundations","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125230817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81397
Shoichi Shiota, M. Nomura
Body-mind approaches (e.g., yoga, mindfulness meditation, Pilates method, and cognitive behavior therapy) are commonly used by the public today. However, the comprehensive neurobiological framework of effects of body-mind approaches is unknown. To begin, we discuss the dynamic and static models of each body-mind approaches from neurobiological perspectives, as well as from the standpoint of practical issues. By the dynamic components of body-mind approaches, people enhances meta-cognitive function, and it lead to decreases in avoidance behavior in social aversive context are suggested. On the other hand, it is assumed that static components of body-mind approaches enhance non-reactive monitoring function for baseline of self. Therefore, we discuss the implications of these findings for practitioners and for future research on body-mind researchers. Additionally, this chapter covers the essential ethical guidelines of body-mind approaches within the domain of medical or educational fields.
{"title":"Dynamic and Static Models of Body-Mind Approaches from Neurobiological Perspectives","authors":"Shoichi Shiota, M. Nomura","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81397","url":null,"abstract":"Body-mind approaches (e.g., yoga, mindfulness meditation, Pilates method, and cognitive behavior therapy) are commonly used by the public today. However, the comprehensive neurobiological framework of effects of body-mind approaches is unknown. To begin, we discuss the dynamic and static models of each body-mind approaches from neurobiological perspectives, as well as from the standpoint of practical issues. By the dynamic components of body-mind approaches, people enhances meta-cognitive function, and it lead to decreases in avoidance behavior in social aversive context are suggested. On the other hand, it is assumed that static components of body-mind approaches enhance non-reactive monitoring function for baseline of self. Therefore, we discuss the implications of these findings for practitioners and for future research on body-mind researchers. Additionally, this chapter covers the essential ethical guidelines of body-mind approaches within the domain of medical or educational fields.","PeriodicalId":421156,"journal":{"name":"Neuroethics in Principle and Praxis - Conceptual Foundations","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128189320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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