Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.127-159
M. Lačný, Anna Polačková, G. Székely
Cross-border cooperation represents a "laboratory" of the international integration process, in which synergy is created between the diverse political, economic, cultural and social characteristics of the actors involved. The present paper examines perceptions of local cross-border cooperation actors in Slovak-Ukrainian borderlands. It is aimed 1) to identify their perceptions regarding the impact of more intensive cross-border interaction and expected impacts of the Association Agreement and 2) to verify the relationship between their views on the effects of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement implementation, as well as on deepening cross-border interaction and their tendency to perceive the EU, Ukraine or Slovakia as reliable partners. The empirical research and the statistical analysis were based on the approach proven within the EXLINEA research project. The results have revealed that the more intensive cross-border interaction has, as perceived by local actors on both sides of the border, a rather positive impact on borderlands. At the same time, perceptions regarding the reliability of Ukraine's partnership with Slovakia and the EU are seen as relatively significant correlates of attitudes of local cross-border cooperation actors. Namely, their attitudes to the effects of cross-border economic interaction, cross-border cooperation and the impacts of the Association Agreement implementation.
{"title":"Impacts of Cross-Border Interaction from the Perspective of Cross-Border Cooperation Actors","authors":"M. Lačný, Anna Polačková, G. Székely","doi":"10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.127-159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.127-159","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-border cooperation represents a \"laboratory\" of the international integration process, in which synergy is created between the diverse political, economic, cultural and social characteristics of the actors involved. The present paper examines perceptions of local cross-border cooperation actors in Slovak-Ukrainian borderlands. It is aimed 1) to identify their perceptions regarding the impact of more intensive cross-border interaction and expected impacts of the Association Agreement and 2) to verify the relationship between their views on the effects of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement implementation, as well as on deepening cross-border interaction and their tendency to perceive the EU, Ukraine or Slovakia as reliable partners. The empirical research and the statistical analysis were based on the approach proven within the EXLINEA research project. The results have revealed that the more intensive cross-border interaction has, as perceived by local actors on both sides of the border, a rather positive impact on borderlands. At the same time, perceptions regarding the reliability of Ukraine's partnership with Slovakia and the EU are seen as relatively significant correlates of attitudes of local cross-border cooperation actors. Namely, their attitudes to the effects of cross-border economic interaction, cross-border cooperation and the impacts of the Association Agreement implementation.","PeriodicalId":42158,"journal":{"name":"Politicke Vedy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47618269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.31-61
Martin Jeřábek, Nicole Hlaváčová
The polarisation in the Swiss party system increased in the last three decades. Party competition led individual parties to find instruments to strengthen party unity at the national level. Because of the unification at the national level it is important to study election party programmes. The main goal of the article was to investigate in what respect have these changes affected party election programmes. We compared contemporary programmatic positions of relevant political parties in the Swiss lower house which succeeded with more than 4 % of votes in the 2015 parliamentary elections. The findings of our detailed content analysis of the party programmes in predetermined categories (A-E) pointed to a growing level of polarisation on the right-left axis. We argued that the election programmes reflect the level of polarisation. We succeeded to set the parties on the right-left axis. There is no party we located in the exact centre of the spectrum according to their programme. The left part of the scale is more polarised than the right, the Green party (GPS) is located on the very end of the left part of the right-left axis, the Social democratic party (SP) and the Green liberals (GLP) are on the moderate left. FDP, BDP and CVP are according our study located on the right part of the spectrum. SVP was located almost on the very end of the right part of the spectrum. Our research concludes that the level of polarisation of current Swiss party system is high.
{"title":"Road to Polarisation. Analysis of Swiss Party Programmes 2015-2019","authors":"Martin Jeřábek, Nicole Hlaváčová","doi":"10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.31-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.31-61","url":null,"abstract":"The polarisation in the Swiss party system increased in the last three decades. Party competition led individual parties to find instruments to strengthen party unity at the national level. Because of the unification at the national level it is important to study election party programmes. The main goal of the article was to investigate in what respect have these changes affected party election programmes. We compared contemporary programmatic positions of relevant political parties in the Swiss lower house which succeeded with more than 4 % of votes in the 2015 parliamentary elections. The findings of our detailed content analysis of the party programmes in predetermined categories (A-E) pointed to a growing level of polarisation on the right-left axis. We argued that the election programmes reflect the level of polarisation. We succeeded to set the parties on the right-left axis. There is no party we located in the exact centre of the spectrum according to their programme. The left part of the scale is more polarised than the right, the Green party (GPS) is located on the very end of the left part of the right-left axis, the Social democratic party (SP) and the Green liberals (GLP) are on the moderate left. FDP, BDP and CVP are according our study located on the right part of the spectrum. SVP was located almost on the very end of the right part of the spectrum. Our research concludes that the level of polarisation of current Swiss party system is high.","PeriodicalId":42158,"journal":{"name":"Politicke Vedy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44881741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.239-245
Lenka Turaz
{"title":"“Conference on the Future of Europe“ in the Rearview Mirror","authors":"Lenka Turaz","doi":"10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.239-245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.239-245","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42158,"journal":{"name":"Politicke Vedy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42694984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.87-109
Dávid Kollár
False information, as well as the actors who spread it, have the power to promote negative narratives about society and discredit the work of serious media, non-governmental organizations, etc. Concerns are growing around the world that international NGOs and civil society organizations are vulnerable to online attacks and disinformation campaigns. These attacks are aimed at instilling fear and confusion, stigmatizing civil society, disparaging targeted organizations and their leaders, or promoting inaccurate views. The deliberately misleading nature of false information can make it difficult to study and analyze this issue. After studying the available professional sources, we can state that most of the studies carried out so far focus on three aspects, namely (1) identification of forms of false information and false content, (2) causes and dynamics of their spread, especially on social networks, and (3) impact to public opinion. An objective of this article was to characterize and clarify all three aspects, while we have tried to apply them to a specific case in the second part of the paper, specifically Russian-Ukrainian war. The main cause, or the motive of the primary creators of disinformation is to cause chaos in society and undermine trust in the state, which is directly related to inciting hatred and distrust towards state institutions. Disinformation has become a hybrid tool as a form of attack on the interests of every democratic state and the security of its citizens. Foreign powers often try to spread their narratives through their own or friendly media, or fictitiously independent activists, while they often communicate differently internally within their own state. Based on our findings, coordination with three key players is crucial in the fight against disinformation: technology companies, civil society and fact-checkers and academic institutions. In addition, strategic communication is one of the key tools in the fight against disinformation and requires a broad approach. Disinformation campaigns are often not limited to spreading fake news, but often focus on building a damaging narrative. This implies a close relationship between the fight against disinformation and strategic communication, public diplomacy and digital communication.
{"title":"Disinformation as a Contemporary Key Security Challenge in the Context of the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict","authors":"Dávid Kollár","doi":"10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.87-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.87-109","url":null,"abstract":"False information, as well as the actors who spread it, have the power to promote negative narratives about society and discredit the work of serious media, non-governmental organizations, etc. Concerns are growing around the world that international NGOs and civil society organizations are vulnerable to online attacks and disinformation campaigns. These attacks are aimed at instilling fear and confusion, stigmatizing civil society, disparaging targeted organizations and their leaders, or promoting inaccurate views. The deliberately misleading nature of false information can make it difficult to study and analyze this issue. After studying the available professional sources, we can state that most of the studies carried out so far focus on three aspects, namely (1) identification of forms of false information and false content, (2) causes and dynamics of their spread, especially on social networks, and (3) impact to public opinion. An objective of this article was to characterize and clarify all three aspects, while we have tried to apply them to a specific case in the second part of the paper, specifically Russian-Ukrainian war. The main cause, or the motive of the primary creators of disinformation is to cause chaos in society and undermine trust in the state, which is directly related to inciting hatred and distrust towards state institutions. Disinformation has become a hybrid tool as a form of attack on the interests of every democratic state and the security of its citizens. Foreign powers often try to spread their narratives through their own or friendly media, or fictitiously independent activists, while they often communicate differently internally within their own state. Based on our findings, coordination with three key players is crucial in the fight against disinformation: technology companies, civil society and fact-checkers and academic institutions. In addition, strategic communication is one of the key tools in the fight against disinformation and requires a broad approach. Disinformation campaigns are often not limited to spreading fake news, but often focus on building a damaging narrative. This implies a close relationship between the fight against disinformation and strategic communication, public diplomacy and digital communication.","PeriodicalId":42158,"journal":{"name":"Politicke Vedy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41692516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.110-126
Jozef Matis, Lenka Nagyová
The processes of globalization and postmodernism are important determinants of the integration of the European Union countries in the field of ensuring security. Ensuring security of the European Union countries requires the creation of an integrated security system of these countries. This study is concerned with the theoretical analysis of an important factor - disponible (available) groups - in ensuring security of the European Union. These groups were defined as professional or volunteer response forces of a military, paramilitary and non-military nature.Two possible ways of integrating national disponible groups into the developing security system of the European Union ensuring its military as well as non-military security were analyzed. The success of integration of the national security systems of the European Union countries into the security system of the European Union depends not only on the elites - national (local) and transnational, but also on the transformation of citizens of national (member) states into citizens of the European Union - European citizens.
{"title":"Possible Integration of the Security System of the Member Countries of the European Union","authors":"Jozef Matis, Lenka Nagyová","doi":"10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.110-126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.110-126","url":null,"abstract":"The processes of globalization and postmodernism are important determinants of the integration of the European Union countries in the field of ensuring security. Ensuring security of the European Union countries requires the creation of an integrated security system of these countries. This study is concerned with the theoretical analysis of an important factor - disponible (available) groups - in ensuring security of the European Union. These groups were defined as professional or volunteer response forces of a military, paramilitary and non-military nature.Two possible ways of integrating national disponible groups into the developing security system of the European Union ensuring its military as well as non-military security were analyzed. The success of integration of the national security systems of the European Union countries into the security system of the European Union depends not only on the elites - national (local) and transnational, but also on the transformation of citizens of national (member) states into citizens of the European Union - European citizens.","PeriodicalId":42158,"journal":{"name":"Politicke Vedy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43777176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.160-180
M. Vošta
The issue of energy security and energy dependence has been discussed in many studies by different authors. The aim of this study is to show the high value of energy dependence of the European Union on the import of fossil energy sources from Russia in the context of the war in Ukraine. This paper used the theory of mutual interdependence and warned about the critical situation of mutual energy relations between the European Union and Russia and the risk associated with the low level of energy security of the European Union. The Article evaluated mutual energy relations between the European Union and Russia, which were given a new dimension in connection with Russian aggression in Ukraine. Equally the article accented the political element of mutual energy relations. Based on the theory of interdependence, the article explains the importance and risks of exporting and importing raw materials for Russia and the EU member states. The analysis was mainly based on data from the European statistical agency Eurostat. The synthesis of knowledge confirmed the urgent need to strengthen the energy security of the European Union. The conclusions of this article can be applied to other case studies that will continue research on the given topic and will respond to the current situation in Ukraine.
{"title":"European Union Energy Security Focusing on the Natural Gas Sector in the Context of Current Events","authors":"M. Vošta","doi":"10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.160-180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.160-180","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of energy security and energy dependence has been discussed in many studies by different authors. The aim of this study is to show the high value of energy dependence of the European Union on the import of fossil energy sources from Russia in the context of the war in Ukraine. This paper used the theory of mutual interdependence and warned about the critical situation of mutual energy relations between the European Union and Russia and the risk associated with the low level of energy security of the European Union. The Article evaluated mutual energy relations between the European Union and Russia, which were given a new dimension in connection with Russian aggression in Ukraine. Equally the article accented the political element of mutual energy relations. Based on the theory of interdependence, the article explains the importance and risks of exporting and importing raw materials for Russia and the EU member states. The analysis was mainly based on data from the European statistical agency Eurostat. The synthesis of knowledge confirmed the urgent need to strengthen the energy security of the European Union. The conclusions of this article can be applied to other case studies that will continue research on the given topic and will respond to the current situation in Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":42158,"journal":{"name":"Politicke Vedy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49599938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.222-226
A. Vasiľková
{"title":"Book Review: Twilight of Democracy. The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism","authors":"A. Vasiľková","doi":"10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.222-226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.222-226","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42158,"journal":{"name":"Politicke Vedy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46548057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.181-210
Patrícia Šimková
Researching the political marketing of far-right parties is one of the tools for understanding their behaviour on the political spectrum. The thematic line of the article, focused on the political marketing of far-right political party from the Slovak party system, Kotlebovci – Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko (ĽSNS)/People’s Party Our Slovakia, analysed marketing strategies and marketing tools in the political campaigns of ĽSNS after parliamentary elections 2016 until today. The main objective of the article was to apply Lees-Marshment’s model of political marketing to the People’s party Our Slovakia, and find out the party's ability to change, or adapt their political product, and thus their position on the political spectrum. A modified version of the product-oriented party and the market-oriented party in one model was used to apply the political marketing model. The author analysed the available data and to evaluate them. It used statistical, sociological, and marketing data and findings from research carried out by their own content analysis of political programs and documents. An analysis focused on segmentation, targeting and positioning was used for. By applying of the model of political marketing to the political party, the paper explains the correlation between the setting of a political campaign and the profiling of the political party, in the meaning of monitoring the ability of the political party to change its political product and the ability to change its position on the political spectrum. Additionally, the paper offers too an alternative view of the study of far-right political parties’ behaviour in general.
研究极右翼政党的政治营销是了解其政治光谱行为的工具之一。这篇文章的主题线，聚焦于斯洛伐克政党体系中极右翼政党Kotlebovci–Ľudovástrana Naše Slovensko（Ľ; SNS）/人民党我们的斯洛伐克的政治营销，分析了2016年议会选举后至今Ľs SNS政治竞选中的营销策略和营销工具。本文的主要目的是将Lees Marshament的政治营销模式应用于斯洛伐克人民党，并了解该党改变或调整其政治产品的能力，从而了解其在政治光谱中的地位。使用产品导向政党和市场导向政党合一模型的修改版本来应用政治营销模型。作者分析了现有的数据并对其进行了评价。它使用了统计、社会学和营销数据，以及他们自己对政治节目和文件进行内容分析的研究结果。分析的重点是分割，目标和定位。通过将政治营销模型应用于政党，从监测政党改变其政治产品的能力和改变其在政治光谱上的地位的能力的意义上，解释了政治竞选的设置与政党形象之间的相关性。此外，本文还对极右翼政党的总体行为研究提出了另一种观点。
{"title":"Applying the Political Marketing Model to the Far-Right Political Party Kotlebovci – People's Party Our Slovakia","authors":"Patrícia Šimková","doi":"10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.181-210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.181-210","url":null,"abstract":"Researching the political marketing of far-right parties is one of the tools for understanding their behaviour on the political spectrum. The thematic line of the article, focused on the political marketing of far-right political party from the Slovak party system, Kotlebovci – Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko (ĽSNS)/People’s Party Our Slovakia, analysed marketing strategies and marketing tools in the political campaigns of ĽSNS after parliamentary elections 2016 until today. The main objective of the article was to apply Lees-Marshment’s model of political marketing to the People’s party Our Slovakia, and find out the party's ability to change, or adapt their political product, and thus their position on the political spectrum. A modified version of the product-oriented party and the market-oriented party in one model was used to apply the political marketing model. The author analysed the available data and to evaluate them. It used statistical, sociological, and marketing data and findings from research carried out by their own content analysis of political programs and documents. An analysis focused on segmentation, targeting and positioning was used for. By applying of the model of political marketing to the political party, the paper explains the correlation between the setting of a political campaign and the profiling of the political party, in the meaning of monitoring the ability of the political party to change its political product and the ability to change its position on the political spectrum. Additionally, the paper offers too an alternative view of the study of far-right political parties’ behaviour in general.","PeriodicalId":42158,"journal":{"name":"Politicke Vedy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45996632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.62-86
Vojtech Jurčák, J. Marek
Leading security experts warn the Western community about the correct understanding of Russia's vision of future conflicts. Based on the study of the available literature, we analyzed individual approaches and pointed out the importance of understanding Russia's individual steps to fulfill their interests. The aim of the research was to compare the approach of the Western Community and Russia to new ways of conducting future conflicts with an emphasis on the hybrid way of conducting war. In our research, we primarily focused on the Western vision of hybrid warfare and the Russian vision of the future war, which is diametrically different. The basic findings are that Russia is shaping military and non-military instruments of state power to combat hybrid threats. The Russian military defines "hybrid warfare" as an effort at the strategic level to shape, manage and geostrategically orient a target state, in which all means adopted, including the use of conventional military forces in regional conflicts, are the subject of an information campaign. Russia considers the Venezuelan presidential crisis, the Libyan conflict, the Syrian civil war, and the crisis in Belarus and Ukraine as examples of hybrid war. In conclusion, we assess that the Russian army is actively focusing on preparing for future conflicts and increasing the capabilities it considers necessary for victory in the hybrid war. In addition, we have compiled a list of measures to reassess the strategy and approach of the Western Community and Slovakia to Russia.
{"title":"Russia's Possible View on the Future Shape of the War","authors":"Vojtech Jurčák, J. Marek","doi":"10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.62-86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.62-86","url":null,"abstract":"Leading security experts warn the Western community about the correct understanding of Russia's vision of future conflicts. Based on the study of the available literature, we analyzed individual approaches and pointed out the importance of understanding Russia's individual steps to fulfill their interests. The aim of the research was to compare the approach of the Western Community and Russia to new ways of conducting future conflicts with an emphasis on the hybrid way of conducting war. In our research, we primarily focused on the Western vision of hybrid warfare and the Russian vision of the future war, which is diametrically different. The basic findings are that Russia is shaping military and non-military instruments of state power to combat hybrid threats. The Russian military defines \"hybrid warfare\" as an effort at the strategic level to shape, manage and geostrategically orient a target state, in which all means adopted, including the use of conventional military forces in regional conflicts, are the subject of an information campaign. Russia considers the Venezuelan presidential crisis, the Libyan conflict, the Syrian civil war, and the crisis in Belarus and Ukraine as examples of hybrid war. In conclusion, we assess that the Russian army is actively focusing on preparing for future conflicts and increasing the capabilities it considers necessary for victory in the hybrid war. In addition, we have compiled a list of measures to reassess the strategy and approach of the Western Community and Slovakia to Russia.","PeriodicalId":42158,"journal":{"name":"Politicke Vedy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42305942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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