Pub Date : 2021-02-18DOI: 10.47979/AROR.J.88.3.473-492
Gábor Fodor
Even though the annexation of Bosnia by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1908 raised the tension between the Monarchy and the Ottomans, Hungaro-Turkish political, economic, and cultural relations significantly improved from the beginning of the twentieth century until the end of the First World War. With the eruption of the Great War these friendly relations turned into a war alliance, where suddenly the battlefields became fields of joint effort. As a consequence, the outbreak of the war caused intensification of mutual visits and the arrival of Hungarian soldiers, journalists, and even artists and religious representatives in greater numbers in the Ottoman Empire. In this paper the author mainly focuses on Hungarian accounts of different Ottoman fronts during the First World War, while not forgetting to put all these activities in the frame of the wartime alliance. War correspondents like Bela Landauer, Istvan Dobay, and Jenő Heltai from different Hungarian journals, soldiers from the Austro-Hungarian Army like Dr Emil Videky and Dr Laszlo Kiraly, the painter Geza Maroti, and even a military chaplain, Pal Schrotty left behind detailed memoirs of environments ranging from the picturesque Bay of Izmir to the desert of Palestine. These mostly unknown depictions reveal the cruelty of the war, research the healthcare system of the capital, and provide detailed accounts of the Berlin-Bagdad line and historical sites in the Empire, while also raising questions regarding the situation of Turkish women.
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Pub Date : 2021-02-18DOI: 10.47979/AROR.J.84.2.447-449
S. Bojowald
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Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.47979/AROR.J.88.3.375-399
E. Ginio
Ha-Balkan Ha-Bo‘er (The Balkans in Flames), the memoirs of Yitzhak Halperin, are at the center of this article. Born in Palestine in 1890, Halperin was part of the so-called “first generation” – meaning Jews, natives of the newly established colonies in Palestine, who conversed in the Hebrew language and whose life and social productivity embodied the Zionist vision of the nation. Halperin volunteered to serve in the Ottoman Army in November 1911. Later, during the first weeks of the First Balkan War (October 1912-May 1913), he served on the Macedonian front before fleeing to Salonica, where he deserted. Published in Hebrew in 1932, Halperin’s memoirs can be read against both Zionist and Ottoman contexts. They shed light on various personal experiences and perceptions that can enrich our understanding of his particular ideological and ethnic group. In addition, his memoirs are unique as they describe the daily experiences of an Ottoman rank-and-file soldier who served in the Balkan Wars. As such, it offers different insights into the broader Ottoman context. Halperin’s memoirs expose two main topics: the related issues of identity, sociability, and friendship as they developed among the conscripts during his military service; and his clear disappointment with the poor performance and low morale of the Ottoman army before and during the Balkan Wars.
伊扎克·哈尔佩林(Yitzhak Halperin)的回忆录《战火中的巴尔干》(The Balkans in Flames)是本文的中心内容。Halperin于1890年出生在巴勒斯坦，是所谓的“第一代”犹太人中的一员。“第一代”指的是巴勒斯坦新建立的殖民地的犹太人，他们说希伯来语，他们的生活和社会生产力体现了犹太复国主义者对国家的愿景。1911年11月，哈尔佩林自愿加入奥斯曼军队。后来，在第一次巴尔干战争(1912年10月至1913年5月)的头几个星期，他在马其顿前线服役，然后逃到萨洛尼卡，在那里他逃兵了。哈尔佩林的回忆录于1932年以希伯来语出版，可以在犹太复国主义和奥斯曼帝国的背景下阅读。它们揭示了各种个人经历和看法，可以丰富我们对他的特定思想和种族群体的理解。此外，他的回忆录是独一无二的，因为它们描述了在巴尔干战争中服役的奥斯曼普通士兵的日常经历。因此，它为更广泛的奥斯曼背景提供了不同的见解。哈尔佩林的回忆录揭示了两个主要主题:在他服兵役期间，在应征入伍者中发展起来的身份、社交能力和友谊等相关问题;以及他对奥斯曼军队在巴尔干战争前和战争期间表现不佳和士气低落的明显失望。
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Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.47979/AROR.J.88.3.341-373
Charalampos Minasidis
The Great War proved to be an unpleasant and traumatic experience for many Greek Orthodox citizen soldiers called to fight under the Ottoman banner. Although many served dutifully in arms or otherwise, few had self-legitimized their conscription. Regardless, the denomination of minority citizen soldiers by the Ottoman military authorities led to their mass assignment to unarmed positions, which could mean their transfer to the labor battalions, and possibly their death. Most Greek Orthodox were aware of labor battalions’ harsh conditions, and their transformation into killing grounds for the Armenian citizen soldiers. Based on grassroots sources such as diaries, memoirs, and interviews, I demonstrate that this discriminatory war policy was not systematic, as several recruits were later trained and armed during the war, and I argue that a new contractual relationship emerged for those skilled and literate Greek Orthodox through which they could successfully negotiate their skills to avoid the labor battalions and, thus, have greater chances of surviving the war.
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Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.47979/AROR.J.88.3.429-448
B. Fortna
This article explores the motivations behind the creation and preservation of ego-doc- uments written by late Ottoman participants in World War I. Focusing on three distinct but linked narratives found among the papers of Kuşçubaşı Eşref, it investigates the authors’ impulse to write “ego-documents” in this volatile period and among this par- ticular group of individuals. The discussion focuses on three texts: first, the diary writ- ten by Süleyman Askerî, Eşref’s close friend and colleague, during the Italian-Ottoman War in Tripolitania (Trablusgarb) of 1911–12, which was later hand-copied by Eşref; secondly, fragments from Eşref’s own massive but ultimately lost memoir; and thirdly, Eşref’s wife Pervin Hanım’s own memoir. In assessing these three interrelated but dis- tinct pieces of writing, the contribution sheds light on the different contexts in which memoirs from the war years were conceived and written as well as the factors contrib- uting to their preservation or loss. It also considers the different personalities involved and the motivations, stated or unstated, that informed the task of putting pen to paper.
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Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.47979/AROR.J.88.3.449-472
N. V. Os
Archival sources, but also self-narratives, newspapers, and periodicals, have been im- portant sources for political and military historians of the last two decennia of the Ot- toman Empire in general and the First World War in particular. In recent years, an increasing number of historians have become interested in more than the political and military history of the period. The field has been broadened to include social history. Conventional sources have been reread to get a better understanding of the effects of the War on the social domains and everyday life. Self-narratives have proven to be in- valuable sources for social historians working on the period. These self-narratives were not only produced by the men in charge, but by people from all walks of life: soldiers and civilians, men and women noted down their wartime experiences in their diaries or letters home and in memoirs and autobiographies. In most cases, the self-narratives used by historians were, however, those written by men in which women were objecti- fied. In this paper, the self-narratives of women living in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War are preliminarily explored to give them a voice and turn them into subjects rather than objects.
{"title":"Living Through Wartime","authors":"N. V. Os","doi":"10.47979/AROR.J.88.3.449-472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47979/AROR.J.88.3.449-472","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Archival sources, but also self-narratives, newspapers, and periodicals, have been im- portant sources for political and military historians of the last two decennia of the Ot- toman Empire in general and the First World War in particular. In recent years, an increasing number of historians have become interested in more than the political and military history of the period. The field has been broadened to include social history. Conventional sources have been reread to get a better understanding of the effects of the War on the social domains and everyday life. Self-narratives have proven to be in- valuable sources for social historians working on the period. These self-narratives were not only produced by the men in charge, but by people from all walks of life: soldiers and civilians, men and women noted down their wartime experiences in their diaries or letters home and in memoirs and autobiographies. In most cases, the self-narratives used by historians were, however, those written by men in which women were objecti- fied. In this paper, the self-narratives of women living in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War are preliminarily explored to give them a voice and turn them into subjects rather than objects. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":42258,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Orientalni","volume":"43 1","pages":"449-472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86852722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.47979/AROR.J.88.3.401-428
Yaşar Tolga Cora
This article examines the different ways in which masculinity and ethnicity were mu- tually constructed during the Great War and the Armenian Genocide by analyzing the memoirs of Armenak Melikyan, an Armenian cavalry officer in the Ottoman Army. It discusses why Melikyan emphasized in his memoirs certain values, such as dutiful- ness, resourcefulness, and hard work, which were all firmly associated with the he- gemonic masculine model of citizen-soldiers in the late Ottoman Empire. The article further examines the emphasis Melikyan laid on the public recognition he received for his qualities as an officer from Muslim/Turkish superiors, thus reflecting both ethnic and gendered hierarchies in the army. The article argues that many Armenian soldiers in the Ottoman army performed according to hegemonic masculine models in order to defend their precarious masculinity against physical and psychological challenges. This allowed them to remasculinize themselves in the context of the Great War and the Genocide. The article contributes to the study of military memoirs in the late Ottoman Empire by underlining the relation between social and cultural norms and expecta- tions on the one hand and the individual self-perception of military experiences on the other, in the context of the war and ethnic violence.
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Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.47979/AROR.J.88.3.303-334
M. Beşikçi
This article surveys Ottoman reserve officers’ autobiographical texts and emphasizes the potential these personal narratives present to revise both the existing historiog- raphy on the Ottoman First World War and the official memory of the war in Turkey. After briefly exploring the evolution of the Ottoman reserve officer system as an in- tegrated part of Ottoman conscription, the article shows how reserve officers’ war memories shed light on the neglected aspects of Ottoman soldiers’ experience of the front, particularly the daily life of trench warfare. Reserve officers’ personal narratives include critical observations and remarks about the Ottoman war experience, and the article discusses how these critical memories may be significant for the revision of the official narrative of the war in Turkey. Yet it also argues that as these personal nar- ratives are diverse, they do not present an all-embracing counter-narrative of disil- lusionment. The article also draws attention to the shaping effect of the context in which these autobiographies were written down and explores the organic ties between personal and collective memories of the Great War in Turkey.
{"title":"One War, Multiple Memories","authors":"M. Beşikçi","doi":"10.47979/AROR.J.88.3.303-334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47979/AROR.J.88.3.303-334","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000This article surveys Ottoman reserve officers’ autobiographical texts and emphasizes the potential these personal narratives present to revise both the existing historiog- raphy on the Ottoman First World War and the official memory of the war in Turkey. After briefly exploring the evolution of the Ottoman reserve officer system as an in- tegrated part of Ottoman conscription, the article shows how reserve officers’ war memories shed light on the neglected aspects of Ottoman soldiers’ experience of the front, particularly the daily life of trench warfare. Reserve officers’ personal narratives include critical observations and remarks about the Ottoman war experience, and the article discusses how these critical memories may be significant for the revision of the official narrative of the war in Turkey. Yet it also argues that as these personal nar- ratives are diverse, they do not present an all-embracing counter-narrative of disil- lusionment. The article also draws attention to the shaping effect of the context in which these autobiographies were written down and explores the organic ties between personal and collective memories of the Great War in Turkey. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":42258,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Orientalni","volume":"34 1","pages":"309-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73538046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-11DOI: 10.47979/AROR.J.85.3.461-478
L. Vacín
{"title":"News on the Ur Lament","authors":"L. Vacín","doi":"10.47979/AROR.J.85.3.461-478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47979/AROR.J.85.3.461-478","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42258,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Orientalni","volume":"41 1","pages":"461-478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76307232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.47979/AROR.J.86.2.323-324
S. Salin
{"title":"Daniel Schwemer. The Anti-Witchcraft Ritual Maqlû. The Cuneiform Sources of a Magic Ceremony from Ancient Mesopotamia.","authors":"S. Salin","doi":"10.47979/AROR.J.86.2.323-324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47979/AROR.J.86.2.323-324","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42258,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Orientalni","volume":"44 1","pages":"323-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90262962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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