The advent of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) has improved the feasibility of wireless sensor networks for environmental sensing across wide areas. We have built EnviSense, an ultra-low power environmental sensing system, and deployed over a dozen of them across two locations in Northern California for hydrological monitoring applications with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This paper details our experiences with the design and implementation of this system across two years, including six months of continuous measurement in the field. We describe the lessons learned for deployment planning, remote device management and programming, and system co-design with a domain-expert from the USGS.
{"title":"Experiences in LP-IoT: EnviSense Deployment of Remotely Reprogrammable Environmental Sensors","authors":"Reese Grimsley, M. Marineau, Bob Iannucci","doi":"10.1145/3477085.3478988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477085.3478988","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) has improved the feasibility of wireless sensor networks for environmental sensing across wide areas. We have built EnviSense, an ultra-low power environmental sensing system, and deployed over a dozen of them across two locations in Northern California for hydrological monitoring applications with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This paper details our experiences with the design and implementation of this system across two years, including six months of continuous measurement in the field. We describe the lessons learned for deployment planning, remote device management and programming, and system co-design with a domain-expert from the USGS.","PeriodicalId":422035,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on No Power and Low Power Internet-of-Things","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125029306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junchao Zhang, Zhaolong Wei, Jialiang Sun, Miaojie Guo, Xuan Huang, Xiaojiang Chen, Dingyi Fang, Yao Peng
Plant sensing plays an important role in today's smart agriculture and intelligent forestry. However, existing plant sensing work based on wireless IoT mostly focuses on the environment that plants live like soil moisture and temperature of a greenhouse or a farm. The information about the surrounding environment does not reflect the physical condition of the plant itself. Taking ambient RF signal and commodity RFID tag as the fundamental sensing platform, we explore the Plant-Keeper, a real-time monitor system, which traces the physical state and biological activities of plants by perceiving Ion transmission in plants, like water content and the reaction of plants to an external stimulus such as Cut, Salt, Chilling, and Drought Stresses. We make the following technical contributions to achieve this goal. First, a theoretical model to verify that sensing the Ion transmission like Ca2+ channel and K+ channel by the low-power wireless backscatter technique are feasible; Second, a hardware-based non-invasive sensing system that can obtain the physical changes in plants by using the impedance-related RSS (Received Signal Strength); Third, a low-power low-cost implementation that based on a commercial RFID tag with the hardware structure we have proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that our system can monitor the ion channel changes of the whole plant systematically, and improve the detection accuracy to the millisecond level. The detection speed is 103 times that of the traditional patch-clamp technique, and the latter is not available for whole system inspection of plants in vivo.
植物传感在当今的智慧农业和智慧林业中发挥着重要作用。然而，现有的基于无线物联网的植物传感工作主要集中在植物生存的环境，如温室或农场的土壤湿度和温度。周围环境的信息并不能反映植物本身的物理状况。以环境射频信号和商品RFID标签为基础的传感平台，我们探索了Plant-Keeper，这是一个实时监测系统，通过感知植物体内的离子传输，如水分含量和植物对外界刺激(如切割、盐、寒冷和干旱胁迫)的反应，来追踪植物的物理状态和生物活动。为了实现这一目标，我们做出了以下技术贡献。首先，建立了一个理论模型，验证了利用低功耗无线后向散射技术检测Ca2+通道和K+通道等离子传输的可行性;二是基于硬件的非侵入式传感系统，利用与阻抗相关的RSS (Received Signal Strength，接收信号强度)获取植物的物理变化;第三，基于我们所提出的硬件结构的商用RFID标签的低功耗低成本实现。实验结果表明，该系统可以系统地监测整个植物的离子通道变化，并将检测精度提高到毫秒级。检测速度是传统膜片钳技术的103倍，传统膜片钳技术无法对植物在体进行全系统检测。
{"title":"Plant Keeper: Towards Wireless Sensing to Ion Transmission of Plants","authors":"Junchao Zhang, Zhaolong Wei, Jialiang Sun, Miaojie Guo, Xuan Huang, Xiaojiang Chen, Dingyi Fang, Yao Peng","doi":"10.1145/3477085.3478990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477085.3478990","url":null,"abstract":"Plant sensing plays an important role in today's smart agriculture and intelligent forestry. However, existing plant sensing work based on wireless IoT mostly focuses on the environment that plants live like soil moisture and temperature of a greenhouse or a farm. The information about the surrounding environment does not reflect the physical condition of the plant itself. Taking ambient RF signal and commodity RFID tag as the fundamental sensing platform, we explore the Plant-Keeper, a real-time monitor system, which traces the physical state and biological activities of plants by perceiving Ion transmission in plants, like water content and the reaction of plants to an external stimulus such as Cut, Salt, Chilling, and Drought Stresses. We make the following technical contributions to achieve this goal. First, a theoretical model to verify that sensing the Ion transmission like Ca2+ channel and K+ channel by the low-power wireless backscatter technique are feasible; Second, a hardware-based non-invasive sensing system that can obtain the physical changes in plants by using the impedance-related RSS (Received Signal Strength); Third, a low-power low-cost implementation that based on a commercial RFID tag with the hardware structure we have proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that our system can monitor the ion channel changes of the whole plant systematically, and improve the detection accuracy to the millisecond level. The detection speed is 103 times that of the traditional patch-clamp technique, and the latter is not available for whole system inspection of plants in vivo.","PeriodicalId":422035,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on No Power and Low Power Internet-of-Things","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130399584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the power delivery potential of soil-based microbial fuel cells. We build a prototype energy harvesting setup for a soil microbial fuel cell, measure the amount of power that we can harvest, and use that energy to drive an e-ink display as a representative example of a periodic energy-intensive load. Microbial fuel cells are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, especially soil moisture. In near-optimal, super moist conditions our cell provides approximately 100 μW of power at around 500 mV, which is ample power over time to power our system several times a day. We further explore how cell performance diminishes and recovers with varying moisture levels as well as how cell performance is affected by the load from the energy harvester itself. In sum, we find that the confluence of ever lower-power electronics and new understanding of microbial fuel cell design means that "soil-powered sensors" are now feasible. There remains, however, significant future work to make these systems reliable and maximally performant.
{"title":"Soil Power?: Can Microbial Fuel Cells Power Non-Trivial Sensors?","authors":"Gabriela Marcano, P. Pannuto","doi":"10.1145/3477085.3478989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477085.3478989","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the power delivery potential of soil-based microbial fuel cells. We build a prototype energy harvesting setup for a soil microbial fuel cell, measure the amount of power that we can harvest, and use that energy to drive an e-ink display as a representative example of a periodic energy-intensive load. Microbial fuel cells are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, especially soil moisture. In near-optimal, super moist conditions our cell provides approximately 100 μW of power at around 500 mV, which is ample power over time to power our system several times a day. We further explore how cell performance diminishes and recovers with varying moisture levels as well as how cell performance is affected by the load from the energy harvester itself. In sum, we find that the confluence of ever lower-power electronics and new understanding of microbial fuel cell design means that \"soil-powered sensors\" are now feasible. There remains, however, significant future work to make these systems reliable and maximally performant.","PeriodicalId":422035,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on No Power and Low Power Internet-of-Things","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132613564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Kiv, Garvita Allabadi, Berkay Kaplan, R. Kravets
Technologies for environmental and agricultural monitoring are on the rise, however there is a lack of small, low-power, and low-cost sensing devices in the industry. One of these monitoring tools is a soil moisture sensor. Soil moisture has significant effects on crop health and yield, but commercial monitors are very expensive, require manual use, or constant attention. This calls for a simple and low cost solution based on a novel technology. In this work we introduce smol: Sensing Soil Moisture using LoRa, a low-cost system to measure soil moisture using received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and transmission power. It is compact and can be deployed in the field to collect data automatically with little manual intervention. Our design is enabled by the phenomenon that soil moisture attenuates wireless signals, so the signal strength between a transmitter-receiver pair decreases. We exploit this physical property to determine the variation in soil moisture. We designed and tested our measurement-based prototype in both indoor and outdoor environments. With proper regression calibration, we show soil moisture can be predicted using LoRa parameters.
{"title":"smol: Sensing Soil Moisture using LoRa","authors":"Daniel Kiv, Garvita Allabadi, Berkay Kaplan, R. Kravets","doi":"10.1145/3477085.3478991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477085.3478991","url":null,"abstract":"Technologies for environmental and agricultural monitoring are on the rise, however there is a lack of small, low-power, and low-cost sensing devices in the industry. One of these monitoring tools is a soil moisture sensor. Soil moisture has significant effects on crop health and yield, but commercial monitors are very expensive, require manual use, or constant attention. This calls for a simple and low cost solution based on a novel technology. In this work we introduce smol: Sensing Soil Moisture using LoRa, a low-cost system to measure soil moisture using received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and transmission power. It is compact and can be deployed in the field to collect data automatically with little manual intervention. Our design is enabled by the phenomenon that soil moisture attenuates wireless signals, so the signal strength between a transmitter-receiver pair decreases. We exploit this physical property to determine the variation in soil moisture. We designed and tested our measurement-based prototype in both indoor and outdoor environments. With proper regression calibration, we show soil moisture can be predicted using LoRa parameters.","PeriodicalId":422035,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on No Power and Low Power Internet-of-Things","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126979448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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