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Indonesian Ocean Policy: Paradigm Shift in Strengthening Ocean Governance 印度尼西亚海洋政策:加强海洋治理的模式转变
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2020-11-30 DOI: 10.14330/jeail.2020.13.2.06
A. Suherman, Aryuni Yuliantiningsih, N. Indriati, Wismaningsih Wismaningsih, Hazmi Rusli
The Indonesian Ocean Policy (IOP) is a new milestone in managing its oceans since Indonesia ratified the UNCLOS 35 years ago. Indonesia underwent several paradigm shifts in strengthening ocean governance from 1957 to 2014. This research aims to analyse three paradigm shifts in strengthening ocean governance in Indonesia. The research revealed that the milestone of the first shift was the 1957 Djuanda Declaration, recognised by the UNCLOS in 1982, regarding the concept of an archipelago state, called the ‘ocean space paradigm.’ The second, which occurred in the Reformation period (1998-2014) was called the Ocean Development paradigm, while the third paradigm shift was after President Jokowi launched Indonesia’s vision as a Global
自35年前印度尼西亚批准《联合国海洋法公约》以来,印度尼西亚海洋政策是管理海洋的一个新里程碑。从1957年到2014年,印度尼西亚在加强海洋治理方面经历了几次范式转变。本研究旨在分析印度尼西亚加强海洋治理的三个范式转变。研究表明,第一次转变的里程碑是1957年的《Djuanda宣言》,该宣言于1982年被《联合国海洋法公约》承认,涉及群岛国家的概念,称为“海洋空间范式”第二次发生在宗教改革时期(1998-2014),被称为海洋发展范式,而第三次范式转变是在佐科维总统提出印尼作为全球经济体的愿景之后
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引用次数: 0
中国特色大国外交与国际法 中国特色大国外交与国际法
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2020-11-30 DOI: 10.14330/jeail.2020.13.2.11
Huikang Huang
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引用次数: 0
Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in Malacca Strait through the Littoral States Cooperation 通过沿岸国合作预防和管理马六甲海峡的海洋污染
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2020-11-30 DOI: 10.14330/jeail.2020.13.2.07
Nanik Trihastuti, S. A. Putri, P. Hananto
Differences between the littoral states regarding the status of the Malacca Strait result in disharmony and inconsistencies in handling spatial planning and preventing marine pollution in the strait. International cooperation with user countries carried out so far is also not optimal due to conflict of interests. Using a normative juridical approach and secondary data of the provisions of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and the Declaration of the Three Strait States, the Malacca Strait is under the sovereignty of the littoral states and used for international navigation with transiting passage. Spatial planning in the Malacca Strait, which results in overlapping uses for cross-fishing vessels, conservation, and traditional fishing, cannot be performed because the problem of maritime boundary determination has not been resolved by the littoral states. Tripartite cooperation needs to continue to be built through agreements Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in Malacca Strait through the Littoral States Cooperation
沿岸国在马六甲海峡地位方面的差异导致了在处理空间规划和防止海峡海洋污染方面的不和谐和不一致。由于利益冲突,迄今为止与用户国开展的国际合作也不是最佳的。采用规范的司法方法和1982年《联合国海洋法公约》和《海峡三国宣言》规定的次要数据,马六甲海峡属于沿岸国主权范围,用于过境国际航行。马六甲海峡的空间规划导致交叉渔船、保护和传统捕鱼的重叠使用,但由于沿岸国尚未解决海上边界确定问题,因此无法进行。需要继续通过《通过沿岸国合作预防和管理马六甲海峡海洋污染协定》建立三方合作
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引用次数: 1
Liberal or Constrained? Judicial Incorporations of Other Rules of International Law in the UNCLOS and the Application of the “Genuine Link Test” 自由还是约束?其他国际法规则在《公约》中的司法整合与“真实联系检验”的适用
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2020-05-31 DOI: 10.14330/jeail.2020.13.1.08
Ke Song
The UNCLOS regulates complex balance of rights and duties among State parties. Its text was deliberately left vague as a result of compromise between the negotiating parties. To develop the legal norms, judges and arbitrators have referred to other rules of international law through systematic integration, rules of reference, and broad applicable law. However, judicial practice has expanded subject-matter jurisdiction beyond the UNCLOS, causing antinomy between Articles 288, on jurisdiction, and 293 of UNCLOS, on applicable law. Part XV of the UNCLOS has created an invisible community that would ideally lead the UNCLOS Tribunals to develop and follow a pragmatic approach as to the limits of their subject-matter jurisdiction in order to provide for judicial coherence. When interpreting the treaty, the establishment of genuine links between disputes and substantive rules under the UNCLOS is necessary, by which other rules of international law are firmly anchored to the interpreted texts under the UNCLOS.
《海洋法公约》规定了缔约国之间权利和义务的复杂平衡。由于谈判各方之间的妥协,其案文故意含糊其辞。为了制定法律规范,法官和仲裁员通过系统整合、参考规则和广泛适用的法律,参考了其他国际法规则。然而,司法实践已将主题管辖权扩大到《海洋法公约》之外,造成《海洋法法公约》关于管辖权的第288条和关于适用法律的第293条之间的矛盾。《联合国海洋法公约》第十五部分建立了一个无形的共同体,理想情况下,该共同体将领导《联合国海上法公约》法庭就其主题管辖权的限制制定并遵循一种务实的方法,以便提供司法一致性。在解释条约时,有必要在争端与《海洋法公约》所规定的实质性规则之间建立真正的联系,从而使其他国际法规则与《海洋公约》所解释的文本牢固相连。
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引用次数: 1
Sea-Level Rise and the Law of the Sea in the Western Pacific Region 海平面上升与西太平洋地区的海洋法
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2020-05-31 DOI: 10.14330/jeail.2020.13.1.06
Hong T. Nguyen
Sea-level rise (SLR) is considered one of the most serious consequences of climate change. The risk of SLR compels legal consideration of this phenomenon related to many interrelated domains including the Law of the Sea. The Western Pacific region contains the most low-lying coastal countries and small island States seriously affected by SLR in the world. This research has been carried out as a contribution paper on the State practice in the Western Pacific region to the topic of “Sea-level rise in relation to international law” conducted by the Study Group of the United Nations International Law Commission in the period of 2020-2021. It aims to summarize the consequences of SLR for the Western Pacific States and outline their legal positions in relation to the sea-level rise. It also discusses specific issues, challenges and opportunities facing the Western Pacific States in supporting the maintenance of maritime baselines and limits notwithstanding physical changes caused by SLR.
海平面上升被认为是气候变化最严重的后果之一。SLR的风险迫使对这一现象进行法律考虑,涉及包括海洋法在内的许多相互关联的领域。西太平洋地区是世界上受SLR影响最严重的低洼沿海国家和小岛屿国家。这项研究是作为联合国国际法委员会研究小组在2020-2021年期间对“海平面上升与国际法的关系”专题的西太平洋地区国家实践的贡献文件进行的。它旨在总结SLR对西太平洋国家的影响,并概述它们对海平面上升的法律立场。它还讨论了西太平洋国家在支持维持海洋基线和界限方面面临的具体问题、挑战和机遇,尽管SLR造成了物理变化。
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引用次数: 2
The Role of OPEC in Reducing Oil Prices under International Law: The 2014 Downfall and Today’s Relevance 欧佩克在国际法下降低油价中的作用:2014年的油价下跌与今天的相关性
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2020-05-31 DOI: 10.14330/jeail.2020.13.1.05
Deymah Alweqyan
Fluctuation in the price of oil has been an international concern for decades, because oil is the primary export and main economic driver for many States. OPEC as an international organization is practicing its role in controlling oil prices and oil market under the rules and norms of international law. In 2014, the price of oil decreased tremendously in a way that shocked the international market. OPEC tried to stem the losses and prevent prices from falling even further, and tried to facilitate international law in the current crisis. World markets were further shocked when OPEC announced that it would not cut production, and that the market would be supplied by the usual average amount of oil exports. In contrast, WTO cut its global trade in an attempt to shore up prices in the international markets, since low oil prices affected international trade as well. In this article, I analyze the oil crisis that hit the world from 2014 to the early year of 2016 period, and the role of international organizations such as OPEC and WTO in facing international economic crises, as well as the role of international politics to assure the implementation of law.
几十年来,石油价格波动一直是国际关注的问题,因为石油是许多国家的主要出口产品和主要经济动力。欧佩克作为一个国际组织,正在按照国际法的规则和规范,履行其在控制油价和石油市场方面的作用。2014年,石油价格大幅下跌,震惊了国际市场。欧佩克试图遏制损失,防止价格进一步下跌,并试图在当前危机中促进国际法。当石油输出国组织(OPEC)宣布不会减产,并将以通常的平均石油出口量供应市场时,世界市场进一步震惊。相反,世贸组织削减全球贸易是为了支撑国际市场的价格,因为低油价也影响了国际贸易。在这篇文章中,我分析了从2014年到2016年初袭击世界的石油危机,以及欧佩克和世贸组织等国际组织在面对国际经济危机时的作用,以及国际政治在确保法律实施方面的作用。
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引用次数: 1
Theoretical Territoriality Paradox for the Intellectual Property Protection in Outer Space and Its Regulatory Approach for Reconciliation 外太空知识产权保护的理论地域性悖论及其规制和解途径
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2020-05-31 DOI: 10.14330/jeail.2020.13.1.03
Zhijie Chen
The sustainable development of outer space demands the protection of intellectual property in outer space. However, it worth noting that the intellectual property international treaties have not explicitly regulated in their provisions the issue of intellectual property protection in outer space, neither the provisions of the five outer space treaties explicitly address the legal issue. One suspicious rationale resulting in this legal status is the theoretical territoriality paradox between the legal regimes of outer space and intellectual property. This article aims to unveil the theoretical territoriality paradox by comparing the two legal regimes of outer space and intellectual property. It then moves to argue that the paradox is proved to be a theoretical problem since the legal value of Article VIII of the Outer Space Treaty elaborately reconcile the theoretical paradox and practically provides a self-contained mechanism that would permit guaranteed levels of intellectual property rights protection in outer space.
外空的可持续发展要求对外空知识产权进行保护。但值得注意的是,知识产权国际条约并未在其条款中明确规定外空知识产权保护问题,五项外空条约的条款也未明确解决这一法律问题。造成这种法律地位的一个可疑的理由是外层空间法律制度和知识产权之间理论上的领土矛盾。本文旨在通过对外层空间与知识产权两种法律制度的比较,揭示理论上的属地性悖论。然后,本文进一步论证,这一悖论被证明是一个理论问题,因为《外层空间条约》第八条的法律价值精心调和了这一理论悖论,并在实际中提供了一种自成体系的机制,使外层空间的知识产权保护得到保障。
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引用次数: 1
Toward a New Salvage Regime for Environment: Reformation of the International Convention on Salvage 1989 and Thailand’s Implementation 迈向新的环境救助制度:1989年国际救助公约的改革与泰国的实施
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2020-05-31 DOI: 10.14330/jeail.2020.13.1.09
Patthara Limsira
The Salvage Convention 1989 establishes the main international legal framework dealing with salvage operations and environmental protection. It is the result of many years of drafting and diplomatic efforts where the treaty was negotiated and concluded. It is undeniable that the Salvage Convention 1989 has encouraged private sector and public authorities to establish and maintain the resources needed to contain ecological damage. This was an important accomplishment. Providing adequate incentives for rapid salvage operation adds to the traditional rewards. Nevertheless, the problems of updating the provisions of the Salvage Convention 1989 need to be addressed and the path ahead is still long and winding. In particular, the importance of environmental considerations is increasingly significant. As a result, modern salvage operations must also take into account measures to prevent damage to the environment. Today’s international community is searching for a new salvage regime and law. This paper examines the possibility of building the new salvage regime and its implementation in Thailand.
1989年救助公约确立了处理救助作业和环境保护的主要国际法律框架。这是多年起草和外交努力的结果,谈判和缔结了该条约。不可否认的是,1989年救助公约鼓励私营部门和公共当局建立和维持控制生态破坏所需的资源。这是一项重要的成就。在传统奖励的基础上,为快速打捞作业提供足够的激励。然而,更新1989年救助公约条款的问题需要加以解决,前面的道路仍然漫长而曲折。特别是,环境考虑的重要性日益显著。因此,现代打捞作业还必须考虑到防止对环境造成损害的措施。今天的国际社会正在寻求一种新的救助制度和法律。本文探讨了在泰国建立新的救助制度及其实施的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
A Generic Construction of the Right System for Population Ageing: Draft Convention on the Rights of the Elderly 人口老龄化权利体系的一般构建:老年人权利公约草案
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2020-05-31 DOI: 10.14330/jeail.2020.13.1.04
Lin Zhang, Jingjing An
Although there are many international treaties and conventions offering protection for generic human rights that implicitly refer to older persons, these relevant provisions are scattered, porous and lack of practical operability, which fail to provide explicit, tailored, comprehensive and binding protection to older persons. In addition, there are some soft law provisions that guide the application of law and add to the overall protection of older people. However none of the documents contains legally binding obligations. Therefore, the protection of the rights of the elderly must be formulated as the “hard law” which defines the responsibilities of the state and clarifies the implementation mechanism at the international and domestic level. In other words, a legal system ought to be established to comprehensively protect the rights of the elderly, which is just the Convention on the Rights of the Elderly. This article attempts to present a proposal to create the right system of the Convention, which represents the core of this potential international treaty.
虽然有许多提供一般人权保护的国际条约和公约含蓄地提到老年人,但这些有关规定分散、漏洞多、缺乏实际可操作性,未能为老年人提供明确、有针对性、全面和有约束力的保护。此外,还有一些软法律条款,指导法律的适用,并增加对老年人的整体保护。但是,这些文件都不包含具有法律约束力的义务。因此,老年人权利保护必须制定为“硬法”,明确国家的责任,明确国际和国内层面的实施机制。换句话说,应该建立一个法律体系来全面保护老年人的权利,这就是《老年人权利公约》。本文试图提出一项建议,以建立代表这一潜在国际条约核心的《公约》权利制度。
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引用次数: 0
From Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992 to Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019: The Evolution of the US’s Hong Kong Policy in the Context of the Rise of China 从1992年《香港政策法案》到2019年《香港人权与民主法案》:中国崛起背景下美国香港政策的演变
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2020-05-31 DOI: 10.14330/jeail.2020.13.1.01
Jie Liu, Congyan Cai
The US has huge interests in Hong Kong. In 1992, a few years before China resumed its sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, the US adopted the U.S.-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992. The keynote of the Act is to enhance the cooperation with and maintain the treatment to Hong Kong. This tune has changed in the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019, which is obviously the response of the US to widespread protests in Hong Kong arising from the Extradition Bill proposed by the Government of Hong Kong SAR. The new law includes several negative elements. It marks a change in the US policy towards Hong Kong and furthermore represents a change in the US policy towards China. The new law should not merely be understood as the US’s support for democracy and human rights in Hong Kong. Instead, it should be considered as a major leverage which the US may maneuver to engage a rising China.
美国在香港拥有巨大利益。1992年,也就是1997年中国恢复对香港主权的几年前,美国通过了1992年美国-香港政策法案。该法案的主旨是加强与香港的合作并保持对香港的待遇。这一论调在2019年《香港人权与民主法案》中发生了变化,这显然是美国对香港特别行政区政府提出的引渡法案在香港引发的广泛抗议的回应。新法律包含了几个消极因素。这标志着美国对香港政策的转变,也标志着美国对华政策的转变。新法律不应仅仅被理解为美国对香港民主和人权的支持。相反,它应该被视为美国可能用来与崛起中的中国接触的一个主要杠杆。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Journal of East Asia and International Law
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