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Impacts of Cross-Border Interaction from the Perspective of Cross-Border Cooperation Actors 跨境合作行为体视角下的跨境互动影响
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.127-159
M. Lačný, Anna Polačková, G. Székely
Cross-border cooperation represents a "laboratory" of the international integration process, in which synergy is created between the diverse political, economic, cultural and social characteristics of the actors involved. The present paper examines perceptions of local cross-border cooperation actors in Slovak-Ukrainian borderlands. It is aimed 1) to identify their perceptions regarding the impact of more intensive cross-border interaction and expected impacts of the Association Agreement and 2) to verify the relationship between their views on the effects of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement implementation, as well as on deepening cross-border interaction and their tendency to perceive the EU, Ukraine or Slovakia as reliable partners. The empirical research and the statistical analysis were based on the approach proven within the EXLINEA research project. The results have revealed that the more intensive cross-border interaction has, as perceived by local actors on both sides of the border, a rather positive impact on borderlands. At the same time, perceptions regarding the reliability of Ukraine's partnership with Slovakia and the EU are seen as relatively significant correlates of attitudes of local cross-border cooperation actors. Namely, their attitudes to the effects of cross-border economic interaction, cross-border cooperation and the impacts of the Association Agreement implementation.
跨境合作是国际一体化进程的一个“实验室”,在这一进程中,有关行动者的不同政治、经济、文化和社会特征之间产生了协同作用。本文件考察了斯洛伐克-乌克兰边境地区当地跨境合作行为者的看法。其目的是:1)确定他们对更密集的跨境互动的影响和《结盟协定》的预期影响的看法;2)验证他们对《欧盟-乌克兰结盟协定》执行效果以及对深化跨境互动的看法与他们对欧盟、,乌克兰或斯洛伐克是可靠的合作伙伴。实证研究和统计分析基于EXLINEA研究项目中证明的方法。结果表明,正如边境两侧的当地行动者所认为的那样,更密集的跨境互动对边境地区产生了相当积极的影响。与此同时,对乌克兰与斯洛伐克和欧盟伙伴关系可靠性的看法被视为与当地跨境合作行为者的态度相对重要的相关性。也就是说,他们对跨境经济互动的影响、跨境合作和《联合协定》执行的影响的态度。
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引用次数: 0
Road to Polarisation. Analysis of Swiss Party Programmes 2015-2019 走向极化之路。2015-2019年瑞士政党方案分析
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.31-61
Martin Jeřábek, Nicole Hlaváčová
The polarisation in the Swiss party system increased in the last three decades. Party competition led individual parties to find instruments to strengthen party unity at the national level. Because of the unification at the national level it is important to study election party programmes. The main goal of the article was to investigate in what respect have these changes affected party election programmes. We compared contemporary programmatic positions of relevant political parties in the Swiss lower house which succeeded with more than 4 % of votes in the 2015 parliamentary elections. The findings of our detailed content analysis of the party programmes in predetermined categories (A-E) pointed to a growing level of polarisation on the right-left axis. We argued that the election programmes reflect the level of polarisation. We succeeded to set the parties on the right-left axis. There is no party we located in the exact centre of the spectrum according to their programme. The left part of the scale is more polarised than the right, the Green party (GPS) is located on the very end of the left part of the right-left axis, the Social democratic party (SP) and the Green liberals (GLP) are on the moderate left. FDP, BDP and CVP are according our study located on the right part of the spectrum. SVP was located almost on the very end of the right part of the spectrum. Our research concludes that the level of polarisation of current Swiss party system is high.
瑞士政党体系中的两极分化在过去三十年中加剧。政党竞争促使各个政党找到在国家层面加强政党团结的工具。由于国家一级的统一,研究选举党的计划很重要。这篇文章的主要目的是调查这些变化在哪些方面影响了政党选举计划。我们比较了瑞士下议院相关政党的当代纲领立场,该党在2015年议会选举中获得了超过4%的选票。我们对预定类别(A-E)政党节目的详细内容分析结果表明,左右轴的两极分化程度日益严重。我们认为,选举方案反映了两极分化的程度。我们成功地使各方处于左右轴心。根据他们的计划,我们没有一个政党位于光谱的确切中心。天平的左边部分比右边更两极分化,绿党(GPS)位于左右轴左边部分的最末端,社会民主党(SP)和绿色自由主义者(GLP)位于温和的左边。根据我们的研究,FDP、BDP和CVP位于光谱的右侧。SVP几乎位于光谱的右端。我们的研究得出结论,当前瑞士政党体系的两极分化程度很高。
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引用次数: 0
“Conference on the Future of Europe“ in the Rearview Mirror 《后视镜》中的“欧洲未来会议”
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.239-245
Lenka Turaz
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引用次数: 0
Disinformation as a Contemporary Key Security Challenge in the Context of the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict 在俄乌冲突背景下,虚假信息是当代主要的安全挑战
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.87-109
Dávid Kollár
False information, as well as the actors who spread it, have the power to promote negative narratives about society and discredit the work of serious media, non-governmental organizations, etc. Concerns are growing around the world that international NGOs and civil society organizations are vulnerable to online attacks and disinformation campaigns. These attacks are aimed at instilling fear and confusion, stigmatizing civil society, disparaging targeted organizations and their leaders, or promoting inaccurate views. The deliberately misleading nature of false information can make it difficult to study and analyze this issue. After studying the available professional sources, we can state that most of the studies carried out so far focus on three aspects, namely (1) identification of forms of false information and false content, (2) causes and dynamics of their spread, especially on social networks, and (3) impact to public opinion. An objective of this article was to characterize and clarify all three aspects, while we have tried to apply them to a specific case in the second part of the paper, specifically Russian-Ukrainian war. The main cause, or the motive of the primary creators of disinformation is to cause chaos in society and undermine trust in the state, which is directly related to inciting hatred and distrust towards state institutions. Disinformation has become a hybrid tool as a form of attack on the interests of every democratic state and the security of its citizens. Foreign powers often try to spread their narratives through their own or friendly media, or fictitiously independent activists, while they often communicate differently internally within their own state. Based on our findings, coordination with three key players is crucial in the fight against disinformation: technology companies, civil society and fact-checkers and academic institutions. In addition, strategic communication is one of the key tools in the fight against disinformation and requires a broad approach. Disinformation campaigns are often not limited to spreading fake news, but often focus on building a damaging narrative. This implies a close relationship between the fight against disinformation and strategic communication, public diplomacy and digital communication.
虚假信息以及传播虚假信息的行为者有能力促进对社会的负面叙述,并使严肃媒体、非政府组织等的工作失去信誉。世界各地越来越担心,国际非政府组织和民间社会组织容易受到网络攻击和虚假信息运动的影响。这些攻击的目的是灌输恐惧和混乱,污名化民间社会,贬低目标组织及其领导人,或宣传不准确的观点。虚假信息的故意误导性质使得研究和分析这个问题变得困难。在研究了现有的专业资料后,我们可以说,迄今为止进行的大多数研究都集中在三个方面,即(1)对虚假信息和虚假内容形式的识别,(2)虚假信息和虚假内容传播的原因和动态,特别是在社交网络上的传播,以及(3)对公众舆论的影响。本文的目的是描述和澄清这三个方面,而我们试图将它们应用于论文第二部分的具体案例,特别是俄罗斯-乌克兰战争。虚假信息的主要制造者的主要原因或动机是造成社会混乱,破坏对国家的信任,这与煽动对国家机构的仇恨和不信任直接相关。虚假信息已经成为一种混合工具,成为攻击每个民主国家利益及其公民安全的一种形式。外国势力往往试图通过自己的或友好的媒体,或虚构的独立活动人士来传播他们的叙事,而他们在自己的国家内部往往以不同的方式进行沟通。根据我们的调查结果,在打击虚假信息的斗争中,与三个关键参与者的协调至关重要:科技公司、公民社会、事实核查者和学术机构。此外,战略沟通是打击虚假信息的关键工具之一,需要广泛的方法。造谣活动往往不局限于传播假新闻,而是往往专注于建立一种破坏性的叙事。这意味着打击虚假信息与战略传播、公共外交和数字传播之间存在密切关系。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: A Divided Society 书评:一个分裂的社会
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.211-215
Tomáš Beňuška
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引用次数: 0
Possible Integration of the Security System of the Member Countries of the European Union 欧洲联盟成员国安全体系的可能一体化
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.110-126
Jozef Matis, Lenka Nagyová
The processes of globalization and postmodernism are important determinants of the integration of the European Union countries in the field of ensuring security. Ensuring security of the European Union countries requires the creation of an integrated security system of these countries. This study is concerned with the theoretical analysis of an important factor - disponible (available) groups - in ensuring security of the European Union. These groups were defined as professional or volunteer response forces of a military, paramilitary and non-military nature.Two possible ways of integrating national disponible groups into the developing security system of the European Union ensuring its military as well as non-military security were analyzed. The success of integration of the national security systems of the European Union countries into the security system of the European Union depends not only on the elites - national (local) and transnational, but also on the transformation of citizens of national (member) states into citizens of the European Union - European citizens.
全球化进程和后现代主义进程是欧盟国家在安全保障领域一体化的重要决定因素。确保欧洲联盟国家的安全需要建立一个这些国家的综合安全系统。本研究涉及对确保欧洲联盟安全的一个重要因素- -一次性(可用)群体- -的理论分析。这些团体被定义为军事、准军事和非军事性质的专业或志愿反应部队。分析了将国家一次性群体纳入欧洲联盟发展中的安全体系以确保其军事和非军事安全的两种可能方式。欧盟国家的国家安全体系能否成功地融入欧盟的安全体系,不仅取决于国家(地方)和跨国的精英,还取决于国家(成员国)公民向欧盟公民——欧洲公民的转变。
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引用次数: 0
European Union Energy Security Focusing on the Natural Gas Sector in the Context of Current Events 当前事件背景下以天然气行业为重点的欧盟能源安全
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.160-180
M. Vošta
The issue of energy security and energy dependence has been discussed in many studies by different authors. The aim of this study is to show the high value of energy dependence of the European Union on the import of fossil energy sources from Russia in the context of the war in Ukraine. This paper used the theory of mutual interdependence and warned about the critical situation of mutual energy relations between the European Union and Russia and the risk associated with the low level of energy security of the European Union. The Article evaluated mutual energy relations between the European Union and Russia, which were given a new dimension in connection with Russian aggression in Ukraine. Equally the article accented the political element of mutual energy relations. Based on the theory of interdependence, the article explains the importance and risks of exporting and importing raw materials for Russia and the EU member states. The analysis was mainly based on data from the European statistical agency Eurostat. The synthesis of knowledge confirmed the urgent need to strengthen the energy security of the European Union. The conclusions of this article can be applied to other case studies that will continue research on the given topic and will respond to the current situation in Ukraine.
不同的作者在许多研究中讨论了能源安全和能源依赖问题。这项研究的目的是表明在乌克兰战争的背景下,欧盟对从俄罗斯进口化石能源的能源依赖具有很高的价值。本文运用相互依存理论,对欧盟与俄罗斯相互能源关系的严峻形势以及欧盟能源安全水平低带来的风险提出了警告。该条款评估了欧洲联盟和俄罗斯之间的相互能源关系,这些关系因俄罗斯对乌克兰的侵略而被赋予了新的层面。同样,这篇文章强调了相互能源关系的政治因素。基于相互依存理论,阐述了俄罗斯和欧盟成员国进出口原材料的重要性和风险。该分析主要基于欧洲统计局的数据。综合知识证实,迫切需要加强欧洲联盟的能源安全。本文的结论可应用于其他案例研究,这些案例研究将继续对特定主题进行研究,并将对乌克兰当前局势作出回应。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Twilight of Democracy. The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism 书评:《民主的黄昏》。威权主义的诱惑
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.222-226
A. Vasiľková
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引用次数: 0
Applying the Political Marketing Model to the Far-Right Political Party Kotlebovci – People's Party Our Slovakia 政治营销模式在极右翼政党中的应用——斯洛伐克人民党
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.181-210
Patrícia Šimková
Researching the political marketing of far-right parties is one of the tools for understanding their behaviour on the political spectrum. The thematic line of the article, focused on the political marketing of far-right political party from the Slovak party system, Kotlebovci – Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko (ĽSNS)/People’s Party Our Slovakia, analysed marketing strategies and marketing tools in the political campaigns of ĽSNS after parliamentary elections 2016 until today. The main objective of the article was to apply Lees-Marshment’s model of political marketing to the People’s party Our Slovakia, and find out the party's ability to change, or adapt their political product, and thus their position on the political spectrum. A modified version of the product-oriented party and the market-oriented party in one model was used to apply the political marketing model. The author analysed the available data and to evaluate them. It used statistical, sociological, and marketing data and findings from research carried out by their own content analysis of political programs and documents. An analysis focused on segmentation, targeting and positioning was used for. By applying of the model of political marketing to the political party, the paper explains the correlation between the setting of a political campaign and the profiling of the political party, in the meaning of monitoring the ability of the political party to change its political product and the ability to change its position on the political spectrum. Additionally, the paper offers too an alternative view of the study of far-right political parties’ behaviour in general.
研究极右翼政党的政治营销是了解其政治光谱行为的工具之一。这篇文章的主题线,聚焦于斯洛伐克政党体系中极右翼政党Kotlebovci–Ľudovástrana Naše Slovensko(Ľ; SNS)/人民党我们的斯洛伐克的政治营销,分析了2016年议会选举后至今Ľs SNS政治竞选中的营销策略和营销工具。本文的主要目的是将Lees Marshament的政治营销模式应用于斯洛伐克人民党,并了解该党改变或调整其政治产品的能力,从而了解其在政治光谱中的地位。使用产品导向政党和市场导向政党合一模型的修改版本来应用政治营销模型。作者分析了现有的数据并对其进行了评价。它使用了统计、社会学和营销数据,以及他们自己对政治节目和文件进行内容分析的研究结果。分析的重点是分割,目标和定位。通过将政治营销模型应用于政党,从监测政党改变其政治产品的能力和改变其在政治光谱上的地位的能力的意义上,解释了政治竞选的设置与政党形象之间的相关性。此外,本文还对极右翼政党的总体行为研究提出了另一种观点。
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引用次数: 0
Russia's Possible View on the Future Shape of the War 俄罗斯对未来战争形态的可能看法
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.62-86
Vojtech Jurčák, J. Marek
Leading security experts warn the Western community about the correct understanding of Russia's vision of future conflicts. Based on the study of the available literature, we analyzed individual approaches and pointed out the importance of understanding Russia's individual steps to fulfill their interests. The aim of the research was to compare the approach of the Western Community and Russia to new ways of conducting future conflicts with an emphasis on the hybrid way of conducting war. In our research, we primarily focused on the Western vision of hybrid warfare and the Russian vision of the future war, which is diametrically different. The basic findings are that Russia is shaping military and non-military instruments of state power to combat hybrid threats. The Russian military defines "hybrid warfare" as an effort at the strategic level to shape, manage and geostrategically orient a target state, in which all means adopted, including the use of conventional military forces in regional conflicts, are the subject of an information campaign. Russia considers the Venezuelan presidential crisis, the Libyan conflict, the Syrian civil war, and the crisis in Belarus and Ukraine as examples of hybrid war. In conclusion, we assess that the Russian army is actively focusing on preparing for future conflicts and increasing the capabilities it considers necessary for victory in the hybrid war. In addition, we have compiled a list of measures to reassess the strategy and approach of the Western Community and Slovakia to Russia.
主要安全专家警告西方社会要正确理解俄罗斯对未来冲突的看法。在研究现有文献的基础上,我们分析了个别方法,并指出了理解俄罗斯为实现其利益而采取的个别步骤的重要性。研究的目的是将西方共同体和俄罗斯的方法与处理未来冲突的新方法进行比较,重点是混合处理战争的方法。在我们的研究中,我们主要关注西方对混合战争的看法和俄罗斯对未来战争的看法,这是完全不同的。基本发现是,俄罗斯正在形成军事和非军事国家力量工具,以应对混合威胁。俄罗斯军方将“混合战争”定义为在战略层面塑造、管理和地缘战略定位目标国家的努力,其中所采取的所有手段,包括在地区冲突中使用常规军事力量,都是信息战的主题。俄罗斯认为委内瑞拉总统危机、利比亚冲突、叙利亚内战以及白俄罗斯和乌克兰危机是混合战争的例子。最后,我们评估说,俄罗斯军队正积极专注于为未来冲突做准备,并提高其认为在混合战争中获胜所必需的能力。此外,我们还编制了一份措施清单,以重新评估西方共同体和斯洛伐克对俄罗斯的战略和做法。
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引用次数: 1
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Politicke Vedy
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