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The Flint Water Crisis and the Perpetuation of Environmental Racism in Flint, Michigan (2014–2018) 弗林特水危机与密歇根州弗林特市环境种族主义的长期存在(2014-2018 年)
IF 0.5 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1007/s12111-024-09666-5
Olugbenga Okunade

The nexus between environmental racism and racial capitalism has been well documented. However, the government is often blamed for the perpetuation of some forms of environmental racism. Nonetheless, blaming the government for environmental racism without documenting some actions and policy implementation by the government to mitigate or prevent the re-occurrence of environmental racism tends to be a one-sided view. Consequently, this study examines how the American government plays some roles in the occurrence of environmental racism, that is, the Flint Water Crisis (FWC) in Michigan. Racial capitalism theory is used as a theoretical lens in this study. Racial capitalism, historical residential housing policies, anti-blackness or devaluation of Black bodies, the appointment of Emergency Financial Managers, environmental racism, neoliberalism, laissez-faire, and color-blind racism were the mechanisms driving the occurrence of the FWC. The different actions and policies that were taken by the American government to mitigate or prevent the re-emergence of FWC were also documented. Although, these actions were taken after the occurrence of the FWC. The materials-based method (secondary data) was not only adopted to provide answers to the research question that this study answered but was also used to explain the global dynamic and operation of racial capitalism.

环境种族主义与种族资本主义之间的关系已被充分记录在案。然而,某些形式的环境种族主义的长期存在往往归咎于政府。然而,将环境种族主义归咎于政府,而不记录政府为减轻或防止环境种族主义再次发生而采取的一些行动和实施的政策,往往是一种片面的观点。因此,本研究探讨了美国政府如何在环境种族主义(即密歇根州弗林特水危机)的发生中扮演某些角色。种族资本主义理论被用作本研究的理论视角。种族资本主义、历史上的居民住房政策、反黑人或贬低黑人身体、任命紧急财务管理人员、环境种族主义、新自由主义、自由放任和色盲种族主义是弗林特水危机发生的驱动机制。此外,还记录了美国政府为减轻或防止《粮食危机公约》再次出现而采取的不同行动和政策。不过,这些行动都是在妇女和儿童战争发生后采取的。以材料为基础的方法(二手数据)不仅为本研究回答的研究问题提供了答案,还用于解释种族资本主义的全球动态和运作。
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引用次数: 0
Forging Bonds: Restorative Justice Approaches for African American Communities 建立联系:非裔美国人社区的恢复性司法方法
IF 0.5 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1007/s12111-024-09667-4
Grace Rood, Precious Skinner-Osei

This conceptual paper delves into the intricate landscape of restorative justice within African American communities. In addition to addressing immediate conflicts, the paper sheds light on the broader context of historical and systemic injustices that have significantly impacted African Americans and their communities. By examining various restorative justice modalities, the paper seeks to clarify their effectiveness in promoting accountability, driving social transformation, reshaping power dynamics, and advancing equity and justice within the African American community. Through this inquiry, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of how restorative justice practices can effectively confront longstanding grievances and facilitate comprehensive community healing and empowerment.

这篇概念性论文深入探讨了非裔美国人社区内恢复性司法的复杂情况。除了解决眼前的冲突,本文还揭示了对非裔美国人及其社区产生重大影响的历史性和系统性不公正的大背景。通过研究各种恢复性司法模式,本文试图阐明这些模式在促进问责、推动社会转型、重塑权力动态以及促进非裔美国人社区的公平与正义方面的有效性。通过这种探究,本文有助于更深入地理解恢复性司法实践如何能够有效地解决长期存在的不满,并促进全面的社区愈合和赋权。
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引用次数: 0
Vicarious Discrimination Through Spouses and Mental Health Among Middle-Aged Black Adults 通过配偶和心理健康对中年黑人成年人的替代性歧视
IF 0.5 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1007/s12111-024-09669-2
Myles D. Moody, Olivio J. Clay, Raegan W. Durant

The goal of this work was to examine the relationship between vicarious exposures to major discrimination through the adverse experiences of spouses and mental health among middle-aged and older Black adults. The present study used data from the Nashville Stress and Health Study to investigate the relationship between spousal discrimination and depressive and anxiety symptoms among a subsample of Black adults aged 50 years and older (n = 219). Findings revealed that vicarious exposures to major discrimination through spouses’ experiences were linked with increased levels of symptoms of both depression and anxiety, even after accounting for exposure to additional psychosocial stressors. Our findings suggest that vicarious, in addition to personal, exposures to discrimination over the life span shape the well-being and mental health of Black adults. This work provides novel insights for health equity research and extends the body of work on racism as a social determinant of health.

这项工作的目的是研究中老年黑人因配偶的不良经历而间接遭受重大歧视与心理健康之间的关系。本研究利用纳什维尔压力与健康研究(Nashville Stress and Health Study)的数据,调查了 50 岁及以上黑人成年人(n = 219)中配偶歧视与抑郁和焦虑症状之间的关系。研究结果表明,即使考虑了其他社会心理压力因素的影响,通过配偶的经历而代入的重大歧视也与抑郁和焦虑症状的增加有关。我们的研究结果表明,在黑人成年人的一生中,除了个人遭受的歧视之外,替代性歧视也会影响他们的幸福和心理健康。这项研究为健康公平研究提供了新的见解,并扩展了种族主义作为健康社会决定因素的研究范围。
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引用次数: 0
Our Founders’ Fears: The Roots of the Criminalization of African Americans 我们创始人的恐惧非裔美国人被定罪的根源
IF 0.5 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12111-024-09656-7
Charles W. Davis

The origin of the criminalization of African Americans is often considered to be the period after the Civil War with the passage of a series of repressive laws called the Black Codes. However, I argue that the progenitor of this criminalization originated over 80 years earlier during the Founding Era, particularly following the British royal governor of Virginia’s proclamation in 1775 that promised to free all enslaved people who fought on the side of the British. The Founders feared any actions from the Black population to obtain their freedom and equal rights. Therefore, the Founders criminalized all aspects of their lives which was discussed at federal and state constitutional conventions, codified in the United States Constitution and confirmed at the First Congress of the United States. This was the catalyst for the laws and policies that negatively influence the present-day criminal justice system that disproportionately impacts African Americans.

非裔美国人被定罪的起源通常被认为是在南北战争之后,当时通过了一系列被称为 "黑法典 "的镇压性法律。然而,我认为这种刑事犯罪化的起源要早于80多年前的建国时代,特别是在英国弗吉尼亚州皇家总督于1775年发布公告,承诺释放所有为英军作战的被奴役者之后。建国者害怕黑人为获得自由和平等权利而采取任何行动。因此,开国者们将黑人生活的方方面面都定为犯罪,并在联邦和各州的制宪会议上进行了讨论,将其编入《美国宪法》,并在美国第一届国会上得到确认。这些法律和政策对当今的刑事司法系统产生了负面影响,对非裔美国人造成了极大的冲击。
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引用次数: 0
“The Jim Crow Army Must Have a Scapegoat”: Justice, Cowardice, and the Court Martial of Lieutenant Leon Gilbert (Korea, 1950) "吉姆-克罗军队必须有个替罪羊":正义、懦弱与莱昂-吉尔伯特中尉的军事法庭(朝鲜,1950 年)
IF 0.5 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1007/s12111-024-09664-7
Chris Dixon, Jessica Johnson

The story of Lieutenant Leon Gilbert—a Black United States Army officer court-martialed during the Korean War—challenged the United States’ self-declared postwar mission to free oppressed peoples across the world, while continuing to subjugate African Americans at home. Although many critics judged Gilbert’s refusal to return to battle as an act of cowardice, others viewed him as a victim, and even a hero. The Gilbert case revealed that although African Americans were ostensibly making progress in the newly desegregated United States military, the fight for racial justice continued to be impeded by white Americans’ perceptions of Black inadequacy. Amidst a war purportedly being fought for principles of democracy and freedom, Gilbert’s court martial highlighted the connection between American racism and United States foreign policy, as Black military personnel became scapegoats for their nation’s military failures. The prosecution and persecution of Gilbert thus exposed the tension between American rhetoric and American racism.

莱昂-吉尔伯特(Leon Gilbert)中尉--一名在朝鲜战争中被送上军事法庭的美国黑人军官--的故事挑战了美国自称的战后使命,即解放全世界受压迫的人民,同时继续在国内奴役非裔美国人。尽管许多评论家认为吉尔伯特拒绝重返战场是懦夫行为,但也有人认为他是受害者,甚至是英雄。吉尔伯特一案表明,虽然非裔美国人表面上在刚刚取消种族隔离的美国军队中取得了进步,但争取种族公正的斗争仍然受到美国白人对黑人不足的看法的阻碍。在一场号称为民主和自由原则而战的战争中,吉尔伯特的军事法庭凸显了美国种族主义与美国外交政策之间的联系,因为黑人军人成了他们国家军事失败的替罪羊。因此,对吉尔伯特的起诉和迫害暴露了美国言论与美国种族主义之间的紧张关系。
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引用次数: 0
Slavery’s Afterlife in Black Education: Foucauldian Architectonics and the Discourse of Racial Surveillance and Pedagogy 黑人教育中的奴隶制后遗症:福柯建筑学与种族监控和教育学话语
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1007/s12111-024-09663-8
Jeremy Dennis
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引用次数: 0
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Improves Well-being in Healthy Black Women: A Pilot Study 正念减压法可改善健康黑人女性的幸福感:试点研究
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12111-024-09665-6
Cortnie L. Hartwig, Natalie N. Watson-Singleton, Eternity D. Ballour, Cynthia S. Belfleur, Vanessa A. Eaton, Lorelle A. Logan, Brijuan N. Phillips, Faith A. Shannon, Kai M. McCormack

Mindfulness training has shown to improve well-being in student populations. Yet, the benefits for Black students have not been adequately explored. This study investigated the effects of a brief mindfulness program on mood, mindfulness, cognition, and physiological indicators of stress in a small cohort of Black undergraduate women. Participants took part in a 4-week mindfulness-based stress reduction program (MBSR). Before and after the program, participants were assessed with the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills, Profile of Mood States, Perceived Stress Scale, Corsi block tapping test, N-back task, and Stroop Color and Word test. Blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, salivary cortisol, and C-reactive protein were also measured. Significant improvements were observed in mindfulness skills, working memory, and cognitive processing. Reductions in tension-anxiety, fatigue, confusion, total overall mood disturbance, and arterial stiffness were also found. All other measures remained unchanged. This is the first study to demonstrate that MBSR training improves psychological, cognitive, and cardiovascular factors associated with stress in college-aged Black women. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.

正念训练已被证明可以改善学生群体的幸福感。然而,对黑人学生的益处还没有进行充分的探讨。本研究调查了一个简短的正念课程对一小批黑人女大学生的情绪、正念、认知和压力生理指标的影响。参与者参加了为期 4 周的正念减压计划(MBSR)。在课程前后,参与者接受了肯塔基正念技能量表、情绪状态简介、感知压力量表、Corsi块敲击测试、N-back任务以及Stroop颜色和单词测试的评估。此外,还测量了血压、脉搏波速度、增强指数、唾液皮质醇和 C 反应蛋白。结果表明,正念技能、工作记忆和认知处理能力均有显著提高。紧张焦虑、疲劳、困惑、总体情绪障碍和动脉僵化也有所减轻。所有其他指标均保持不变。这是第一项证明 MBSR 训练能改善大学年龄黑人女性与压力相关的心理、认知和心血管因素的研究。本文还讨论了研究的局限性和未来研究的方向。
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引用次数: 0
Tanya Maria Golash-Boza: Before Gentrification: The Creation of DC’s Racial Wealth Gap Tanya Maria Golash-Boza: Before Gentrification:华盛顿特区种族财富差距的形成
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s12111-024-09662-9
Molly Hornberger
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引用次数: 0
Acceptability and Feasibility of a Pilot Multifamily Group Intervention for Fostering Positive Racial Identity 试行多家庭小组干预措施以培养积极种族认同的可接受性和可行性
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.1007/s12111-024-09654-9
Nana Asabere, Elizabeth Finer, Stephanie Cherestal
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引用次数: 0
Psychiatric Disorders among African Americans and the Intersection of Personal and Familial Incarceration 非裔美国人的精神障碍以及个人和家庭监禁的交叉影响
IF 0.5 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1007/s12111-024-09655-8
Ryan D. Talbert, Junlan Ren, Dongni Liu
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of African American Studies
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