Internal jugular veins (IJVs) are the largest veins in the neck and are considered the primary cerebral venous drain for the intracranial blood in supine position. Any reduction in their flow could potentially results an increase in cerebral blood volume and intracranial pressure (ICP). The right internal jugular vein communicates with the right atrium via the superior vena cava, in which a functional valve is located at the union of the internal jugular vein and the superior vena cava. The atrium aspiration is the main mechanism governing the rhythmic leaflets movement of internal jugular vein valve synchronizing with the cardiac cycle. Cardiac contractions and intrathoracic pressure changes are reflecting in Doppler spectrum of the internal jugular vein. The evaluation of the jugular venous pulse provides valuable information about cardiac hemodynamics and cardiac filling pressures. The normal jugular venous pulse wave consists of three positive waves, a, c, and v, and two negative waves, x and y. A normal jugular vein gradually reduces its longitudinal diameter, as described in anatomy books; it is possible to segment IJV into three different segments J3 to J1, as it proposed in ultrasound US studies and CT scan. In this review, the morphology and methodology of the cerebral venous drainage through IJV are presented.
{"title":"Cerebral venous drainage through internal jugular vein","authors":"N. Y. Mohammed, G. Domenico, M. Gambaccini","doi":"10.4081/vl.2019.8379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2019.8379","url":null,"abstract":"Internal jugular veins (IJVs) are the largest veins in the neck and are considered the primary cerebral venous drain for the intracranial blood in supine position. Any reduction in their flow could potentially results an increase in cerebral blood volume and intracranial pressure (ICP). The right internal jugular vein communicates with the right atrium via the superior vena cava, in which a functional valve is located at the union of the internal jugular vein and the superior vena cava. The atrium aspiration is the main mechanism governing the rhythmic leaflets movement of internal jugular vein valve synchronizing with the cardiac cycle. Cardiac contractions and intrathoracic pressure changes are reflecting in Doppler spectrum of the internal jugular vein. The evaluation of the jugular venous pulse provides valuable information about cardiac hemodynamics and cardiac filling pressures. The normal jugular venous pulse wave consists of three positive waves, a, c, and v, and two negative waves, x and y. A normal jugular vein gradually reduces its longitudinal diameter, as described in anatomy books; it is possible to segment IJV into three different segments J3 to J1, as it proposed in ultrasound US studies and CT scan. In this review, the morphology and methodology of the cerebral venous drainage through IJV are presented.","PeriodicalId":421508,"journal":{"name":"Veins and Lymphatics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131194004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is increasing interest in understanding the physiology of the extracellular fluid compartments in the central nervous system and their dynamic interaction. Such interest has been in part prompted by a vigorous resurgence of the role of the venous system, the recent discoveries of the meningeal lymphatics, the brain waste removal mechanisms and their potential link to neurological diseases, such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Ménière’s disease, migraine, small vessel disease, and most neurodegenerative diseases. The rigid cranial cavity houses several space-competing material compartments: the brain parenchyma (BP) and four extracellular fluids, namely arterial, venous, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF). During cardiac pulsations, the harmonious, temporal and spatial dynamic interaction of all these fluid compartments and the BP assures a constant intracranial volume at all times, consistent with the Monro-Kellie hypothesis. The dynamic interaction involves high-pressure input of arterial blood during systole and efflux of CSF into the spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) followed by venous blood exiting directly into the vertebral and internal jugular veins towards the heart and intraventricular CSF displacing caudally towards the SSAS. Arterial pulsatile energy is transmitted to the BP that contributes to the smooth movement of fluids in and out of the brain. Perturbing any of these fluid compartments will alter the entire brain dynamics, potentially increase intracranial pressure, affect perfusion and hamper clearance capacity of metabolic waste. This review of all major extracellular fluid compartments within the brain, advocates a holistic approach to our understanding of the fluid dynamics, rather than focusing on a single compartment when analyzing neurological diseases. This approach may contribute to advance our comprehension of some common neurological disorders, paving the way to newer treatment options.
{"title":"Neurofluids: A holistic approach to their physiology, interactive dynamics and clinical implications for neurological diseases","authors":"Nivedita Agarwal, C. Contarino, E. Toro","doi":"10.4081/vl.2019.8470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2019.8470","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing interest in understanding the physiology of the extracellular fluid compartments in the central nervous system and their dynamic interaction. Such interest has been in part prompted by a vigorous resurgence of the role of the venous system, the recent discoveries of the meningeal lymphatics, the brain waste removal mechanisms and their potential link to neurological diseases, such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Ménière’s disease, migraine, small vessel disease, and most neurodegenerative diseases. The rigid cranial cavity houses several space-competing material compartments: the brain parenchyma (BP) and four extracellular fluids, namely arterial, venous, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF). During cardiac pulsations, the harmonious, temporal and spatial dynamic interaction of all these fluid compartments and the BP assures a constant intracranial volume at all times, consistent with the Monro-Kellie hypothesis. The dynamic interaction involves high-pressure input of arterial blood during systole and efflux of CSF into the spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) followed by venous blood exiting directly into the vertebral and internal jugular veins towards the heart and intraventricular CSF displacing caudally towards the SSAS. Arterial pulsatile energy is transmitted to the BP that contributes to the smooth movement of fluids in and out of the brain. Perturbing any of these fluid compartments will alter the entire brain dynamics, potentially increase intracranial pressure, affect perfusion and hamper clearance capacity of metabolic waste. This review of all major extracellular fluid compartments within the brain, advocates a holistic approach to our understanding of the fluid dynamics, rather than focusing on a single compartment when analyzing neurological diseases. This approach may contribute to advance our comprehension of some common neurological disorders, paving the way to newer treatment options.","PeriodicalId":421508,"journal":{"name":"Veins and Lymphatics","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128473936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Superficial venous aneurysms, which are mostly asymptomatic and detected when patients were referred to for the treatment or evaluation of a femoral or inguinal hernia or soft tissue masses, are associated with a risk of developing pulmonary embolism. We aimed to present a case of a greater saphenous vein aneurysm of which its misdiagnosis possesses morbidity risk and confused with inguinal hernia. A 45- year-old female patient admitted to our clinic with swelling and pain in her right groin that had been present for about three years. The patient was also treated with inguinal hernia repair once due to her related complaints. A venous color doppler ultrasound was performed for differential diagnosis and a 70x31-mm sized fusiform proximal greater saphenous vein aneurysm and a grade-4 pathologic reflux in the right saphenofemoral junction was observed in the ultrasonographic examination. As a result, the swelling detected in the inguinal region should be evaluated in terms of possible superficial venous aneurysm, which may cause thromboembolism and ruptures, and this condition, which is frequently confused with inguinal hernia, should be taken into consideration and taken under operation as soon as possible in case of its presence.
{"title":"An inguinal hernia or a greater saphenous vein aneurysm? A case report","authors":"S. Yılmaz, Sabür Zengin, F. Gürgen, F. Kızıltan","doi":"10.4081/vl.2019.8298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2019.8298","url":null,"abstract":"Superficial venous aneurysms, which are mostly asymptomatic and detected when patients were referred to for the treatment or evaluation of a femoral or inguinal hernia or soft tissue masses, are associated with a risk of developing pulmonary embolism. We aimed to present a case of a greater saphenous vein aneurysm of which its misdiagnosis possesses morbidity risk and confused with inguinal hernia. A 45- year-old female patient admitted to our clinic with swelling and pain in her right groin that had been present for about three years. The patient was also treated with inguinal hernia repair once due to her related complaints. A venous color doppler ultrasound was performed for differential diagnosis and a 70x31-mm sized fusiform proximal greater saphenous vein aneurysm and a grade-4 pathologic reflux in the right saphenofemoral junction was observed in the ultrasonographic examination. As a result, the swelling detected in the inguinal region should be evaluated in terms of possible superficial venous aneurysm, which may cause thromboembolism and ruptures, and this condition, which is frequently confused with inguinal hernia, should be taken into consideration and taken under operation as soon as possible in case of its presence.","PeriodicalId":421508,"journal":{"name":"Veins and Lymphatics","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131070146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is well known that venules equipped with valves play a critical role in regulating blood flow. Essentially they are peristaltic pumps that increase the efficiency of venous blood return to the heart, thanks to the presence of valves preventing backflow. Inspired by two recent papers, we have modeled the venule as a vessel with valves placed at its ends and walls animated by radial oscillations that are independent of heart pulsation and respiratory rhythm. Differently from the previous papers, the present model takes into account the valves inertia allowing, for progressive closing/opening stages. The numerical simulations produce a pressure pulse and a velocity profile which agree almost perfectly with the experimental data of Dongaonkar et al., eliminating the discrepancies found in Farina et al., arising from the hypothesis that valves act instantaneously.
{"title":"Blood flow in venules: A mathematical model including valves inertia","authors":"Matteo Cardini, A. Farina, A. Fasano, A. Caggiati","doi":"10.4081/vl.2019.7946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2019.7946","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that venules equipped with valves play a critical role in regulating blood flow. Essentially they are peristaltic pumps that increase the efficiency of venous blood return to the heart, thanks to the presence of valves preventing backflow. Inspired by two recent papers, we have modeled the venule as a vessel with valves placed at its ends and walls animated by radial oscillations that are independent of heart pulsation and respiratory rhythm. Differently from the previous papers, the present model takes into account the valves inertia allowing, for progressive closing/opening stages. The numerical simulations produce a pressure pulse and a velocity profile which agree almost perfectly with the experimental data of Dongaonkar et al., eliminating the discrepancies found in Farina et al., arising from the hypothesis that valves act instantaneously.","PeriodicalId":421508,"journal":{"name":"Veins and Lymphatics","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132705131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. D. Girolamo, Debora Maruca, V. Picone, C. Gossetti, A. Giglio, B. Gossetti
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{"title":"Microembolic events during carotid stenting and surgery","authors":"A. D. Girolamo, Debora Maruca, V. Picone, C. Gossetti, A. Giglio, B. Gossetti","doi":"10.4081/vl.2019.8439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2019.8439","url":null,"abstract":"Not available","PeriodicalId":421508,"journal":{"name":"Veins and Lymphatics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131261318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Infected Gore® Viabhan® endoprosthesis with carotid-cutaneous fistula: A rare complication after endovascular procedure on the carotid artery","authors":"V. Catanese, Giorgio Caddia, E. Martelli","doi":"10.4081/vl.2019.8438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2019.8438","url":null,"abstract":"Not available","PeriodicalId":421508,"journal":{"name":"Veins and Lymphatics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134218443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Baselli, P. Arrigoni, Matteo Boles, Emanuele Mikhaeil, F. Tawadrous, M. M. Laganá
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{"title":"Hyper-simplified cerebrovascular model: high sensitivity of venous pulsatility vs venous resistance","authors":"G. Baselli, P. Arrigoni, Matteo Boles, Emanuele Mikhaeil, F. Tawadrous, M. M. Laganá","doi":"10.4081/vl.2019.8426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2019.8426","url":null,"abstract":"Not available","PeriodicalId":421508,"journal":{"name":"Veins and Lymphatics","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127064014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Toma, P. Onorati, G. Bellagamba, Mario Vernetti Prot, T. Lupattelli
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{"title":"The intra and extra cranial veins in relationship with chronic migraine","authors":"G. Toma, P. Onorati, G. Bellagamba, Mario Vernetti Prot, T. Lupattelli","doi":"10.4081/vl.2019.8435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2019.8435","url":null,"abstract":"Not available","PeriodicalId":421508,"journal":{"name":"Veins and Lymphatics","volume":"315 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116359838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization of a new ultrasound device for clinical diagnosis","authors":"V. Tavoni","doi":"10.4081/vl.2019.8434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2019.8434","url":null,"abstract":"Not available","PeriodicalId":421508,"journal":{"name":"Veins and Lymphatics","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115095599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. N. Frau, Raffaello Pagani, Francesca Maronato, Nivedita Agarwal, C. Contarino, E. Toro
Not available
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{"title":"The role of omohyoid muscle entrapment of the internal jugular vein and is surgical transection in Ménière’s disease and other inner ear disorders","authors":"G. N. Frau, Raffaello Pagani, Francesca Maronato, Nivedita Agarwal, C. Contarino, E. Toro","doi":"10.4081/vl.2019.8431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2019.8431","url":null,"abstract":"Not available","PeriodicalId":421508,"journal":{"name":"Veins and Lymphatics","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125931238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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