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Contracting for Sex? “True Story” of the so-called “Comfort Women” during World War II 性合同?二战期间所谓“慰安妇”的“真实故事”
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.14330/JEAIL.2021.14.1.09
Y. Hosaka
Criticism has erupted around the world over the paper “Contracting for sex in the Pacific War” written by Mark Ramseyer, a Mitsubishi professor at Harvard University Law School. Ramseyer insists tha “comfort women” by Japanese imperial military made “credible contracts” with recruiters regardless of the Japanese government or the Japanese military. Ramseyer further insists that the “comfort women” were certified prostitutes. However, the Japanese government selected recruiters secretly and provided them with convenience in mobilizing women. Recruiters have deceived women, mainly by job fraud, into kidnapping them to military brothels. The recruiters signed with Japanese women as barmaids (shakuhu), meaning women who served drinks. However, the Japanese military brothels were prohibited from drinking. Almost Korean women were illiterate in 1940’s, so recruiters did not make contract papers with them. It was very easy to deceive Korean women to make sexual slaves of Japanese military. The surviving Japanese military’s surgeon or soldiers testified that Korean “comfort women” had been sexual slaves.
美国哈佛大学法学院教授马克•拉姆塞耶撰写的论文《太平洋战争中的性契约》引发了世界范围内的批评。拉姆塞耶坚持认为,日本帝国军队的“慰安妇”与招募者签订了“可信的合同”,而不管日本政府或日本军队。拉姆塞耶进一步坚称,“慰安妇”是经过认证的妓女。但是,日本政府秘密挑选了招募人员,并为招募女性提供了便利。招聘者主要通过工作诈骗来欺骗女性,将她们绑架到军队妓院。招聘人员与日本女性签约成为酒吧女招待(shakuhu),意思是提供饮料的女性。然而,日本军队妓院是禁止饮酒的。在20世纪40年代,几乎韩国女性都是文盲,所以招聘人员不会与她们签订合同。欺骗韩国妇女成为日军的性奴隶是非常容易的事情。幸存的日本军医或士兵作证说,韩国“慰安妇”是性奴隶。
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引用次数: 0
Compulsory Dispute Settlement Entailing Binding Decisions under the UNCLOS: Its Applicability to the Case of Vietnam 《联合国海洋法公约》规定的强制争端解决机制及其对越南案件的适用性
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.14330/JEAIL.2021.14.1.02
N. Phuoc, Vietnamese Law
Hybrid dispute settlement mechanism is one of the characteristics of the UNCLOS. It is the combination of diplomatic measures and judicial proceedings. Among them, the ITLOS established in accordance with Annex VI, and two types of arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annexes VII and VIII are means for the disputes settlement firstly regulated in the UNCLOS. Especially, according to Article 287, an arbitral tribunal constituted under Annex VII has default jurisdiction in case one or both parties to a dispute are not covered by a declaration in force, or the parties to a dispute have not accepted the same procedure for the settlement of the dispute. These means of dispute settlement have supplemented and enhanced the source of law for international dispute resolution more diversified. This paper clarifies some aspects of compulsory procedures entailing binding decisions under the UNCLOS, evaluates the applicability of these procedures to the case of Vietnam in the disputes settlement on interpretation or application of the UNCLOS raising among countries in the South China Sea.
混合型争端解决机制是《公约》的特点之一。这是外交手段和司法程序的结合。其中,根据附件六设立的国际海洋法法庭,以及根据附件七和附件八组成的两类仲裁庭,都是《公约》最先规定的争端解决方式。特别是,根据第287条,如果一项有效的声明未包括争端一方或双方,或争端各方未接受解决争端的同一程序,根据附件七组成的仲裁法庭具有默认管辖权。这些争端解决手段补充和丰富了国际争端解决的法律渊源,使之更加多样化。本文阐述了《联合国海洋法公约》规定的强制裁决程序的某些方面,并以越南为例,评价了这些程序在南海国家间关于《联合国海洋法公约》的解释或适用争端解决中的适用性。
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引用次数: 1
The Obligations of China and the Role of International Law in the Context of the Coronavirus Pandemic 新冠疫情背景下中国的义务与国际法的作用
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.14330/JEAIL.2021.14.1.05
Xinxiang Shi, Xiaoou Zheng
This short article examines whether China has incurred responsibility for violating a general due diligence obligation in customary international law or specific obligations under the WHO’s International Health Regulations and the WHO Constitution in a context of Covid-19. It is submitted that due diligence is merely a notion to describe a primary obligation, or a standard by which a particular primary obligation is assessed. It cannot serve as the basis for holding a State responsible. Regarding the WHO regime, actions taken by China after December 2019 neatly fit into the staggered requirements of Articles 6 and 7 of the International Health Regulations, which do not set out clear standards for the evaluation of a health emergency. On a more general level, we reflect upon the role of international law in global pandemic control and caution against the politicization of international health law. © 2021, Yijun Institute of International Law. All rights reserved.
本文探讨了在新冠肺炎背景下,中国是否因违反习惯国际法中的一般尽职调查义务或世界卫生组织《国际卫生条例》和世界卫生组织《宪法》规定的具体义务而承担责任。据认为,尽职调查只是一个描述主要义务的概念,或者是评估特定主要义务的标准。它不能成为追究一个国家责任的基础。关于世界卫生组织制度,中国在2019年12月后采取的行动完全符合《国际卫生条例》第6条和第7条的交错要求,这两条没有为评估突发卫生事件制定明确标准。在更普遍的层面上,我们反思了国际法在全球疫情控制中的作用,并警告不要将国际卫生法政治化。©2021,宜君国际法研究所。保留所有权利。
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引用次数: 0
Securing Malaysia’s Borders from Covid-19: Legal Considerations to the Influx of Rohingya Migrants 保护马来西亚边境免受Covid-19侵害:对罗兴亚移民涌入的法律考虑
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.14330/JEAIL.2021.14.1.06
Hazmi Rusli, R. Dremliuga, Wan Suhaili, Nur Alia Farisha
On March 18, 2020, Malaysian Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin declared the nationwide enforcement of the Movement Control Order to curb the spread of COVID-19. In September 2020, Malaysia entered the third wave of the outbreak. Active cases rose from 60 to more than 13,000. The government’s Ops Benteng stops illegal migrants, who are at high risk of bringing COVID-19 into Malaysia. This includes illegal Rohingya migrants, who enter Malaysia to flee persecution in their home country, Myanmar. There are approximately 150,000 Rohingya migrants in Malaysia and more are expected. This article examines the main reason behind the influx of Rohingya illegal migrants and discusses whether the Malaysian government should tighten its borders to safeguard against COVID-19. The government must prioritise its own citizens over the Rohingyas;the responsibility of managing this humanitarian disaster should be shared with other nations, particularly those party to the United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1951. © 2021, Yijun Institute of International Law. All rights reserved.
2020年3月18日,马来西亚总理丹斯里·慕尤丁·亚辛宣布在全国范围内实施行动控制令,以遏制新冠肺炎的传播。2020年9月,马来西亚进入第三波疫情。活跃病例从60例增加到1.3万多例。政府的Ops Benteng阻止非法移民,他们很有可能将COVID-19带入马来西亚。这包括非法罗兴亚移民,他们进入马来西亚是为了逃离在祖国缅甸的迫害。马来西亚大约有15万罗兴亚移民,预计会有更多。本文探讨了罗兴亚非法移民涌入背后的主要原因,并讨论了马来西亚政府是否应该收紧边境以防范COVID-19。缅甸政府必须优先考虑本国公民,而不是罗兴亚人;管理这场人道主义灾难的责任应该由其他国家分担,尤其是1951年《联合国难民地位公约》(United nations Convention relating to The Status of Refugees)的缔约国。©2021,义军国际法研究所。版权所有。
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引用次数: 1
Legal Challenges to the Construction and Operation of Small Satellite Constellations 小卫星星座建设与运行面临的法律挑战
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.14330/JEAIL.2021.14.1.07
Chandaphan Suwijak, Shouping Li
The emergence of the construction and operation of a small satellite constellation in Low Earth orbit (LEO) to beam high-speed Internet to all parts of the world is a relatively new development in the use of outer space. States, international intergovernmental organizations, and private companies plan to deploy small satellites into Earth’s orbit because this effort is inexpensive and expandable, especially in the area of commercial activities. This movement will provide an essential tool to achieve sustainable development goals, especially for developing countries. However, it could also bring legal challenges because there is now a lack of binding regulations regarding the increasing risks of orbital collision, the proliferation of space debris, the satellite network service, and the rational, efficient, and economical use of a radio frequency allocation and the harmful interference caused by small satellite constellations in LEO. These issues could have an impact on the long-term sustainability of space activities.
在近地轨道建设和运行小型卫星星座,向世界各地发送高速互联网,是利用外层空间的一个相对较新的发展。各国、国际政府间组织和私营公司计划将小型卫星部署到地球轨道,因为这一努力成本低廉且可扩展,特别是在商业活动领域。这一运动将成为实现可持续发展目标的重要工具,特别是对发展中国家而言。然而,它也可能带来法律挑战,因为目前在轨道碰撞风险增加、空间碎片扩散、卫星网络服务、合理、高效和经济地使用无线电频率分配以及低轨道小卫星星座造成的有害干扰等方面缺乏具有约束力的规定。这些问题可能对空间活动的长期可持续性产生影响。
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引用次数: 1
Enforcement Failures and Remedies: Review on State Jurisdiction over Ships at Sea 执法失误与补救:国家对海上船舶管辖权的审查
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.14330/JEAIL.2021.14.1.01
Jiancuo Qi, Pengfei Zhang
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea admitted legislation and enforcement jurisdiction carried out by the flag state. However, the emergence of substandard ships and the growing number of ship accidents at sea indicate that flag state jurisdiction is far from effective. Four aspects of these failures are examined in this paper. Confronted with the failure of flag state jurisdiction, port states have devised a subsidiary remedy to ensure their national interests and restore the effectiveness of flag state jurisdiction. A problem hereunder arises because non-explicit permission was given to port states to prosecute substandard ships. Thus, this paper further analyses four aspects of port state jurisdiction. The authors aim to analyse the failures and remedies associated with state jurisdiction over ships. It reviews the scope and deficiency of state jurisdiction in combatting substandard ships and illicit activities at sea. This paper also addresses the importance of port state control, regional memorandums of understanding and international conventions.
1982年《联合国海洋法公约》承认由船旗国行使立法和执法管辖权。然而,不合格船舶的出现和日益增多的海上船舶事故表明,船旗国的管辖权远远不够有效。本文从四个方面分析了这些失效。面对船旗国管辖权的失效,港口国设计了一种辅助救济,以确保其国家利益,恢复船旗国管辖权的有效性。这就产生了一个问题,因为没有明确允许港口国起诉不合格的船舶。因此,本文进一步分析了港口国管辖权的四个方面。作者旨在分析与船舶国家管辖权相关的失效和补救措施。它审查了国家管辖权在打击不合标准船舶和海上非法活动方面的范围和不足。本文还讨论了港口国控制、区域谅解备忘录和国际公约的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
A Multilateral Approach to Investor-State Dispute Settlement Issues in the Asia-Pacific Region 亚太地区投资者与国家争端解决问题的多边途径
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.14330/JEAIL.2021.14.1.08
J. Riley
Bilateral agreements are not the optimal solution to address modern challenges regarding the resolution of investment disputes. The time has come for multilateral agreements to define a clear procedure for resolving investment disputes and the formation of arbitration for these purposes. On November 15, 2020, ASEAN members and five regional partners signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), arguably the largest free trade agreement in history. Although the RCEP agreement defines the basic principles of legal protection of investments, it does not contain a procedure for settling disputes directly between investors and parties to the agreement, i.e., Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS), but rather postpones the issue for future negotiations. Nevertheless, a majority of countries understand the importance of investment protection and have significant outward FDI that will support stronger ISDS protections within a multilateral framework. Therefore, it is recommended that in the near future member countries will come to an agreement and adopt appropriate amendments to the RCEP regarding ISDS.
双边协定不是解决投资争端方面的现代挑战的最佳解决办法。现在是时候达成多边协定,确定解决投资争端的明确程序,并为此目的组成仲裁机构。2020年11月15日,东盟成员国与5个区域伙伴签署了《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》(RCEP),这可以说是历史上规模最大的自由贸易协定。虽然RCEP协议规定了法律保护投资的基本原则,但它并没有包含直接解决投资者和协议各方之间争端的程序,即投资者-国家争端解决机制(Investor-State Dispute Settlement, ISDS),而是将这一问题推迟到未来的谈判中。然而,大多数国家了解投资保护的重要性,并拥有大量的对外直接投资,这将支持在多边框架内加强对ISDS的保护。因此,建议成员国在不久的将来就ISDS达成协议,并对RCEP进行适当修改。
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引用次数: 0
State Terrorism as a Mechanism for Acts of Violence against Individuals: Case Studies of Kim Jong-Nam, Skripal and Khashoggi Assassinations 国家恐怖主义作为针对个人的暴力行为的机制:金正男、斯克里帕尔和卡舒吉暗杀案的案例研究
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.14330/JEAIL.2021.14.1.03
H. Kim
Recent incidents of state terrorism, including the assassination of Kim Jong-Nam, the murder (and attempted murder) of persons with strong ties to Russia, and the Jamal Khashoggi assassination, demonstrate cruelty while implying the involvement of the state, unlike other acts of terrorism since the Second World War. This trend denies the efforts of the international community, which has suppressed physical punishment including the death penalty in modern times and has achieved advances in human rights and humanitarianism under contemporary international law. Accordingly, this paper utilizes Michel Foucault’s indications regarding prison to reconsider recent cases of state terrorism from a broader perspective while taking into consideration the historical background of conventional terrorism and the development of international terrorism-related treaties.
最近的国家恐怖主义事件,包括暗杀金正男、谋杀(和企图谋杀)与俄罗斯有密切联系的人、暗杀贾马尔·卡舒吉等,与第二次世界大战以来的其他恐怖主义行为不同,在展示残酷的同时暗示了国家的参与。这一趋势否定了国际社会的努力,国际社会在现代禁止了包括死刑在内的体罚,并根据当代国际法在人权和人道主义方面取得了进展。因此,本文利用福柯关于监狱的指示,在考虑常规恐怖主义的历史背景和国际恐怖主义相关条约的发展的同时,从更广阔的角度重新考虑最近的国家恐怖主义案件。
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引用次数: 1
Diversity in the Formulation of Fair and Equitable Treatment in International Investment Agreements 在国际投资协定中制定公平和公平待遇的多样性
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.14330/JEAIL.2021.14.1.04
M. Emami, Rehna Gul
The primary purpose of this paper is to know which formulation of FET standard among the diverse drafting approaches best serves the interests of both States and investors. In this respect, the paper first will have a review of general categorization of FET in a number of IIAs. Subsequently, it will focus on the two most controversial formulations of FET: (1) as a standalone clause and (2) with reference to the minimum standard of treatment under customary international law. In light of this, it will discuss the impact of the various FET drafts on the decisions of arbitral tribunals dealing with this standard. Lastly, the paper will also explore the most recent approaches to the formulation of FET to see if they are capable of brining clarity in the overall discussion of FET’s formulation as well as interpretation. In short, these recent constructions of FET clauses may best serve these interests as they bring clarity.
本文的主要目的是了解在各种起草方法中,哪种FET标准的制定最符合国家和投资者的利益。在这方面,本文将首先审查若干国际投资协定中场效应晶体管的一般分类。随后,它将集中讨论两种最具争议的FET措词:(1)作为独立条款;(2)参照习惯国际法规定的最低待遇标准。有鉴于此,它将讨论各种FET草案对仲裁法庭处理这一标准的决定的影响。最后,本文还将探讨FET公式的最新方法,看看它们是否能够在FET公式和解释的整体讨论中带来清晰度。简而言之,这些最近的FET条款结构可能最符合这些利益,因为它们带来了清晰度。
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引用次数: 0
American Race Relations and the Legacy of British Colonialism 美国种族关系与英国殖民主义遗产
IF 0.2 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.14330/JEAIL.2021.14.1.10
Kuan Li, W. Shen
British colonial policies have led to stratified societies all over the world and America is no exception. But America is unique in transiting to an equal society and constructing the legal framework to achieve a fair society, even though not completely successful. What distinguishes America from other British colonies is the tradition of rule of law. Perhaps this tradition is also the most priceless heritage that the Britain left for America. Currently, racial discrimination and racial equality protests spread across America. This book provides valuable insights for understanding the divided America.
英国的殖民政策导致了世界各地的社会分层,美国也不例外。但美国在向平等社会过渡和构建实现公平社会的法律框架方面是独一无二的,尽管没有完全成功。美国与其他英属殖民地的区别在于法治传统。也许这个传统也是英国留给美国的最无价的遗产。目前,种族歧视和种族平等抗议活动在美国各地蔓延。这本书为理解分裂的美国提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of East Asia and International Law
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